Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131na Giri\u015f: Bi\u00e7im ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc
\nEski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131na Giri\u015f: Bi\u00e7im ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc<\/p>\n
(\u00dcnite 1)<\/p>\n
Temel Bilgiler<\/p>\n
\u0130slami T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6nemli eseri Kutadgu Bilig (1069).
\nDo\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi -> Karahanl\u0131lar, \u00c7a\u011fataylar, Harezm \u00e7evresinde Alt\u0131norda, Memluk K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7as\u0131\u2026
\nBat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi -> Eski Osmanl\u0131ca, Eski T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Eski Anadolu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de denir.
\nBu dilin ikinci d\u00f6nemi Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131
\na) Halk Edebiyat\u0131
\nb) Tasavvufi Halk Edebiyat\u0131 (Tekke Edebiyat\u0131)
\nc) Klasik T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 (Divan Edebiyat\u0131)<\/p>\n
Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015flay\u0131p 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar devam eder. Estetik esaslar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130slami k\u00fclt\u00fcrden al\u0131r, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a kelimelere geni\u015f\u00e7e yer verilir, sanatl\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015fi \u00f6nde tutan kuralc\u0131 ve gelenek\u00e7i bir t\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Adland\u0131rma Sorunu
\n\u0130ran Edebiyat\u0131 etkisinde geli\u015fmi\u015f olan Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131, Tanzimat devrinde Edebiyat-\u0131 cedide (yeni edebiyat) ile birlikte sona ermeye ba\u015flar.
\n\u015ei\u2019r-i Kudema (eskilerin \u015fiiri)<\/p>\n
Eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, hav\u00e2s edebiyat\u0131, sar\u00e2y edebiyat\u0131, Enderun edebiyat\u0131, Edebiy\u00e2t-\u0131 Osm\u00e2niyye, Osmanl\u0131 \u015fiiri, Divan edebiyat\u0131, \u00dcmmet edebiyat\u0131, \u00dcmmet \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, \u0130slami T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, Klasik T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131 gibi adlarla adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hammer Purgstal, E. J. W. Gibb gibi Bat\u0131\u2019l\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Edebiyat\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u015eiiri gibi adlar kullanm\u0131\u015flar.
\nDivan Edebiyat\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131 -> \u00d6mer Seyfettin (\u00d6l. 1884) taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131.
\nKlasik Edebiyat, Klasik T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 gibi tan\u0131mlamalar Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc(\u00d6l. 1966)\u2019ye aittir.<\/p>\n
Nesr-i M\u00fcsecca -> S\u00fcsl\u00fc nesir
\nFars\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n dilimiz \u00fczerindeki etkisi\/etkinli\u011fi daha ziyade sanat ve tasavvuf \u00e7evrelerinde g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar, Arap\u00e7a ise a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Divan \u015eiirinde \u015fiir dilinin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin bilinmesine de\u011fil, bu \u015fiirin mecazlarla y\u00fckl\u00fc anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kavranmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Divan \u015eiirinin D\u00f6nemleri
\na) Olu\u015fum D\u00f6nemi: 13. Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ile 14. Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131. \u00d6nemli temsilcileri: \u00c2\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fa (\u00d6l. 1333), G\u00fcl\u015fehr\u00ee, \u015eeyho\u011flu Mustafa (\u00d6l. 1401), Ahmed\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1413), \u015eeyh\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1431)\u2026
\nb) 1. Klasik D\u00f6nem: 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na dek s\u00fcrer. Ahmet Pa\u015fa (\u00d6l. 1496), Necat\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1509), Zat\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1546), Fuzul\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1556), Bak\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1600, Nev\u2019\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1599), Hayal\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1557), Ta\u015fl\u0131cal\u0131 Yahya (\u00d6l. 1582)\u2026
\nc) 2. Klasik D\u00f6nem: 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na dek uzan\u0131r. Sebk-i Hind\u00ee (Hind \u00dcslubu) ad\u0131 verilen bu d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli temsilcileri, Feh\u00eem-i Kad\u00eem (\u00d6l. 1647), N\u00e2\u2019il\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1666), Ned\u00eem-i Kad\u00eem (\u00d6l. 1670), Nef\u2019\u00ee(\u00d6l. 1635), \u015eeyh G\u00e2lib (\u00d6l. 1799)\u2026<\/p>\n
Miftah Medreseleri -> \u0130smini Arap grameri ve bel\u00e2gati ile ilgili Mift\u00e2hu\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm adl\u0131 eserden alan Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi \u00f6\u011fretim kurumudur.<\/p>\n
Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda \u015fiirlerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr kitap vard\u0131r:
\nDivanlar
\nMesneviler
\nMecm\u00fb\u2019a-i e\u015f\u2019\u00e2rlar<\/p>\n
Divanlar d\u00fczenlenirken \u015fiirler, naz\u0131m \u015fekilleri esas al\u0131narak, kasideler -> tarih k\u0131t\u2019alar\u0131 -> gazeller -> musammatlar -> ruba\u2019iler -> k\u0131t\u2019alar -> beyitler ve m\u0131sralar \u015feklinde s\u0131ralan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gazeller; redifli gazellerde redifin son harfi, redifsiz gazellerde de kafiyenin son harfine g\u00f6re s\u0131ralan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Gazellerden sonra genellikle \u201cmukatta\u2019at\u201d denilen k\u0131t\u2019a, r\u00fcba\u2019i, matla, m\u00fcfred gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hacimli \u015fiirler yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hacimli ve eksik Divanlara \u201cd\u00eev\u00e2n\u00e7e\u201d denir.
\nGeni\u015f hacimli ve zengin Divanlara \u201cm\u00fcretteb divan\u201d denir.<\/p>\n
\u015eiir Mecmualar\u0131 \/ Antolojiler
\n\u00d6nemlileri:
\n\u00d6mer b. Mezid \u00e0 1437 tarihli, Mecm\u00fb\u2019at\u00fc\u2019n-Nez\u00e2\u2019ir.
\nE\u011fridirli Hac\u0131 Kemal \u00e0 1512\/13 tarihli, C\u00e2mi\u2019\u00fc\u2019n-Nez\u00e2\u2019ir.
\nEdirneli Nazmi \u00e0 1524 tarihli, Mecma\u2019u\u2019n-Nez\u00e2\u00eer.
\nPervane Bey \u00e0 1560 tarihli, Perv\u00e2ne Bey Mecm\u00fb\u2019as\u0131.<\/p>\n
Divan \u015eiirinin Geleneksel \u00d6zellikleri
\nDivan \u015fiiri gelene\u011fi hem estetik de\u011ferleri belirler hem de muhtevan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.
\nAyn\u0131 konular ve olgular ayn\u0131 estetik kurallarla s\u00f6ylenmek durumundad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mevcut malzemeyi i\u015flerken estetik de\u011feri yukar\u0131lara ta\u015f\u0131yabilmek ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelliktir.<\/p>\n
Bu \u015fiirde her motifin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ba\u015fka motifler vard\u0131r. Birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bu unsurlar \u201cmazmun\u201d kavram\u0131yla anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Mazmun, kelimelerin ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen farkl\u0131 anlamlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eiirlerde mahlas kullanma gelene\u011fine Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin (\u00d6l. 1398) ve Kemal Pa\u015fazade (\u00d6l. 1534) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda uymayan olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bi\u00e7im:
\nNaz\u0131m \u015eekilleri \/ e\u015fk\u00e2l-i nazm) \u00e0 beyit(iki m\u0131sra) ve bend(ikiden fazla m\u0131sra)\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
Beyitler \u00e0 kaside, gazel, k\u0131t\u2019a ve mesnevi\u2019lerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\nBeyit d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki m\u0131sralar musammat ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r -> Musammat \u00e0 Bend
\nBendler \u00e0 Musammat ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplan\u0131r.
\nM\u00fcselles \u00e0 Her bendi \u00fc\u00e7 m\u0131sra
\nMurabba \u00e0 Her bendi d\u00f6rt m\u0131sra
\nMuhammes \u00e0 Her bendi be\u015f m\u0131sra
\nM\u00fcseddes \u00e0 Her bendi alt\u0131 m\u0131sra
\nM\u00fcsebba \u00e0 Her bendi yedi m\u0131sra
\nM\u00fcsemmen \u00e0 Her bendi sekiz m\u0131sra
\nM\u00fctessa \u00e0 Her bendi dokuz m\u0131sra
\nMu\u2019a\u015f\u015fer \u00e0 Her bendi on m\u0131sra
\nDivan \u015fiiri ahenk y\u00f6n\u00fc \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir \u015fiir diline sahiptir.
\nAhengi sa\u011flayan asli \u00f6geler vezin ve kafiyedir.<\/p>\n
\u015eiir -> vezinli (mevz\u00fbn) ve kafiyeli (mukaff\u00e2) s\u00f6z olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r, sonradan buna muhayyel olma \u015fart\u0131 da eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Fes\u00e2hat -> s\u00f6z\u00fcn kula\u011fa ho\u015f gelmesi ve man\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
Fesih kelimelerin birbirleriyle uyumuna sel\u00e2set denir.<\/p>\n
Tevhid i\u00e7erikli divan \u015fiirleri -> tevhid, m\u00fcn\u00e2c\u00e2t, na\u2019t ve mi\u2019r\u00e2ciyye.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcselsel gazel -> B\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0131sralar\u0131 ayn\u0131 kafiyeyi ta\u015f\u0131yan gazellere denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130n\u015fad -> \u015eiirin okunma bi\u00e7imi<\/p>\n
Mevlid\u2019in en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rne\u011fi S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elebi (\u00d6l. 1422) \u2013 Ves\u00eelet\u00fc\u2019n-Nec\u00e2t<\/p>\n
Mel\u00e2\u2019ike-i mukarreb\u00een \u2013 Yak\u0131n Melekler<\/p>\n
Kesret -> \u00c7okluk
\nM\u00e2siv\u00e2 -> Allah d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her\u015fey<\/p>\n
Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n ayetlerinin ve hadislerinin \u015fiire yans\u0131mas\u0131 iktib\u00e2s ve telm\u00eeh yoluyla olur.
\n\u015e\u00eet peygamber -> Dokuma sanat\u0131na vak\u0131f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u015fiire konu olmu\u015f.
\nN\u00fbh peygamber, uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131yla vs.
\nD\u00e2v\u00fbd peygamber -> Sesinin g\u00fczelli\u011fi, demiri yumu\u015fatmas\u0131, \u0130dris peygamber ilim ve irfan sahibi olmas\u0131yla \u015fiire konu olur.
\nYa\u2019kub peygamber -> r\u00fc\u2019ya yorumundaki ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u015fiire konu edilir.
\nPeygamber yahut veli kabul edilen; H\u0131z\u0131r -> ilim irfan sahibi olmas\u0131, \u0130lyas ve \u0130skender \/ Z\u00fclkarneyn ile birlikte karanl\u0131klar \u00fclkesine gidi\u015fi ile \u015fiire konu olur.<\/p>\n
Tasavvufun divan \u015fiirine girmesinde Ahmed Yesev\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1166), Yunus Emre (\u00d6l. 1320\/21) ve Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2(\u00d6l. 1273)\u2019n\u0131n etkisi \u00e7oktur.<\/p>\n
Nesirde ilk \u00f6rnekler sade nesir t\u00fcr\u00fcndedir. Sinan Pa\u015fa(\u00d6l. 1486)\u2019n\u0131n Tazarrun\u00e2me\u2019si s\u00fcsl\u00fc nesrin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131:
\n\u015eu\u2019ar\u00e2 Tezkireleri \/ Edebiyat tarihleridir. Sehi Bey (\u00d6l. 1548) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan He\u015ft Bihi\u015ft Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle yaz\u0131lan ilk tezkiredir.
\n\u015eak\u00e2iku\u2019n-Nu\u2019m\u00e2niyye ile Terc\u00fcme ve Zeyilleri (Zeyil = Ek)
\nTa\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00eez\u00e2de(\u00d6l. 1561) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131.
\nMevki ve mesleklere g\u00f6re ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren eserler.
\nHad\u00eekat\u00fc\u2019l-M\u00fcl\u00fbk \u00e0 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n, Had\u00eekat\u00fc\u2019l-V\u00fczer\u00e2 \u00e0 Vezirlerin, Had\u00eekat\u00fc\u2019l-Me\u015f\u00e2yih \u00e0\u015eeh\u00fclislamlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlatan eserlerdir.
\nBiyografik eserler.
\n\u00c7e\u015fitli vilayetlerde yeti\u015fmi\u015f me\u015fhur kimseler hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren eserler, K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi(\u00d6l. 1657)\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 S\u00fcllem\u2019\u00fc-Vus\u00fbl il\u00e2 tabak\u00e2ti\u2019l-fuh\u00fbl gibi genel ve geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 biyografi kitaplar\u0131, \u015fehir monografileri.
\nOsmanl\u0131 Tarihleri.
\n\u00c2\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fazade(\u00d6l. 1484)\u2019nin tarihinden sonra her y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendi ismiyle an\u0131lan tarih kitaplar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f tarih\u00e7ilerimizin kitaplar\u0131; 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ne\u015fr\u00ee, 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Solakz\u00e2de(\u00d6l. 1657), Pe\u00e7ev\u00ee(\u00d6l. 1649), Na\u00eem\u00e2 (\u00d6l. 1716), 18. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130zz\u00ee (\u00d6l. 1755), V\u00e2s\u0131f (\u00d6l. 1806), 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Cevdet Pa\u015fa (\u00d6l. 1895) gibi.<\/p>\n
Bibliyografyalar.
\nTa\u015fk\u00f6pr\u00eez\u00e2de taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan ve o\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan geni\u015fletilerek \u00e7evirisi yap\u0131lan Mevz\u00fb\u2019\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019l-Ul\u00fbm ve K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi\u2019nin Ke\u015ff\u00fc\u2019z-Zun\u00fbn an-Es\u00e2mi\u2019l-K\u00fct\u00fcbi ve\u2019l-F\u00fcn\u00fbn, \u00f6nemli kaynaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ansiklopediler.
\n\u015eemseddin S\u00e2m\u00ee -> Kam\u00fbs\u00fc\u2019l-A\u2019l\u00e2m
\nAhmed R\u0131fat -> Lugat-\u0131 T\u00e2rihiyye ve Co\u011fr\u00e2fiyye<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zl\u00fckler.
\nM\u00fctercim As\u0131m(\u00d6l. 1819) -> Kamus Terc\u00fcmesi
\n\u015eemseddin S\u00e2m\u00ee -> Kam\u00fbs-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee
\nAhmed Vefik Pa\u015fa(\u00d6l. 1891) -> Leh\u00e7e-i Osm\u00e2n\u00ee
\nMuallim Naci -> L\u00fcgat-i N\u00e2c\u00ee<\/p>\n
Edebiyat tarihleri.
\nKlasik Edebiyat bilgisini konu alan eserler.
\nS\u00fcrur\u00ee(\u00d6l. 1562) -> Bahr\u00fc\u2019l-ma\u2019\u00e2r\u00eef
\n\u0130sm\u00e2\u00eel-\u00ee Ankarav\u00ee(\u00d6l. 1631) -> Mift\u00e2h\u00fc\u2019l-Bel\u00e2ga ve Misb\u00e2h\u00fc\u2019l-Fes\u00e2ha
\nS\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa(\u00d6l. 1892) -> Meb\u00e2ni\u2019l-\u0130n\u015f\u00e2
\nAhmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa -> Bel\u00e2gat-i Osm\u00e2niyye
\nRecaizade Mahmud Ekrem -> Ta\u2019lim-i Edebiyyat
\nMehmet Rif\u2019at(\u00d6l. 1907) -> Mec\u00e2mi\u2019\u00fc\u2019l-Edeb
\nZiya Pa\u015fa(\u00d6l. 1880) -> Harab\u00e2t (\u015fiir antolojisidir)<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131\u015fma \u00f6rneklerini i\u00e7eren M\u00fcn\u015fe\u2019\u00e2t kitaplar\u0131.<\/p>\n
Fars Mitolojisi
\nCem\u015f\u00eed -> \u015earab\u0131 buldu, e\u011flence ve saltanat\u0131n\u0131n kudretiyle an\u0131l\u0131r.
\nDahh\u00e2k -> Cem\u015f\u00eed\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr. Omzu y\u0131lanl\u0131.
\nEfr\u00e2siy\u00e2b -> \u0130ran \u00fclkesinin ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Turan imparatoru. Kahramanl\u0131k sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nFer\u00eedun -> Dahh\u00e2k\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. 500 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Adalet ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcr sembol\u00fc.
\nG\u00e2ve -> Demirci, isyan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p Dahh\u00e2k\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Fer\u00eedun\u2019a yard\u0131m etti.
\nNer\u00eeman -> S\u00e2m\u2019in babas\u0131, kahramanl\u0131k sembol\u00fc.
\nS\u00e2m -> Muni\u00e7ihr\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. Bir ejderi tek vuru\u015fla \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f.
\nZ\u00e2l -> S\u00e2m\u2019in o\u011flu, R\u00fcstem\u2019in babas\u0131. T\u00fcyleri beyaz do\u011fdu\u011fu i\u00e7in babas\u0131 onu Elb\u00fcrz da\u011f\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r. Simurg onu al\u0131p besler. Ok atmas\u0131yla me\u015fhur.
\nR\u00fcstem. Efrasiyab\u2019\u0131 dize getirdi. Keykavus\u2019u kurtard\u0131. Heft-Han denilen tehlikeli ge\u00e7itten ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015fard\u0131. At\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 Rah\u015f\u2019t\u0131r.
\n\u0130sfendiy\u00e2r -> Heft-Han\u2019dan ge\u00e7ebilen ikinci ki\u015fidir. R\u00fcstem\u2019le kap\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve \u00f6l\u00fcr.
\nKahraman -> \u00c7ocukken devler taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Gergedan s\u0131rt\u0131nda \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Kahraman-\u0131 Katil ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r.
\nKeyhusrev -> B\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kudret sembol\u00fc.
\nKeykub\u00e2d -> Adil bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar.
\nMinu\u00e7ihr -> 120 y\u0131l saltanat s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f. \u00c7ok sava\u015flar kazanm\u0131\u015f.
\nN\u00fb\u015firev\u00e2n -> Kisr\u00e2 ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar. T\u00e2k-\u0131 Kisra ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan saray\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc. \u00c7an\u0131 ve adaletiyle \u00fcnl\u00fc.
\nHusrev -> \u015eirin\u2019e olan a\u015fk\u0131, G\u00fclg\u00fbn ve \u015eebd\u00eez adl\u0131 efsanevi atlar\u0131yla me\u015fhur.
\nSiy\u00e2vu\u015f -> \u0130ftiralar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden haks\u0131z yere Efrasiyab taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcrt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f.
\nBihz\u00e2d -> ressam.
\nFa\u011ff\u00fbr -> \u0130skender zaman\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in ve Asya imparatoru.<\/p>\n
Divan \u015fiirine ait kozmoloji anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc feleklerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\nD\u00fcnya bu feleklerin merkezinde yer al\u0131r.
\nG\u00f6kler onun \u00fczerinde dizilmi\u015f haldedirler.
\nHer felekte bir seyyare (gezehen) vard\u0131r.
\nSeb\u2019a-i Seyyare
\nAy -> Kamer \/ Mah
\nUtarid -> Merk\u00fcr
\nZ\u00fchre -> Ven\u00fcs \/ Nahid
\n\u015eems -> G\u00fcne\u015f \/ Hur\u015fid
\nMirrih -> Merih
\nZuhal -> Sart\u00fcrn
\nM\u00fc\u015fteri -> J\u00fcpiter
\nSekizinci felekte y\u0131ld\u0131zlar vard\u0131r.
\nG\u00fcne\u015f sultand\u0131r, ay vezir.
\nUtarid katip, Z\u00fchre \u00e7alg\u0131c\u0131 ve rakkase, Mirrih komutan, M\u00fc\u015fteri kad\u0131 ve Zuhal hazinedar olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Felekler ulvi varl\u0131klard\u0131r.
\nD\u00f6rt unsur \/ Anas\u0131r-\u0131 Erba\u2019a ise s\u00fcfli varl\u0131klard\u0131r.
\nDokuz felek, babalar (\u2018ab\u00e2), d\u00f6rt unsur da analar (\u00fcmmeh\u00e2t) olarak hayal edilmi\u015f, bunlardan Mev\u00e2l\u00eed-i Sel\u00e2se (\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocuk) meydana gelmi\u015f -> hayvanat, nebatat ve cemadat<\/p>\n
\u015eiirde s\u0131kl\u0131kla bahsi ge\u00e7en hayvanlar
\nB\u00fclb\u00fcl -> hez\u00e2r \/ andel\u00eeb
\n\u015eahin ve keklik -> Kebg
\nS\u00fcl\u00fcn -> Tezerv
\nG\u00fcvercin -> Keb\u00fbter
\nPapa\u011fan -> T\u00fbt\u00ee
\nAkbaba -> Kerkes
\nBayku\u015f -> B\u00fbm
\nKarga -> Gurab \/ Z\u00e2g
\nYarasa -> Huff\u00e2\u015f
\n\u00c7aylak \u2013> Zeg\u00e2n
\nArslan -> \u015e\u00eer \/ Gazanfer
\nKaplan -> Peleng
\nPars -> Bebr
\n\u00c2h\u00fb -> Gazal
\nE\u015fek -> Har
\nSinek -> Meges \/ Z\u00fcb\u00e2b
\nAr\u0131 -> Zenb\u00fbr
\nKar\u0131nca -> M\u00fbr \/ M\u00fbr\u00e7e
\nBal\u0131k -> M\u00e2h\u00ee
\nTimsah -> Neheng
\nY\u0131lan -> M\u00e2r \/ Su\u2019b\u00e2n \/ Ef\u00ee<\/p>\n
(2)
\nNaz\u0131m Bi\u00e7imleri<\/p>\n
Divan edebiyat\u0131 naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri, beyitlerden olu\u015fan naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri, d\u00f6rt m\u0131sral\u0131 naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri, bendlerden olu\u015fan naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleridir.
\nVezinle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck naz\u0131m birimine m\u0131sra denir.
\nM\u0131sra, bir edebiyat terimi olarak aruz vezniyle s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f beytin yar\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Beyit, aruz vezniye yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki m\u0131sraya denir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fiirler halinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan beyitlere, ferd ya da m\u00fcfred denir(ferd \/ m\u00fcfred \u00e0 Tek).
\nM\u00fcfredlerde iki m\u0131sra birbiriyle kafiyeli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk beytin m\u0131sralar\u0131 musarra(\u0130ki m\u0131sra birbiriyle kafiyeli) ise matla ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gazel ve kasidelerde birden fazla matla beyti kullan\u0131labilir, bu t\u00fcr manzumeler z\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019l-met\u00e2li ya da z\u00fc\u2019l-metali ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Birbiriyle kafiyeli iki m\u0131sraya musarra ve mukaffa denir (Musarra\u2019n\u0131n as\u0131l anlam\u0131 \u201ckap\u0131y\u0131 iki kanatl\u0131 yapmak\u201dt\u0131r, mukaffa\u2019n\u0131n ise \u201cen az iki \u015feyi ba\u015f ba\u015fa getirmek\u201dtir).<\/p>\n
\u015eiirin son beytine makta denir (makta\u2019n\u0131n as\u0131l anlam\u0131 \u201ckesme yeri, bir \u015feyin kesildi\u011fi yer\u201ddir).
\nHer bak\u0131mdan kusursuz olan m\u0131sralara m\u0131sra\u2019-\u0131 berceste denir.<\/p>\n
Tek m\u0131sralara m\u0131sra\u2019-\u0131 \u00e2z\u00e2de ya da \u00e2z\u00e2de denir.<\/p>\n
Anlam\u0131 ancak ba\u015fka beyitlerle tamamlanabilen beyitlere merhun beyit denir(merhun \u00e0 rehinli).<\/p>\n
Beyitlerden olu\u015fan naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri; kaside, gazel, m\u00fcstezad, mesnevi, k\u0131t\u2019a ve naz\u0131m<\/p>\n
Kaside
\n\u0130lk beytinin m\u0131sralar\u0131 birbiriyle, di\u011fer beyitlerin ikinci m\u0131sralar\u0131 ilk beyitle kafiyeli, ayn\u0131 vezinle s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f, en az 15 beyit uzunlu\u011fundaki naz\u0131m bi\u00e7iminin ad\u0131d\u0131r(kaside\u00e0kastetmek, y\u00f6nelmek, do\u011fru yolda olmak).<\/p>\n
Dini konulu olanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakiler \u00f6vg\u00fc ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r.
\nMemd\u00fbh\u2019tan c\u00e2\u2019ize almak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fiirlerdir.<\/p>\n
Tam bir kasidede alt\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm bulunur:<\/p>\n
B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri:
\nNesib \/ te\u015fbib
\n15\/20 beyit uzunlu\u011fundaki giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Konusu a\u015fk olan kasidelerde bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm nesib, farkl\u0131 konulu olanlar te\u015fbib ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r.
\nGirizg\u00e2h
\n\u015eairin \u00f6vg\u00fcye ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi\u011fi 1 \/ 2 beyitlik k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r.
\nMedhiyye (Maksad, maks\u00fbd)
\nKasidenin sunuldu\u011fu ki\u015fi \u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u015eiirin merkezidir. Dili genellikle a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r.
\nTegazz\u00fcl
\nKaside i\u00e7indeki gazeldir.
\nFahriyye
\n\u015eairin kendi yeteneklerinden s\u00f6z etti\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.
\nDu\u2019a
\n\u015eairin memduha dua etti\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kaside de \u015fairin mahlas beytine t\u00e2c beyt
\nEn g\u00fczel beyte beyt\u00fc\u2019l-kas\u00eede
\nMatladan sonraki beyte h\u00fcsn-i matla
\nMaktadan \u00f6nceki beyte h\u00fcsn-i makta denir.
\nMatla beytinin tekrar etmesine tecd\u00eed-i matla denir.
\nKimi \u015fairler matla baytinin bir m\u0131sra\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiirin ba\u015fka bir yerinde tekrar ederler, bu uygulamaya redd-i matla denir.<\/p>\n
Padi\u015fah\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kutlamak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lanlara c\u00fcl\u00fbsiyye denir.
\nBaz\u0131 kasideler redifleri dikkate al\u0131narak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar, su kasidesi gibi.
\nBaz\u0131 kasideler kafiyelerinin \u201crev\u00ee\u201d harfine g\u00f6re adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kafiyeler \u201cR\u201d harfiyle bitiyorsa kas\u00eede-i r\u00e2\u2019iyye\u2026<\/p>\n
Gazel
\nBir gazelin t\u00fcm m\u0131sralar\u0131 ayn\u0131 vezinle yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u0130lk beytinin m\u0131sralar\u0131 birbiriyle, di\u011fer beyitlerin ikinci m\u0131sralar\u0131 ilk beyitle kafiyeli, ayn\u0131 vezinle s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f, 5\/9 beyitlik \u015fiirlerin naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imidir. K\u0131sa metrajl\u0131 kasidelere gazel denir.<\/p>\n
Be\u015f beyit \u00e0 pen\u00e7-beyt<\/p>\n
15 beyitten uzun gazellere gazel-i mutavvel<\/p>\n
A\u015fk\u0131n mutlulu\u011fu ve ye\u2019sini konu edinen gazellere a\u015f\u0131k\u00e2ne gazel
\nD\u00fcnya zevklerini konu edinenelere rind\u00e2ne gazel
\nSevgilinin g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve ona duyulan arzudan s\u00f6z edenlere \u015f\u00fbhane gazel
\nTasavvufi konulu olanlara s\u00fbfiyane ya da \u00e2rifane gazel
\nFelsefi i\u00e7erikli olanlara hikem\u00ee veya hak\u00eem\u00e2ne gazel ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Gazelin en g\u00fczel beytine \u015f\u00e2h beyt, \u015feh beyt ya da beyt\u00fc\u2019l-gazel denir.<\/p>\n
\u015eairlerin mahlaslar\u0131n\u0131 kelimenin ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak \u015fekilde kullanmalar\u0131 h\u00fcsn-i tahallus (mahlas\u0131 g\u00fczel kullanmak)<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm m\u0131sralar\u0131 kafiyeli gazellere m\u00fcselsel gazel denir.
\nMatla beytinin m\u0131sralar\u0131ndan birinin gazel i\u00e7inde tekrar\u0131na redd-i matla<\/p>\n
Mahlas beytinden sonra birka\u00e7 beyti daha olan gazellere gazel-i m\u00fczeyyel (M\u00fczeyyel \u00e0 ekli)<\/p>\n
Beyitler aras\u0131nda konu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olmas\u0131 yek-\u00e2henk<\/p>\n
Farkl\u0131 dillerden kelimelerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Arap\u00e7a ya da Fars\u00e7a kelimelerin de \u015fiire dahil oldu\u011fu gazellere m\u00fclemma\u2019 gazel<\/p>\n
\u0130ki ayr\u0131 \u015fairin birlikte yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gazellere gazel-i m\u00fc\u015fterek<\/p>\n
Halk edebiyat\u0131nda divan, selis, kalenderi, sema\u2019i ve satran\u00e7 ad\u0131 verilen gazel bi\u00e7iminde \u015fiirler yaz\u0131m\u0131\u015f\/s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcstez\u00e2d
\nGazelden t\u00fcremi\u015ftir, m\u0131sralar\u0131n\u0131n biri uzun di\u011feri k\u0131sad\u0131r. Eklenen k\u0131sa m\u0131sralar ziyade ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rlar.
\nZiyadeleri ya da uzun m\u0131sralar\u0131 tekrarlanan m\u00fcstezadlara m\u00fctekerrir m\u00fcstezad, ziyade m\u0131sralar\u0131 uzun m\u0131sralar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tekrarlanan m\u00fcstezadlara m\u00fcdevver m\u00fcstezad denir.
\nAnadolu\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk m\u00fcstezad \u00f6rnekleri 14. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u015fairlerinden Seyyid Nesimi (\u00d6lm. 1404?)\u2019ye aittir. Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn \u015fairleri bu naz\u0131m bi\u00e7iminde bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaparak serbest m\u00fcstezad ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir bi\u00e7im denemi\u015flerdir. M\u00fcstezadlar halk edebiyat\u0131nda yedekli, ayakl\u0131 adlar\u0131yla \u00e7ok\u00e7a kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131t\u2019a
\n2 beyit veya daha uzun, matla ve mahlas beyti olmayan naz\u0131m \u015feklidir.
\nK\u0131t\u2019a da ilk m\u0131sralar serbest, ikinci m\u0131sralar kafiyelidir.
\nMatla ve makta beyitlerine yer verilmemesi ve iki beyitli olarak da yaz\u0131labilmeleri ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fidir.
\nK\u0131t\u2019a\u2019lar\u0131n iki beyitten uzun olanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r, bunlara k\u0131t\u2019a-i kebire denir.<\/p>\n
Naz\u0131m
\nVezinli, kafiyeli s\u00f6z anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\nK\u0131t\u2019a dan fark\u0131, ilk beytinin musarra(ilk beyti kendi i\u00e7inde kafiyeli) olmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\nMusarra bir beyitle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131t\u2019a dan ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mesnevi
\nBeyitlerin m\u0131sralaralar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer beyitlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kendi i\u00e7lerinde kafiyeli olmalar\u0131 belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerindendir.
\nAyn\u0131 \u015fair taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f be\u015f mesneviye hamse denir.
\n\u0130lk hamse sahibi \u0130ranl\u0131 \u015fair Genceli Niz\u00e2m\u00ee\u2019dir(\u00d6l. 1214)<\/p>\n
Giri\u015f
\nBu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde s\u0131ras\u0131yla; tevh\u00eed, m\u00fcn\u00e2cat ve na\u2019t gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmler yer al\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra baz\u0131 mesnevilerde mi\u2019r\u00e2ciyye, mu\u2019ciz\u00e2t-\u0131 nebev\u00ee ve medh-i \u00e7eh\u00e2r-y\u00e2r adl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler bulunur.<\/p>\n
Konunun i\u015flendi\u011fi, \u00e2\u011f\u00e2z-\u0131 d\u00e2st\u00e2n, \u00e2\u011f\u00e2z-\u0131 kit\u00e2b<\/p>\n
Biti\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \/ h\u00e2time<\/p>\n
R\u00fcba\u2019i
\nKafiye d\u00fczeni genellikle a,a,b,a\u2019d\u0131r. D\u00f6rt m\u0131sras\u0131 birbiriyle kafiyeli olanlara rub\u00e2\u2019-i musarra veya ter\u00e2ne denir.
\nAhreb ve Ahrem adl\u0131 vazin kal\u0131plar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nMef\u2019\u00fbl\u00fc ile ba\u015flayan 12 vezin kal\u0131b\u0131na Ahreb denir.
\nMef\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn ile ba\u015flayan 12 vezin kal\u0131b\u0131na ise Ahrem denir.<\/p>\n
Tuyu\u011f (\u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleme, \u00f6vme, kapal\u0131 s\u00f6z)
\nRub\u00e2\u2019\u00ee gibidir ancak vezin kal\u0131plar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
(3)
\nMusammatlar<\/p>\n
Bend en az \u00fc\u00e7 m\u0131sradan olu\u015fur.
\nHer bendin m\u0131sra say\u0131s\u0131 birbirine denktir.<\/p>\n
Bendelerden olu\u015fan naz\u0131m birimlerine
\nM\u00fcselles (\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc),
\nBir m\u00fcselleste ilk bendin son m\u0131sra\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bendlerin sonunda tekrarlan\u0131yorsa buna m\u00fcselles-i m\u00fctekerrir, tekrarlanm\u0131yorsa m\u00fcselles-i m\u00fczdevic ad\u0131 verilir.
\nKafiye \u015femas\u0131; aaA, bbA, ccA veya aaa, bba, cca \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Murabba (d\u00f6rtl\u00fc),
\n\u0130lk bend kendi i\u00e7inde, di\u011fer bendlerin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 m\u0131sra\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde, son m\u0131sra ise bendle kafiyelidir.
\nKafiye \u015femas\u0131; aaaA, bbbA, cccA ya da aaaa, bbba, ccca \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Terb\u00ee\u2019 (d\u00f6rtl\u00fc yapma),
\nBir gazelin her beytinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ayn\u0131 vezinle ve ilk m\u0131sra ile kafiyeli iki m\u0131sra eklenmesi yoluyla meydana getirilmi\u015f bendlerdir.
\nBendlerdeki ekleme m\u0131sralara zam\u00eeme denir.
\nKafiye \u015femas\u0131; aa aa, bb ba, cc ca \u015feklindedir.
\nGazelin beyitlerinin aras\u0131na iki m\u0131sra eklenerek yap\u0131lan bir \u015fekli daha vard\u0131r.
\nTerb\u00ee-i mutarraf denilen bu bendin naz\u0131m \u015fekli \u015f\u00f6yledir;
\nA aa a, b bb a, c cc a, ortada g\u00f6sterilen semboller gazelin beytine aittir, ba\u015fta ve sonda yer alan semboller zam\u00eeme m\u0131sralard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eark\u0131
\nBestelenmeye uygun olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f murabbalara \u015fark\u0131 denir.
\nMurabba \u015fark\u0131larda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u0131sra (bendin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u0131sras\u0131) miy\u00e2n, her bendin sonunda tekrarlanan m\u0131sraya da nakar\u00e2t ad\u0131 verilir.
\nMiy\u00e2n -> orta, ara
\nNakar\u00e2t -> ud ya da tefe bir defa vurma anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cnekre\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fuludur.
\n\u015eark\u0131larda dil sade, bend say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n\u015eark\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerine 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u015fairlerinden Na\u2019il\u00ee Kad\u00eem\u2019in divan\u0131nda rastlanmaktad\u0131r (\u00d6l. 1666).<\/p>\n
Muhammes(be\u015fli),<\/p>\n
Tahm\u00ees (be\u015fleme),
\nBir gazel ya da kasidenin her beytinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ayn\u0131 vezinle ve ilk m\u0131sra ile kafiyeli \u00fc\u00e7er m\u0131sra eklenerek meydana getirilen bendlere denir.
\nBeyitlerin m\u0131sralar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7er m\u0131sra eklenrek yap\u0131lan bi\u00e7imine de tahm\u00ees-i mutarraf denir.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcseddes (alt\u0131l\u0131),<\/p>\n
Tesd\u00ees (alt\u0131lama),<\/p>\n
M\u00fcsebba (yedili),<\/p>\n
Tesb\u00ee (yedili yapma),<\/p>\n
M\u00fcsemmen (sekizli),<\/p>\n
Tesm\u00een (sekizli yapma),<\/p>\n
M\u00fctessa\u2019 (dokuzlu),<\/p>\n
Mu\u2019a\u015f\u015fer (onlu),<\/p>\n
Ta\u2019\u015f\u00eer (onlu yapma),<\/p>\n
terk\u00eeb-i bend ve
\nterc\u00ee-i bend denilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bir musammat\u0131n ilk bendinin son ya da son iki m\u0131sra\u0131 her bendin sonunda aynen tekrarlan\u0131yorsa buna m\u00fctekerrir, tekrarlanm\u0131yorsa m\u00fczdevic denir.
\nM\u00fctekerrir -> tekrar eden
\nM\u00fczdevic -> evlenen \/ izdiva\u00e7 eden<\/p>\n
terk\u00eeb-i bend ve terc\u00ee-i bend
\nbu iki naz\u0131m biriminde son beyitler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her bend gazel ve kaside gibi kafiyelenir.
\nBu iki musammatta bendler m\u0131sralardan de\u011fil beyitlerden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
terk\u00eeb-i bend ve terc\u00ee-i bendlerde her bendin sonunda birbirinden farkl\u0131 vas\u0131ta ya da bendiyye denilen kendi i\u00e7inde kafiyeli bir beyit bulunur.<\/p>\n
terk\u00eeb-i bend ve terc\u00ee-i bend aras\u0131ndaki as\u0131l fark; vas\u0131ta beytinin terk\u00eeb-i bendlerde her bendin sonunda de\u011fi\u015fmesi, terc\u00ee-i bendlerde ise aynen tekrarlanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Terk\u00eeb-i bend
\nHer bende h\u00e2ne ya da terk\u00eeb-h\u00e2ne bendleri birle\u015ftiren beyitlere ise v\u00e2s\u0131ta ya da bendiyye denir.
\nHer bend, vas\u0131ta beyti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gazel ve kaside gibi kafiyelenir. Vas\u0131ta beyti ise kendi i\u00e7inde kafiyelenir.
\nMersiye, \u00f6vg\u00fc, yergi, sosyal ele\u015ftiri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda yaz\u0131labilir. Mersiye (a\u011f\u0131t) t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn en g\u00fczel(!) \u00f6rnekleri bu naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imiyle icra edilmi\u015ftir.
\nEn me\u015fhur terk\u00eeb-i bend, Ruh\u00ee-i Ba\u011fdad\u00ee(\u00d6l. 1605)\u2019nin her bendi 8 m\u0131sra olan 17 bendlik manzumesidir.<\/p>\n
Terc\u00ee-i bend
\nterk\u00eeb-i bendten farkl\u0131 olarak vas\u0131ta beyti her bendin sonunda aynen tekrarlan\u0131r.
\nZiya Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n terc\u00ee-i bendi bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
(\u00dcnite 4)
\nAruz
\nArap \u015fiirinde aruz veznini bir esasa ba\u011flayan el-Hal\u00eel b. Ahmed el-Ferahid\u00ee (\u00d6l. 791)\u2019dir.
\nAruz, \u0130ran edebiyat\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011finde birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi Arap aruzundaki bahir\u2019lerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve baz\u0131 yeni bahirleri ilave edilmesidir. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklik tef\u2019ile say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak m\u0131sra uzunlu\u011funun artmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Aruz, Tevfik Fikret ve Mehmet \u00c2kif\u2019in \u015fiirleriyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019deki en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerine kavu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Aruza g\u00f6re hece t\u00fcrleri
\n\u015eiirde a\u00e7\u0131k (k\u0131sa) ve kapal\u0131 (uzun) olarak nitelenen hecelerin \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7erisinde tekrarlanmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r.
\nAruza g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fit hece vard\u0131r:
\n1- A\u00e7\u0131k Hece (K\u0131sa hece): Sonu k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fc ile biten heceler aruza g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131k ya da k\u0131sa hecedir. \u201cGe-li-yor\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki ilk iki hece gibi\u2026
\n2- Kapal\u0131 Hece (Uzun Hece): Sonu \u00fcns\u00fcz ya da uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc ile biten heceler aruzda kapal\u0131 ya da uzun hece olarak kabul edilirler. D\u00fcn-y\u00e2 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn heceleri kapal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3- Medli Hece (Bir Bu\u00e7uk Hece): baz\u0131 heceler ilki kapal\u0131 ikincisi a\u00e7\u0131k olmak \u00fczere iki hece de\u011ferinde kabul edilirler. Bunlara medli hece denir. ( medli hece = – . )
\nBunlar:
\na) Bir uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc ve bir \u00fcns\u00fczden olu\u015fan heceler: \u00e2b, \u00e2l gibi
\nb) Bir \u00fcns\u00fcz, bir uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc ve \u00fcns\u00fczden olu\u015fanlar: y\u00e2r, n\u00e2z, s\u00fbr, r\u00eez gibi
\nc) Bir k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fc ve iki \u00fcns\u00fczden olu\u015fanlar: e\u015fk, emr, \u00f6mr gibi
\nd) Bir \u00fcns\u00fcz, bir k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fc ve iki \u00fcns\u00fczden olu\u015fanlar: derd, zehr gibi
\nBu heceler, normal bir heceden daha fazla uzat\u0131larak okunur ve bu \u015fekilde okumaya med ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
\u015eairler, m\u0131sralar\u0131n\u0131 bu ahenk sistemine uyumlu ha\u015fe getirebilmek i\u00e7in \u015fiirdeki sesler \u00fczerinde birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r: Vas\u0131l, \u0130m\u00e2le, Medd, Zihaf, Tahf\u00eef ve Te\u015fd\u00eed gibi\u2026<\/p>\n
Vas\u0131l
\nVas\u0131l -> Ula\u015ft\u0131rma, birle\u015ftirme, ulama, ekleme anlamlar\u0131na gelir.
\nSonu \u00fcns\u00fczle biten bir kelimeyi, a\u00e7\u0131k hece elde etmek ya da bir kapal\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131k (bir bu\u00e7uk) hece de\u011ferinde tek kapal\u0131 hece de\u011ferine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir sonraki kelimeye ba\u011flamak; laz\u0131m oldu\u2019yu laz\u0131 moldu gibi okumakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Vasl-\u0131 ayn: sonu \u00fcns\u00fcz ile biten bir kelime ile \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir kelime aras\u0131nda yap\u0131labilir. Ay\u0131n ( \u0639 ) \u00fcns\u00fcz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in son sesi \u00fcnl\u00fc olan bir kelimenin ay\u0131nla ba\u015flayan bir kelimeye vesledilmemesi gerekir.
\n\u0130m\u00e2le
\n\u0130m\u00e2le -> bir \u015feyi bir tarafa e\u011fmek, meylettirmek
\nK\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten ya da tek k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fcden ibaret olan bir a\u00e7\u0131k (k\u0131sa) heceyi, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc gere\u011fi uzun, yani kapal\u0131 (uzun) hece de\u011ferine y\u00fckseltmektir.
\n\u0130m\u00e2le-i maks\u00fbre \u2013 k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten ya da k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fcden ibaret olan a\u00e7\u0131k\/k\u0131sa heceyi uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc yani uzun ya da kapal\u0131 hece de\u011ferine y\u00fckseltmeye denir.
\n\u0130m\u00e2le-i memd\u00fbde ve med ise birle\u015fik heceleri as\u0131l de\u011ferlerinden biraz daha uzun okumakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Medd
\nAruzda medli hecelerin as\u0131l de\u011ferinden biraz daha uzun okunmas\u0131na denir. As\u0131l anlam\u0131 uzatma ya da \u00e7ekme\u2019dir.
\nMedli hece, \u201cmest\u201d ve \u201ca\u015fk\u201dta oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7ift \u00fcns\u00fcz ile \u201cy\u00e2r\u201d ve \u201cd\u00f4st\u201dta oldu\u011fu gibi bir uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcden sonra gelen bir veya iki \u00fcns\u00fczle biten hecelerdedir.
\nBu heceler aruza g\u00f6re biri kapal\u0131 biri de k\u0131sa olmak \u00fczere iki hece de\u011ferindedirler.<\/p>\n
Zih\u00e2f (\u0130m\u00e2le\u2019nin tersidir)
\n\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc gere\u011fi Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a hecelerdeki uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcleri k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fc; medli heceleri de bir kapal\u0131 hece de\u011ferine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektir.
\nZih\u00e2f, metnin edebi de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Tahf\u00eef (Kesr)
\n\u015eiddetli bir harfi \u015fiddetsiz okumak demektir.<\/p>\n
Te\u015fd\u00eed
\n\u015eiddetsiz bir harfi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc gere\u011fi \u015fiddetli okumakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Aruzla ilgili baz\u0131 terimler
\nTef\u2019ile
\nAruz vezinlerini olu\u015fturan sekiz ana kelime vard\u0131r.
\nTef\u2019ile veya c\u00fcz\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen bu kelimeler;
\nFe\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn
\nF\u00e2\u2019il\u00fcn
\nMef\u00e2\u2019\u00eel\u00fcn
\nM\u00fcstef\u2019il\u00fcn
\nF\u00e2\u2019il\u00e2t\u00fcn
\nM\u00fcf\u00e2\u2019alet\u00fcn
\nM\u00fctef\u00e2\u2019il\u00fcn
\nMef\u2019\u00fbl\u00e2t\u00fc<\/p>\n
Bu kelimeler Arap\u00e7a gramer kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re fe-a-le (\u0644 \u0639 \u0641 ) \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcretilmi\u015flerdir.
\nBu tef\u2019ilelerin say\u0131s\u0131 41\u2019e kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. Meydana getirdikleri 16 vezin, as\u0131l vezinleri olu\u015fturur. Bu vezinlere bahr denir. Bahirler kendilerini olu\u015fturan kelimelerin hareke ve s\u00fck\u00fbnlar\u0131na g\u00f6re be\u015f gurupta toplan\u0131rlar bu guruplara d\u00e2\u2019ire ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Takt\u00ee
\nAruzda, bir m\u0131sran\u0131n yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu veznin c\u00fcz\u2019lerine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir.
\nM\u0131sralar takt\u00ee edilirken \u015fiirin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil okunu\u015fu esas al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sekt-i mel\u00eeh
\nMef\u2019\u00fbl\u00fc mef\u00e2\u2019il\u00fcn fe\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn ( – – . \/ . – . – \/ . – – ) vezninin mef\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn f\u00e2\u2019il\u00fcn fe\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn ( – – – \/ – . – \/ . – – ) \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine denir.
\nSekt-i mel\u00eeh -> g\u00fczel kesme \/ g\u00fczel durma anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
Vezin Bulma Usul\u00fc
\n1- \u015eiirin m\u0131sralar\u0131ndaki hecelerin aruza g\u00f6re ses de\u011ferlerini belirlemeli; yani hangi hecenin kapal\u0131 (uzun), hangi hecenin a\u00e7\u0131k (k\u0131sa) oldu\u011fu tespit edilmelidir.
\nKapal\u0131 hece -> k\u0131sa \u00e7izgi ( – )
\nA\u00e7\u0131k hece -> nokta ( . )
\nVas\u0131l yap\u0131lan heceler -> alt \u00e7izgi ( _ ) ile g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
2- Vezin en az iki m\u0131srada \/ beyitte aranmal\u0131. M\u0131sralardaki hece say\u0131s\u0131na dikkat edilmeli, m\u0131sralarda medli hece yoksa hece say\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fit olmal\u0131, hece say\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fit olmayan m\u0131sralarda medli hece aranmal\u0131.<\/p>\n
M\u0131sralar\u0131 son heceleri daima kapal\u0131 hece kabul edilir.
\nArap\u00e7a kelimelerdeki ay\u0131n ve hamze \u00fcns\u00fcz seslerdir. \u00c7eviriyaz\u0131da bu iki sesi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in ya \u00f6zel i\u015faret ya da kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\nBu nedenle ay\u0131n ve hamze seslerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelimelerin Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemindeki orijinal yaz\u0131mlar\u0131 esas al\u0131nmal\u0131 ve bu seslerle biten hecelerin kapal\u0131 hece oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u00d6rnek: r\u00fc\u2019yet ( – – ), ma\u2019l\u00fbm ( – – )<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk \u015fairleri daha \u00e7ok kapal\u0131 hecelerin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu vezinleri tercih etmi\u015flerdir. Aruzda kapal\u0131 heceler ritmi yava\u015flat\u0131r, a\u00e7\u0131k heceler ise ritmi artt\u0131r\u0131r\/h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Aruzda m\u0131sra ba\u015f\u0131ndaki fe\u2019il\u00e2t\u00fcn c\u00fczlerinin f\u00e2\u2019il\u00e2t\u00fcn, m\u0131sra sonlar\u0131ndaki fe\u2019il\u00fcn c\u00fczlerinin de fa\u2019il\u00fcn \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febildi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
(\u00dcnite 5)
\n\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc ve Kafiye
\nAruz Bahirleri
\n1 \u2013 Hezec bahri<\/p>\n
2 \u2013 Recez bahri<\/p>\n
3 \u2013 Remel bahri<\/p>\n
4 \u2013 M\u00fcnserih bahri<\/p>\n
5 \u2013 Muz\u00e2ri bahri<\/p>\n
6 \u2013 M\u00fcctes bahri<\/p>\n
7 \u2013 Ser\u00ee bahri<\/p>\n
8 \u2013 Haf\u00eef bahri<\/p>\n
9 \u2013 M\u00fctekarip bahri<\/p>\n
10 \u2013 K\u00e2mil bahri<\/p>\n
11 \u2013 Ahreb ve ahrem kal\u0131plar\u0131<\/p>\n
Divan \u015fiirinde kafiye
\nTek bir sesin tekrar\u0131yla meydana gelen kafiyelere m\u00fccerred kafiye, birden fazla sesin tekrar\u0131yla meydana gelen kafiyelere m\u00fcrekkeb kafiye denir.
\nM\u00fcrekkep kafiyenin m\u00fcrdef, mukayyed ve m\u00fc\u2019esses olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bu adland\u0131rmada ridf, kayd, te\u2019s\u00ees ve dah\u00eel adlar\u0131 verilen kafiye harfleri esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Divan \u015fiirinde dokuz kafiye harfi vard\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda as\u0131l kafiye harfi rev\u00eedir.
\nRev\u00eeden \u00f6nce gelebilecek kafiye harflerine
\nRidf
\nKayd
\nTe\u2019s\u00ees
\nDah\u00eel denir.<\/p>\n
Ridf, rev\u00eeden hemen \u00f6nce gelen bir uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc ( \u00e2, \u00fb, \u00ee) kayd da rev\u00eeden \u00f6nceki harekesiz \u00fcns\u00fczd\u00fcr.
\nTe\u2019s\u00ees ise, rev\u00ee ile aralar\u0131nda bir harekeli \u00fcns\u00fcz bulunan eliftir.
\nRidf ve rev\u00ee ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kafiyeye m\u00fcrdef
\nKayd ve rev\u00ee ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kafiyeye mukayyed
\nTe\u2019s\u00ees, dah\u00eel ve rev\u00ee ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kafiyeye de m\u00fc\u2019esses kafiye denir.
\nBurada her kafiyede ridf ve kayddan yaln\u0131zca birinin bulunabilece\u011fi; dah\u00eelin ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kafiye harfi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak m\u00fc\u2019esses bir kafiyede te\u2019s\u00ees ile birlikte kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcrdef -> ridfli
\nMukayyed -> kaydl\u0131
\nM\u00fc\u2019esses ise -> te\u2019s\u00eesli demektir.<\/p>\n
Redifi rev\u00eeden sonra gelen ve aynen tekrarlanan ses veya seslerin tamam\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
\nRedifli manzumelere m\u00fcreddef denir.
\nDivan \u015fiirinde kafiyeyi rev\u00ee harflerinin tekrar\u0131 meydana getirir. Rev\u00eenin as\u0131l anlam\u0131 devenin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 iptir.<\/p>\n
Kafiye
\nKafiyenin as\u0131l anlam\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131n arkas\u0131 ya da ensedir.
\nKafiyeden sonra tekrarlanan birbirinin ayn\u0131 ek ve s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere redif denir.
\nRedifli manzumelere m\u00fcreddef denir.
\nRedifli kafiyelere k\u00e2fiye-i m\u00fcrdefe denir.
\nRev\u00eeden sonra gelen harflere s\u0131ras\u0131yla vasl, hur\u00fbc, mez\u00eed ve n\u00e2\u2019ire denir.<\/p>\n
Herflerine g\u00f6re kafiye t\u00fcrleri
\nA \u2013 K\u00e2fiye-i m\u00fccerrede: Sadece rev\u00eenin tekrar\u0131ndan meydana gelen kafiyelerdir.<\/p>\n
B \u2013 K\u00e2fiye-i m\u00fcrekkebe: Birden fazla ses benze\u015fmesinden meydana gelen kafiyelerdir.
\nA \u2013 K\u00e2fiye-i m\u00fcrdefe: Rev\u00eeden \u00f6nce ridf (\u00e2, \u00fb, \u00ee) bulunan kafiyelerdir.
\nB \u2013 K\u00e2fiye-i mukayyede: Rev\u00ee ve kayddan meydana gelen kafiyelerdir.
\nC \u2013 K\u00e2fiye-i m\u00fc\u2019essese: Rev\u00eeden \u00f6nce dah\u00eel ondan \u00f6nce de te\u2019s\u00ees bulunan kafiyelerdir.
\n\u0130ltizam: Rev\u00eenin birden fazla olmas\u0131 durumudur.
\nKafiyenin birden fazla olmas\u0131
\n\u0130kiden fazla kafiyesi olan \u015fiire; z\u00fc\u2019l kav\u00e2f\u00ee (\u00e7ok kafiyeli)
\nZ\u00fc\u2019l kav\u00e2f\u00eenin m\u0131sra sonundaki kafiyesine k\u00e2fiye-i asliyye, di\u011fer kafiyelerine k\u00e2fiye-i m\u00fclhaka ad\u0131 verilir.
\nTars\u00ee \u2013 m\u0131sra sonundaki kafiyelerden \u00f6nce, iki m\u0131srada paralel olarak yer alan ayn\u0131 vezindeki kelimelerin birbiriyle kafiyeli olmas\u0131na denir.
\nTars\u00ee yap\u0131lan beyit ya da m\u0131sralara murassa\u2019denir.
\nBaz\u0131 \u015fiirlerde m\u0131sra sonunda kafiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda birbirine paralel olarak yap\u0131lm\u015f i\u00e7 kafiyeler bulunur (redif gibi). \u0130ki kafiyeli \u015fiirlerde bu duruma z\u00fb-k\u00e2fiyeteyn denir.<\/p>\n
Kafiye kusurlar\u0131 \/ Uy\u00fbb-\u0131 kafiye
\nKafiyede ridfin (rev\u00eeden \u00f6nceki uzun \u00fcnl\u00fclerin) farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131
\nKafiyede k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fclerin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131
\nRev\u00eenin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131
\nEn \u00e7ok rastlanan ikf\u00e2 \u00e7e\u015fidi \u201cb\u201d ile \u201cp\u201d aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan\u0131d\u0131r.
\nKafiye harfi ya harekeli ya da harekesizdir, iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc olmaz.<\/p>\n
Kafiye-i \u015f\u00e2yg\u00e2n
\nFars\u00e7ada hem \u00e7o\u011ful eki hem de fiilden s\u0131fat yapan ek olan \u201c-\u00e2n\u201d eki ile yap\u0131lan kafiyelere denir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131na Giri\u015f: Bi\u00e7im ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc Eski T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131na Giri\u015f: Bi\u00e7im ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc (\u00dcnite 1) Temel Bilgiler \u0130slami T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6nemli eseri Kutadgu Bilig (1069). Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi -> Karahanl\u0131lar, \u00c7a\u011fataylar, Harezm \u00e7evresinde Alt\u0131norda, Memluk K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7as\u0131\u2026 Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi -> … Okumaya devam et