{"id":99,"date":"2011-10-13T08:38:05","date_gmt":"2011-10-13T08:38:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/hakverdioglu\/?p=99"},"modified":"2020-10-28T12:20:14","modified_gmt":"2020-10-28T12:20:14","slug":"dil-bilgisi-hileleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/?p=99","title":{"rendered":"D\u0130L B\u0130LG\u0130S\u0130 H\u0130LELER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 DERS\u0130 2015 F\u0130NAL BAHAR<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

EK F\u0130\u0130L\u0130N H\u0130KAYES\u0130<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnlerden bir g\u00fcn fiiller tatile \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flar. B\u00fct\u00fcn fiiller Bodrum’da e\u011flenirken insanlar Y\u00dcKLEM yoklu\u011fundan konu\u015famaz olmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bunun \u00fczerine isimler bir aray\u0131\u015fa girmi\u015fler.  Aram\u0131\u015flar, taram\u0131\u015flar sonunda tatile gitmemi\u015f bir fiil bulmu\u015flar. Bu fiil ya\u015fl\u0131 ve yorgunmu\u015f. zaten bu y\u00fczden di\u011ferleri ile Bodrum’a gitmemi\u015f. Ad\u0131 da  i-mek fiili imi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer ad\u0131 ek fiil olan bu ihtiyar fiil, isimlerin yo\u011fun iste\u011fi ve bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine onlara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak zorunda kal\u0131r. Fakat bir \u015fart\u0131 vard\u0131r: “Dokuz kipin hepsinde \u00e7ekim yapamam, sadece d\u00f6rt kip se\u00e7in. ”<\/p>\n

\u0130simler dokuz kipi bir torbaya koyup \u00e7ekili\u015f  yapar. \u00c7ekili\u015fte ” -di , -mi\u015f, -se,- dir ” \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

-imek fiili bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelir ve idi, imi\u015f, ise, dir \u015fiklini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Annem hem\u015fire i<\/span>di.<\/p>\n

Annem hem\u015fire i<\/span>mi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Annem he\u015fire i<\/span>se…<\/p>\n

Annem hem\u015fire!<\/span>dir. (Dikkat: hem\u015fire!<\/span>yim\/ hem\u015fire!<\/span>sin\/ hem\u015fire!<\/span>dir…)<\/p>\n

Unutmay\u0131n\u0131z, b\u00fct\u00fcn isim c\u00fcmleleri “ek-fiil” al\u0131r. Aksi halde y\u00fcklem olamazlard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ya\u015fl\u0131 ek-fiil oh, bu i\u015ften de kurtuldum, art\u0131k rahat\u00e7a k\u00f6\u015feme \u00e7ekilip uyurum dedi\u011fi anda bir ses duyar. Bu ses iki sevgiliden gelmektedir. Birle\u015fik ve Zaman adl\u0131 iki sevgili bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir  araya gelemedikleri i\u00e7in a\u011flay\u0131p durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130htiyar ek-fiil bunlar\u0131 da birle\u015ftirmedik\u00e7e rahat edemeyece\u011fini anlar. Onlar\u0131n da aras\u0131na girip bir birlerine kavu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece basit zaman ile  hikayesi (-di), rivayeti (-mi\u015f), \u015fart\u0131 (-se) bir araya gelebilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Ama bunda da -d\u0131r’\u0131 eksik b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Geliyor      i<\/span>di<\/p>\n

Geliyor     i<\/span>mi\u015f<\/p>\n

Geliyor    i<\/span>se<\/p>\n

Geliyordur (birle\u015fik zaman de\u011fildir!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) <\/span><\/p>\n

Onlar ermi\u015f murad\u0131na biz \u00e7\u0131kal\u0131m kerevetine. :)))<\/p>\n

Ek fiil ile ilgili size son bir hile daha s\u00f6yleyeyim:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm isim c\u00fcmleleri ek fiil alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/span>…. Bu kadar basit!<\/p>\n

Bu onun anne<\/span>siymi\u015f.  (anne<\/span> y\u00fcklem olarak kullan\u0131lan bir isim de\u011fil mi? \u0130\u015f bitti. Bu c\u00fcmlede  ek fiil kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131.<\/span>)<\/p>\n

Bir de birle\u015fik zamanl\u0131 fiillerde hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden ek fiil vard\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131\u0131r, denebilir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eve do\u011fru gelmekteydi.    mekte(yor)+ di  =mekteydi  \/ mekte i-di<\/p>\n

F\u0130\u0130LLERDE \u00c7ATIYA \u00c7IKALIM MI?<\/p>\n

HAYD\u0130 \u00c7ATIYA \u00c7IKIYORUZ:)<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZNE \u00c7ATISI                                                                                                        NESNE \u00c7ATISI<\/p>\n

<\/a>\"\"<\/a>BU \u00c7ATININ<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZNE K\u0130REM\u0130TLER\u0130                                                     NESNE K\u0130REM\u0130TLER\u0130
\n<\/a>ETKEN                                                                              GE\u00c7\u0130\u015eL\u0130<\/p>\n

ED\u0130LGEN                                                                          GE\u00c7\u0130\u015eS\u0130Z<\/p>\n

D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015eL\u00dc                                                                         OLDURGAN<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015eTE\u015e                                                                                  ETT\u0130RGEN<\/p>\n

MANTIK AYNI: Bir binan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 ve kiremitleri varsa fiillerin de \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 ve kiremidi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zneye g\u00f6re \u00e7at\u0131da \u00d6ZNE VAR MI, YOK MU, \u00d6ZNEN\u0130N YAPTI\u011eI KEND\u0130NE D\u00d6N\u00dcYOR MU? gibi sorular s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/span><\/p>\n

ETKEN F\u0130\u0130LLER \u00d6ZNE ALIR: Ali cam\u0131 k\u0131rd\u0131. O cam\u0131 k\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

ED\u0130LGEN F\u0130\u0130LLER \u00d6ZNE ALMAZ (BA\u015eKASI TARAFINDAN \u0130\u015e YAPILIR.) (-l  ve -n  ekine dikkat!)<\/p>\n

Cam k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. (kim k\u0131rd\u0131? ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan<\/span>.)<\/p>\n

Gemi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. (ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan.)     Kad\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fcl<\/span>d\u00fc. (ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan.)<\/p>\n

D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015eL\u00dc F\u0130\u0130LLERDE ( YAPILAN \u0130\u015e YAPANA D\u00d6NER. ) (-l  ve -n  ekine dikkat!) (KEND\u0130 KEND\u0130NE FORM\u00dcL\u00dc \u0130\u015eLER.)<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fcn<\/span>\u00fcyordu. (kendi kendine<\/span>)<\/p>\n

Gemi g\u00f6r\u00fcn<\/span>d\u00fc. (kendi kendine)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015eTE\u015e F\u0130\u0130LLER YA B\u0130RL\u0130KTE YA DA KAR\u015eILIKLI YAPILIR (-\u015f ekine dikkat!)<\/p>\n

Ku\u015flar u\u00e7u\u015f<\/span>tu. (birlikte<\/span>)<\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011frencilerle selamla\u015f<\/span>t\u0131k. (kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131<\/span>) (Ben onlar\u0131 selamlad\u0131m, onlar da beni selamlad\u0131. )<\/p>\n

Nesneye g\u00f6re \u00e7at\u0131da F\u0130\u0130L NESNE ALIYOR MU ALMIYOR MU? sorusu \u00f6nemlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

GE\u00c7\u0130\u015eL\u0130 F\u0130\u0130LLERDE NEY\u0130<\/span> SORUSUNA, ONU<\/span> CEVABI ALINIR.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131k\u0131lan evi g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. (neyi g\u00f6rd\u00fcm? onu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm)<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 DERS NOTLARI<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130                                       MET\u0130N HAKVERD\u0130O\u011eLU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yabanc\u0131 dillerin boyunduru\u011fundan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemesinin en \u00f6nemli nedeni Dilin, bir toplumda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce birli\u011fini yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve o toplumun ulusal benli\u011fini kazanmas\u0131nda en etkili ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu bilmesidir.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131 dilinin Kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimlerini ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Leh\u00e7e ya da a\u011f\u0131z denilen dil birliklerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131 dilin \u015fu temel \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir: Dilin geli\u015fen ve de\u011fi\u015fen canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131k olmas\u0131yla<\/p>\n

Genel dilin toplumsal \u00e7evreye, ya\u015fa ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fczeyine, mesleklere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zel dillerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Konu\u015fma dili ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterir, sese dayanan bir eylemdir, El y\u00fcz hareketleri konu\u015fmaya do\u011fall\u0131k katar, dilin geli\u015fimine temel olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131 ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bi\u00e7imsel \u00f6zellikler: Yal\u0131nl\u0131k, Dengelik, Akla uygunluk, Bir\u00f6rneklik<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131ndaki \u015fekil \u00e7e\u015fitleri: \u00c7izgi grafi\u011fi, Harita, \u00d6rg\u00fct \u015femas\u0131, S\u00fctun grafi\u011fi<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Problem, S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar, Ama\u00e7, \u00d6nem yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilim dili ile argo aras\u0131nda, \u00f6zel dil olmalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir benzerlik vard\u0131r.
\nBireylerin toplumla olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren \u00f6\u011felerden biri de anadilidir.
\nKonu\u015fma organlar\u0131, anadilin ses \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tacak bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fir.
\nLeh\u00e7e ve a\u011f\u0131z, bir dilin de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrleridir.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri: Yaz\u0131m kurallar\u0131na uyma gereklili\u011fi, Yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131m\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131, Bilimin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn gelecek ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamas\u0131, Her dilin genel yazma kurallar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 yazman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi alanlar: \u015eiir, Roman, \u00d6yk\u00fc, Destan<\/p>\n

Bir duygunun ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin, zihinde tasarlanan bir konunun s\u00f6zle ya da yaz\u0131yla bildirilmesine Anlat\u0131m denir.<\/p>\n

Anadilin \u00f6zellikleri: Bireylerin toplumla en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur, Bilin\u00e7alt\u0131na inen “d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme dili”dir, Her ulusun dili o ulusa ait ki\u015filerin ana dilidir, Anadil ulusal niteliktedir.<\/p>\n

Uzun \u00e7izgi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00e7izelgede bulunan \u00f6\u011feler: \u00c7izelge dipnotlar\u0131, \u0130\u00e7erik, \u00c7er\u00e7eve, Numara ve ba\u015fl\u0131k<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. A. <\/strong>Dilin \u00d6zellikleri
    \nB. Dilin Millet Hayat\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \nC. D\u0130L\u0130N \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong> <\/p>\n

    Dil, insanlar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan tabi\u00ee bir vas\u0131ta; kendisine mahsus kanunlar\u0131 olan ve ancak bu kanunlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde geli\u015fen canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131k, temeli bilinmeyen zamanlarda at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir gizli antla\u015fmalar sistemi, seslerden \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7tima\u00ee bir m\u00fcessesedir.\u201d (Muharrem Ergin)<\/p>\n

    Dil, bir anda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyece\u011fimiz kadar \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc, de\u011fi\u015fik a\u00e7\u0131lardan bak\u0131nca ba\u015fka ba\u015fka nitelikleri beliren, kimi s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn de \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fimiz b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d (Do\u011fan Aksan)<\/p>\n

    \u201cBir toplumu olu\u015fturan ki\u015filerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve duygular\u0131n\u0131n o toplumda ses ve anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ortak \u00f6geler ve kurallardan yararlanarak ba\u015fkalar\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bir sistem.\u201d (Zeynep Korkmaz)<\/p>\n

    \u201cDil, insanlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda haberle\u015fmelerini, duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, arzular\u0131n\u0131, isteklerini bir tak\u0131m mesajlarla birbirlerine nakletmelerini temin eden her \u00e7e\u015fit i\u015faretler toplulu\u011funa verilen isimdir.\u201d(Ayhan Songar)<\/p>\n

    1. Anla\u015fma Arac\u0131d\u0131r :<\/p>\n

    Dilin birinci ve as\u0131l i\u015flevi anla\u015fma arac\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cAncak onun vas\u0131tal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f anlamamak l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r. Zira dil, tabi\u00ee bir vas\u0131tad\u0131r. Geli\u015fig\u00fczel bir vas\u0131ta, madd\u00ee bir vas\u0131ta, gelip ge\u00e7ici i\u011freti bir vas\u0131ta, bir alet de\u011fildir. Dil, canl\u0131 bir vas\u0131ta gibidir. \u0130nsanlara, fertlere hizmet eder; fakat insanlar\u0131n, fertlerin keyfine t\u00e2bi de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar, onu istedikleri bi\u00e7ime sokamazlar, ona de\u011fi\u015fik bir \u015fekil veremezler. Onu oldu\u011fu gibi kabul etme\u011fe, onun hususiyetlerine dikkat etme\u011fe, onun tabiat\u0131na uyma\u011fa, onun kanunlar\u0131na boyun e\u011fme\u011fe mecburdurlar.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

    \u0130nsanlar ayn\u0131 mek\u00e2nda saatlerce, g\u00fcnlerce, aylarca, hatta y\u0131llarca birlikte kalsalar bile duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini belirtmedikleri zaman aralar\u0131nda ileti\u015fim sa\u011flanamaz. Duygular, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, istekler ancak a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmak suretiyle ba\u015fkalar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. \u0130\u015fte insanlar aras\u0131ndaki bu ileti\u015fimi en kolay ve do\u011fal \u015fekliyle sa\u011flayan, dildir.<\/p>\n

    2. Do\u011fall\u0131k:<\/p>\n

    Dilin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de do\u011fal olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7evremizde do\u011fal olarak nitelendirdi\u011fimiz (a\u011fa\u00e7, su, toprak, g\u00fcne\u015f, deniz, at… gibi) varl\u0131klar\u0131n tabiat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6z itibariyle dilin tabiat\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirilmez. Nitekim dil yapay olsayd\u0131, insanlar farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 dillerle konu\u015fmak ve yazmak yerine ortak bir dil yaparlar, onu kullan\u0131rlard\u0131.[2]<\/p>\n

    3. Kurallar\u0131 Vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Her dilin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc kurallar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu kurallar dilin tabiat\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifadeyle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse biz \u00f6nce kurallar\u0131 koyup bu kurallara g\u00f6re konu\u015fmuyoruz. Mevcut kurallar\u0131, dilin do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131ndan tespit ediyoruz. Mesel\u00e2; T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde fiilin, gelecek zamanda yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in \u2013acak, -ecek ekini kullan\u0131yoruz. Bu eki de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, yeni bir ek kural ortaya atmak gibi bir tasarrufumuz olamaz.<\/p>\n

    4. Canl\u0131d\u0131r :<\/p>\n

    Dil, kendi kanunlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelliklerinden olan do\u011fma, b\u00fcy\u00fcme, geli\u015fme gibi \u00f6zellikler dil i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Ahmet Ha\u015fim, dilin kelimelerini yapraklara benzetiyor. Yapraklar ilkbaharda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor; yaz\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 dallardad\u0131r; sonbaharda sararmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve k\u0131\u015f gelirken d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcyor; bir anlamda \u00f6l\u00fcyor. Bunun gibi dilde de bir kelime ihtiya\u00e7tan ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor bir s\u00fcre kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ve belli bir zaman sonra kullan\u0131mdan kalk\u0131yor. Mesel\u00e2; ka\u011fn\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kullan\u0131mdan kalkmas\u0131yla birlikte ka\u011fn\u0131 kelimesi ve ka\u011fn\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar\u0131n her birine verilen adlar da kullan\u0131mdan kalkmaktad\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z bu demek de\u011fildir ki \u015fimdi kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kelimelerin hepsi de bir g\u00fcn tamamen unutulacak. Dil, geli\u015fmesini do\u011fal olarak g\u00f6sterecektir. \u00d6l\u00fc bir kelimeyi zorla g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile sokmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak bir \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc diriltmeye benzer ve bir netice vermez. Mesel\u00e2, asl\u0131 Arap\u00e7a olan kitab kelimesini biz kitap \u015feklinde kullan\u0131yoruz. \u201cEski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kitab\u0131 ifade eden betik kelimesi varsa, biz bu kelimeyi ni\u00e7in kullanm\u0131yoruz\u201d demek, dilin canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011fine uymaz.<\/p>\n

    5. Gizli Anla\u015fmalar Sistemidir:<\/p>\n

    Dilin do\u011fu\u015fu konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli teoriler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu teorilerle ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar bug\u00fcn de devam etmektedir: Acaba ilk insanlar nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131? Ni\u00e7in milletlerin dilleri farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r? gibi sorular\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu sorulara verilecek cevaplar da birbirinden farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u015euras\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir ki bir dildeki kelimeler ve kelime dizileri konusunda o milletin b\u00fct\u00fcn fertleri tarihin bilinmeyen d\u00f6neminde gizli bir anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015f gibi; kavramlar\u0131n, nesnelerin, eylemlerin… anlat\u0131m\u0131nda ayn\u0131 kelimeleri kullan\u0131rlar. Ayn\u0131 nesneler farkl\u0131 milletlerin dilinde farkl\u0131 kelimelerle ifade edilir: T\u00fcrklerin ta\u015f; Araplar\u0131n hacer; Farslar\u0131n seng; Ruslar\u0131n kamen, \u0130ngilizlerin stone demesi gibi.<\/p>\n

    6. Milletin Ortak Mal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Milleti millet yapan unsurlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda dil yer al\u0131r. Her milletin konu\u015ftu\u011fu dil kendi milletinin ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r: T\u00fcrk-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Rus- Rus\u00e7a gibi. \u201cDil baz\u0131 insanlar\u0131n veya z\u00fcmrelerin de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir milletin ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r…O yaln\u0131z, ya\u015fayan neslin de\u011fil, ecdad\u0131n da torunlar\u0131n da \u00fczerinde hakk\u0131 olan derinli\u011fine ve geni\u015fli\u011fine b\u00fct\u00fcn bir millet mal\u0131d\u0131r, millet emanetidir, millet miras\u0131d\u0131r, millet istikb\u00e2lidir.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

    7. Sosyal Bir Varl\u0131kt\u0131r :<\/p>\n

    Dilin kurallar\u0131 ve s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, onun sosyalli\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00f6zelliklerdendir. Dil, b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle toplumdan topluma de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. Dilin yap\u0131s\u0131, kurallar\u0131 ve kelime hazinesi; milletin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve felsefesiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Bir anlamda milletin karakteri, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafya… diline yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u201cS\u00f6z geli\u015fi T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede devenin rengini g\u00f6steren bir tek deve t\u00fcy\u00fc kelimesi bulundu\u011fu h\u00e2lde, Arap\u00e7ada bu rengin ton farklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren y\u00fcze yak\u0131n kelimenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmesi; Aymara K\u0131z\u0131lderililerinin patates \u00e7e\u015fitlerini anlatmak i\u00e7in 200 ayr\u0131 kelime kullanmas\u0131; Eskimolar\u0131n kar\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u015fekillerinden her birini ayr\u0131 kelimelerle anlatmas\u0131 dilin; toplumlar\u0131n duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131na, sosyal durumlar\u0131na, oturduklar\u0131 yerlere ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131na, tarihteki ge\u00e7mi\u015flerine, zaman i\u00e7inde u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fime ve geli\u015fmelere g\u00f6re, \u015fekil ve i\u015fleyi\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirinden ayr\u0131 bi\u00e7imlenmeye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.\u201d[2]<\/p>\n

    D. D\u0130L\u0130N M\u0130LLET HAYATINDAK\u0130 YER\u0130 VE \u00d6NEM\u0130<\/p>\n

    Bir millet ayakta tutan, onun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan, mill\u00ee \u015fuuru besleyen, bir millet mensubu olma hazz\u0131n\u0131 veren ve bireylerini birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131rarak, onlar aras\u0131nda birlik yaratan millet olarak, dil \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6yle ki milletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, dilin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
    \n\u0130nsan\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u00f6\u011frenmesinde, g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015famas\u0131nda, gelece\u011fine y\u00f6n vermesinde, ki\u015fili\u011fini kazanmas\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fan di\u011fer insanlarla ileti\u015fim kurmas\u0131nda ve kendisini ifade etmesinde dilin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011fu muhakkakt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan dil bir anlamda bireye hizmet eder. Ancak, ore tabiat\u0131 gere\u011fi toplu h\u00e2lde ya\u015famaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. \u00c7evresinde kendiyle ayn\u0131 de\u011ferleri payla\u015fan insanlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu ortak de\u011ferlerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda, payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda, nesilden nesile aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda, milletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmesinde dil, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6revi yerine getirir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc millet olman\u0131n birinci \u015fart\u0131, ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Dil, milletin ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle yol alarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirir. Milleti olu\u015fturan bireyler aras\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici bir rol \u00fcstlenen dil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ortak \u015fuurun, mill\u00ee \u015fuurun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na hizmet eder. Mill\u00ee birli\u011fi ve beraberli\u011fi sa\u011flar. Dilin bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetini kuran; T\u00fcrk halk\u0131, T\u00fcrk milletidir. T\u00fcrk ore demek, T\u00fcrk dili demektir. T\u00fcrk dili T\u00fcrk ore i\u00e7in kutsal bir hazinedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk ore , ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi nihayetsiz fel\u00e2ketler i\u00e7inde ahl\u00e2k\u0131n\u0131n, an\u2019anelerinin, hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n, menfaatlerinin, k\u0131sacas\u0131, bug\u00fcn kendi milliyetini yapan her \u015feyinin dili sayesinde muhafaza olundu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. T\u00fcrk dili, T\u00fcrk milletinin kalbidir, zihnidir.\u201d S\u00f6zlerinde veciz ifadesini bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131yla dilin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir ilgi vard\u0131r. Dilini unutmayan fakat ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden bir toplum milliyetini koruyor demektir. Bu toplum, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131p bir devlet kurarak, bir millet olarak yeniden tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla T\u00fcrklerin ve di\u011fer milletlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birer devlet olarak yeniden tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 bunun en yeni \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Tarihte bunun ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fi vard\u0131r. Ancak dilini kaybeden milletlerin tarih sahnesinden silindikleri de bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Bir milletin dili bozulursa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ve edebiyat alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ba\u015flar. Dil as\u0131l i\u015flevini (insanlar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fma arac\u0131 olma) yerine getiremez. Kitleler birbirlerini anlayamaz ore gelir ve yava\u015f yava\u015f kopmalar ba\u015flar. Bu ger\u00e7ek, tecr\u00fcbeyle sabit oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bir ore i\u00e7ten y\u0131kma y\u00f6nteminde i\u015fe ore dilden ba\u015flan\u0131r.Yeni neslin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferleri \u00f6\u011frenmemesi ve bireylerin, ku\u015faklar\u0131n birbiriyle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ileti\u015fim kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in ne gerekiyorsa yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden dil \u00fczerinde oynanan oyunlara kar\u015f\u0131 her zaman uyan\u0131k olmak gerekir. Adres bulmada kolayl\u0131k olsun gibi bir bahaneyle mesel\u00e2; Yunus Emre Caddesi\u2019ni 4. Cadde \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirmek bile k\u00fclt\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, cadde ad\u0131n\u0131 rakamla ifade etti\u011finiz zaman bu tabelay\u0131 okuyan kimsenin buradan caddenin numaras\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenebilece\u011fi bir \u015fey yoktur. Fakat Yunus Emre ad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde en az\u0131ndan yeti\u015fen nesil Yunus Emre\u2019nin kim oldu\u011funu, bu caddeye neden bu ismin verildi\u011fini merak edecektir, \u00f6\u011frenmek isteyecektir ve sonu\u00e7ta kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir\u015feyler bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bir milletin ruhu, karakteri, anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131… \u00e7o\u011funlukla sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n ortaya koyduklar\u0131 eserlere yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de dil, sosyal yap\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn aynas\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu eserlerin dikkatle incelenmesi o milletin karakteri hakk\u0131nda sa\u011flam ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verecektir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ve ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131, bunlar i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00e7elerinden \u00f6nemli paylar ay\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 yabana atmamak l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r. Her milletin kendine ore birtak\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zellikleri oldu\u011fu gibi milletlerin zay\u0131f ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu y\u00f6nler de vard\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla bunlar\u0131n tespiti m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130zlenecek politikalar\u0131n belirlenmesine bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan elde edilen veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkeler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde stratejik ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir taraf\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda o \u00fclkenin veya b\u00f6lgenin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de yerel dilleri g\u00fcndeme getirmektedirler. Tarihte ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bunun pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u00d6zetlemek gerekirse dil, milletin manev\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn aynas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir milletin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerini olu\u015fturan ve o ore ayakta tutan; edebiyat\u0131, sanat\u0131, bilim ve tekni\u011fi, d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ahl\u00e2k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, m\u00fczi\u011fi… ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ancak dil sayesinde aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dilin korunmas\u0131yla mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 seviyede alg\u0131lamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

    E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE D\u0130L<\/p>\n

    Bireyler d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011fi anda sosyal olmayan varl\u0131klard\u0131r. Fakat toplum \u00f6yle bir \u00e7evredir ki, bu sosyal olmayan varl\u0131klar\u0131, i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi andan itibaren kendisine benzetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bireylerin toplumu benimsemesi yani sosyalle\u015fmesi toplumun bekas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklidir. Bir toplum, bireylerine lisan\u0131n\u0131, ahlak\u0131n\u0131, estetik zevkini, ilmi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, teknik vetirelerini a\u015f\u0131lamazsa ya\u015fayamaz.(19) Bunlar\u0131n bireylere aktar\u0131m\u0131nda ise en etkin kurumlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Dil, \u00e7evremizdeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ileti\u015fim arac\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha belirgin olarak zihniyetimizin s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bu nedenle de onun belirleyici bir konumu vard\u0131r. Bilim, felsefe ve sanat eserlerinde de yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve bir \u00e7ok i\u015flevi birden g\u00f6ren dilin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.(20) En s\u0131radan bir haberi dinlerken, en s\u0131radan bir yaz\u0131y\u0131, gazeteyi vb. okurken insanlar\u0131n elinde s\u00f6zl\u00fck bulundurma zorunlulu\u011funu hisseder hale gelmesi \u00f6nemli \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir. \u00d6yle ki, insanlar kimi zaman kendilerinin \u00e7ok bildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak, komplekslerini tatmin etmek, kimi zaman kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak dilde tahribata yol a\u00e7mak, kimi zaman da fark\u0131nda olmadan insanlar\u0131n anlayamayaca\u011f\u0131, ne oldu\u011fu belli olmayan \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik c\u00fcmleler ya da kelimeler kullanabilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle bu t\u00fcr tav\u0131rlar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetlerinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok olumsuz etki yapmaktad\u0131r. Zaten bilmedi\u011fi bir \u015feyleri \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan birey, \u00fcst\u00fcne birde bilmedi\u011fi kelimelerle ya da anla\u015f\u0131lmayan c\u00fcmlelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca \u00f6\u011fretilenlere tamamen yabanc\u0131 kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Doktorun hastas\u0131na hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, siyaset\u00e7inin se\u00e7menini bilin\u00e7lendirirken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n-ayd\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131rken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil ve de e\u011fitimcinin kitlesini e\u011fitirken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil kitlelere yabanc\u0131 olursa yap\u0131lan gayretler bo\u015fa gitmekte, konu\u015fanla dinleyenin birbirine yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle olunca da hakl\u0131n kendini yeti\u015ftirmesi ve geli\u015ftirmesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememektedir. \u0130\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn bu nedenler, toplumun \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yakalamas\u0131nda olumsuz etkenler olabilmektedir. Ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131ndan sapm\u0131\u015f kelimeler, yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131lan, anlam\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak ifade edilen s\u00f6zc\u00fckler anlat\u0131lmak istenilenin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Hem sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in, hem de Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerine titredi\u011fi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in dil en temel \u00f6ge olma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz mill\u00ee bir e\u011fitim i\u00e7in mill\u00ee bir dil gereklidir. Bu nedenle de dilin mill\u00eele\u015fmesi, halka yakla\u015fmas\u0131 amac\u0131 \u00f6nde gelmelidir. Mill\u00ee bir his ile dil aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ba\u011f vard\u0131r. Dilin mill\u00eeli\u011fi, mill\u00ee hissin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.<\/p>\n

    \u00dclkemizde ilkokuldan \u00fcniversiteye kadar e\u011fitimin her kademesinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimi verilmektedir. Buna ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019yi do\u011fru ve g\u00fczel kullananlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ters durum, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimindeki eksikli\u011fin, yetersizli\u011fin, metotsuzlu\u011fun bir sonucu oldu\u011fu kadar; k\u00fclt\u00fcr politikalar\u0131n\u0131n, insanlar\u0131m\u0131zdaki mill\u00ee \u015fuur ve dil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc eksikli\u011finin, yabanc\u0131 dil hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bir sonucudur. Bu sonu\u00e7ta, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimi ile g\u00f6revli olanlar\u0131n, dil ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konusunda yeterli e\u011fitimi alamam\u0131\u015f televizyon programc\u0131 ve sunucular\u0131n\u0131n, bas\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu herkesten fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk \u201cMill\u00ee his ile dil aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f \u00e7ok kuvvetlidir.\u201d Diyor. Ger\u00e7ekten dil, mill\u00ee varl\u0131k, mill\u00ee birlik, mill\u00ee duygu, bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Dil meselesi, mill\u00ee \u015fuur meselesidir. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Cumhuriyet rejimini yerle\u015ftirdikten sonra ilk i\u015f olarak T\u00fcrk tarihi ile birlikte T\u00fcrk\u00e7e meselesine e\u011filmesi k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve dilin millet varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini iyi anlayan bir devlet adam\u0131 olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Dil, mill\u00ee varl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha \u00f6nemlidir. Onun i\u00e7in mill\u00ee vicdan ve sorumluluk sahibi her T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerine titremesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

    \u201cVatan\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d fikir ve inanc\u0131 gibi, \u201cdilin bozulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00fczerinde de ittifak etmeliyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Yahya Kemal\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin \u00e7ekilmedi\u011fi yerler vatand\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7ekildi\u011fi yerler vatanl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar.(…) Vatan\u0131n g\u00f6vde ve ruhu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019dir.\u201d
    \n\u0130smail ACAR
    \nBal\u0131kesir \u00dcniversitesi<\/p>\n

    TARIK BU\u011eRA’NIN T\u00dcRK\u00c7E SEVDASI
    \nOsman D\u00d6NMEZ<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerinden biri olan Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, hik\u00e2ye, roman ve tiyatroda kendine sa\u011flam bir yer edinirken, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu alanlar\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerinde de d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli fikirler ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, gazete ve dergilerde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131larda, belirli aral\u0131klarla T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \u00f6nemine, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerinde oynanmak istenen oyunlara ve bunlar\u0131n g\u00e2yesine y\u00f6nelik, d\u00f6nemin ilim adamlar\u0131na, e\u011fitimcilerine, siyaset\u00e7ilerine \u00f6nemli ikazlarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, edebiyat ve sanatta soylu bir duru\u015f sahibi olabilmenin ilk ve b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kafaya sahip olmaktan, yani h\u00e2diselere, meselelere, insana ve insanlar aras\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetlere pe\u015fin h\u00fck\u00fcmlere saplanmadan bakabilmekten ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu tavr\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile ilgili yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalelerinde de sergiledi\u011finden, \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7eciler\u2019 ve dilde \u2018ar\u0131la\u015fma\u2019y\u0131 savunanlar taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Gen\u00e7 Kalemler dergisiyle birlikte do\u011fru yola girdi\u011fini, bu yolda halk\u0131n edebiyat ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hayat\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Tek Parti d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan dil \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son derece tahrip edici neticeler do\u011furdu\u011fu kanaatindedir. Bunun i\u00e7in kendi neslinden bir\u00e7ok yazar\u0131 da pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ve k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131ran \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019 maceras\u0131ndan uzak durmu\u015f, \u00f6zellikle \u2018k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimeleri\u2019 dedi\u011fi, bug\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ba\u011flayan kelimelerden yazarl\u0131k hayat\u0131 boyunca vazge\u00e7memi\u015ftir.\u201d1 Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re yaln\u0131z edebiyatta de\u011fil, di\u011fer sanat dallar\u0131nda, teknikte, bilimde k\u0131saca \u2018kafa\u2019 ile ilgili faaliyetlerin hepsinde insan\u0131n seviyesi ve kaderi dile ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilk \u00e7a\u011flardan beri \u2018insan\u0131n kelimelerle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ortak bir hakikat olarak kabul g\u00f6rmektedir. Yakas\u0131n\u0131 \u2018kelime anar\u015fisine\u2019 kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bir e\u011fitimle, matematikte ve fizikte bile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 iki de bir de\u011fi\u015fen kavramlarla ilim, felsefe ve tefekk\u00fcr yap\u0131lamaz. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, dil \u015fuurunun kayboldu\u011funu haber vermektedir.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyle ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u00f6z d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6nemin dil kurumuna gelir. Bu kurumu bir \u00e7iftli\u011fe, kurumda g\u00f6rev yapanlar\u0131 da \u00e7iftlik a\u011falar\u0131na benzeten Bu\u011fra, bu ki\u015filerin birbirlerini \u00e7ok tuttuklar\u0131n\u0131, kendi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re m\u00fcessesele\u015ftiklerini, dergilerinde kendi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bilgin, sanatk\u00e2r ve m\u00fcnekkit yeti\u015ftirdiklerini belirtir. Bu kurumun yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi hik\u00e2yeci, romanc\u0131 ve \u015fairlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da dilimizi bozduklar\u0131, fakirle\u015ftirdikleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bir \u00fclkenin anadili \u00fczerinde oynanan k\u00f6t\u00fc emelli oyunlar\u0131, o \u00fclkenin kendi kendine harp a\u00e7mas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendiren Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi korumaya y\u00f6nelik faaliyetlere acilen ba\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin nerede ise jest, mimik ve tek heceli nidalardan, birtak\u0131m i\u015faretlerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil kaba bir anla\u015fma vas\u0131tas\u0131 h\u00e2line gelece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra ar\u0131 bir dil meydana getirmek iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u2018dil \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 ve tasfiyecilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz kelimelik Orta Afrika ve Avustralya\u2019daki kabile dilleri hari\u00e7, \u2018ar\u0131 dil\u2019 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Bu\u011fra, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in son d\u00f6nemlerindeki dil anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerin\u2019 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ilgi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu\u011fra, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in dilde girilen \u00e7\u0131kmaz\u0131n fark\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Falih R\u0131fk\u0131\u2019ya s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fu s\u00f6zle hat\u0131rlat\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7ocuk, \u00e7\u0131kmaza girilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi bu \u00e7\u0131kmazda b\u0131rakamay\u0131z, tabi\u00ee yola girece\u011fiz.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u2018Atat\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 10 Kas\u0131m 1974 tarihli Terc\u00fcman gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, kurulu\u015f y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 1934 ve 1937 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u2018T\u00fcrk Dili Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi iki mesaj\u0131na yer verir. Ayn\u0131 kuruma, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l arayla, ayn\u0131 g\u00e2ye i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilen bu iki farkl\u0131 mesajda, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn dil konusuna bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde okumak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1934 tarihli mesaj\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cDil bayram\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, T\u00fcrk Dili Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu Genel \u00d6zeli\u011finden, ulusal kurumlardan kutunbilikler ald\u0131m. G\u00f6sterilen g\u00fczel duygulardan k\u0131van\u00e7 duydum. Ben de kamuyu kutlular\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1937 tarihli mesaj\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cDil bayram\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019nun hakk\u0131mdaki duygular\u0131n\u0131 bildiren telgraf\u0131n\u0131zdan \u00e7ok m\u00fctehassis oldum. Te\u015fekk\u00fcr eder, de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131zda muvaffakiyetlerinizin temadisini dilerim.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n dilde yapt\u0131klar\u0131yla \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerin\u2019 dilde yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine benzetir. Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re her iki grup da iktidara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini devleti ve devletin temellerini y\u0131kacak \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerin\u2019 dilin ne oldu\u011funu bilmediklerini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dili bir kelimeler ambar\u0131 sand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu \u015fu c\u00fcmlelerle ortaya koyar Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra: \u201c\u00d6yle bir c\u00fcmle yazars\u0131n\u0131z ki, i\u00e7inde bir tek T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelime bulunmaz, ama T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir, gene \u00f6yle bir c\u00fcmle yazars\u0131n\u0131z ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeleri aba en ced T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir, ama kendisi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmaz; \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7eciler i\u015fte bunu bilmiyorlar. Daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc aralar\u0131nda bilmek, anlamak istemeyenler de var. Bu y\u00fczden de yapmak istedikleri veya yapacaklar\u0131 \u015fey -d\u00fcped\u00fcz- T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve sanat hayat\u0131n\u0131, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015fe vermekten, yani Timur veya H\u00fcl\u00e2g\u00fb barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Vandall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan (eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat eserlerini yak\u0131p y\u0131kma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131) ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmuyor.\u201d Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u00f6rnekle anlatmak ister Bu\u011fra: \u201cDe\u011fi\u015ftirin \u2018a\u015fk\u2019 kelimesini -veya unutturun- Yunus Emre\u2019den, Karacao\u011flan\u2019dan bug\u00fcne kadar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u0131sra\u0131, yazarlar\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcn\u00fcz demektir. Romanlar, hik\u00e2yeler, ilim eserleri ve piyesler de caba.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbncular\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinde \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerden\u2019 daha samimi bulur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Servet-i F\u00fcnuncular bu m\u00fccadeleyi kaybettiklerinde, kaybedecekleri bir \u2018Sis\u2019 bir \u2018A\u015fk-\u0131 Memn\u00fb\u2019lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ise kaybedece\u011fi bir \u015fey yoktur. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 zaten mirasyedidir, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da s\u0131rf kitaplar\u0131 baltalamak i\u00e7in kitap \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, 4 Nisan 1969 tarihli Terc\u00fcman gazetesindeki yaz\u0131s\u0131na \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecileri\u2019 kastederek \u201cKiral\u0131k K\u00e2tiller\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koyar ve yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle bitirir: \u201cS\u00f6z\u00fcn k\u0131sas\u0131 bu ar\u0131c\u0131lar, bu \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7eciler ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fil, kiral\u0131k k\u00e2tillerdir: kitaplar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kundaklamak i\u00e7in tutulmu\u015f – veya kand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f- kiral\u0131k k\u00e2tiller. Ne kadar usta ve \u00fcst\u00fcn sanat\u00e7\u0131m\u0131z varsa arkadan b\u0131\u00e7aklamak, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015flemek i\u00e7in tutulmu\u015f – veya kand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f- k\u00e2tiller. (\u2026) Yuf olsun bu oyunu -oynayanlara ve oynatanlara de\u011fil- uykulu g\u00f6zlerle seyreden sanat\u00e7\u0131lara ve devlet sorumlular\u0131na. Onlar bu \u2018yuf\u2019tan yakalar\u0131n\u0131 kurturamayacaklard\u0131r. \u015eimdi ve yar\u0131n. Tarih de yap\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r yakalar\u0131na onlar\u0131n.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra kelimeler \u00fczerinden toplumu par\u00e7alama gayretlerine de dikkatleri \u00e7eker. Baz\u0131 odaklar\u0131n baz\u0131 kelimeler \u00fczerinden nas\u0131l b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Bu\u011fra \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201c\u015eehir mi diyeceksiniz, kent mi? \u015eehir dediniz mi, gericisiniz, Osmanl\u0131cay\u0131 tutuyorsunuz, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Kent deyince de ilerici olursunuz, devrimci olursunuz, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den yana olursunuz.\u201d Bu s\u00f6zlerin insan\u0131 \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler Bu\u011fra; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ortada k\u00f6t\u00fc ve sarsak bir e\u011fitimin av h\u00e2line getirdi\u011fi milyonlarca gen\u00e7 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yar\u0131nlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u2018\u015eehir\u2019 kelimesini at\u0131p onun yerine \u2018kent\u2019i koyarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi yabanc\u0131 dillerin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131p ar\u0131 bir dil yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6yleyenleri \u2018zibidi\u2019 olarak niteleyen Bu\u011fra, \u2018kent\u2019 kelimesinin ar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek as\u0131l \u2018\u015fehir\u2019in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. \u015eehir kelimesini unutmakla ne kaybedece\u011fimize d\u00e2ir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir zihin yolculu\u011fu yapt\u0131r\u0131r: \u201cBiz de biliyoruz \u2018\u015fehir\u2019 yerine \u2018kent\u2019 dersek k\u0131yamet kopmaz; hatta k\u00f6y evinden bir s\u0131va par\u00e7as\u0131 bile d\u00f6k\u00fclmez. Ama \u2018\u015fehir\u2019 kelimesini bir kere g\u00f6md\u00fck m\u00fc Tanp\u0131nar\u2019\u0131n bir b\u00fcy\u00fck eseri yani T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn o e\u015fsiz \u2018Be\u015f \u015eehir\u2019i Varto y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda (1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mu\u015f\u2019un Varto il\u00e7esinde meydana gelen depremi kastediyor) kaybolup gitmi\u015fe d\u00f6ner. Siz \u015fimdi \u2018Hayal \u015eehir\u2019den tutun da \u2018\u015eehir K\u00e2hya\u2019s\u0131ndan Eski\u015fehir\u2019e kadar neler yitirece\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Viran\u015fehir bile kalmaz elimizde.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re \u201cbir kelimenin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc beklemeden f\u0131r\u0131na atmak, o kelime ile kurulmu\u015f on binlerce T\u00fcrk m\u0131sra\u0131ndan, duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden gelecek nesilleri mahrum b\u0131rakmak\u201d demektir. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, kelimelerin temsilciliklerini yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hakikatlere de dikkatleri \u00e7eker ve tarihine, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, medeniyet ve sanat\u0131na yabanc\u0131 olanlar\u0131n bu hakikatleri y\u0131kmaya kalk\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cB\u00f6yleleri i\u00e7in Malazgirt herhangi bir ova, Rumelihisar\u0131 herhangi bir duvar, Bursa \u015fehirlerden bir \u015fehir, Sakarya da rastgele bir \u0131rmakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczl\u00fck, bu soysuzluktur ki, kelimeleri kravatlara, mendillere d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyor, onlar, b\u00f6ylece de \u2018kent\u2019i \u015fehir, \u2018ko\u015ful\u2019u \u015fart, Fars\u00e7a \u2018zor\u2019dan zorlama \u2018zorunluk\u2019 uc\u00fbbesini mecburiyet yerine koymaktan \u00e7ekinmiyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u201cAnadil bile kavga sebebi, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme sebebi yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mill\u00ee birlik dedi\u011fimiz ya\u015fama ve geli\u015fme \u015fans\u0131na \u00fcrpermeden bakmak elden gelir mi?\u201d diye sorar. Dildeki par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mill\u00ee birlikteki par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011fa sebep olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret eder. Ona g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcn ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbeler, yar\u0131n\u0131n yaralar\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra dilde oynanan oyunlar\u0131n belirli bir g\u00e2yeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu i\u015fi yapanlar; \u2018sebep, b\u00fct\u00fcn, \u015fiir, hik\u00e2ye, millet, \u015fehir, h\u00fcrriyet, kitap, fikir, hakikat\u2026\u2019 gibi aralar\u0131nda \u00f6zbe\u00f6z T\u00fcrk\u00e7eleri de bulunan binlerce k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimesi \u00fczerinden bu emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. As\u0131l maksat k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet miras\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 dinamitleyerek halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6ks\u00fcz b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r. Kelimelerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc demek, o kelimeyi kullanm\u0131\u015f olan nesillerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc demektir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ile dil aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir m\u00fcnasebet vard\u0131r: \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc dilden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, bu iki kavrama birden ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ile dil i\u00e7 i\u00e7edir; kaderleri ikizdir: birbirinin seviyelerini, zenginliklerini, soyluluklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlarlar. Dil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yeti\u015ftirir, k\u00fclt\u00fcr de onu geli\u015ftirir, sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, mill\u00eele\u015ftirir.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Dilde ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindekilerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimelerine sald\u0131rmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, geli\u015fen teknolojinin bir neticesi olarak dile giren yabanc\u0131 kelimelere gecikmi\u015f olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 bir samimiyetsizlik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 kelimeler \u2018otob\u00fcs\u2019 kelimesinde oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00f6ylere kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00f6yle veya b\u00f6yle binlerce yaz\u0131ya girmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr teknolojinin getirdi\u011fi kelimelere hemen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirten Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, bu hususta Fransa Dil Akademisi\u2019nin bir faaliyetine dikkatleri \u00e7eker: \u201cAmerika ilk atom denemesini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, haberi alan Frans\u0131z Dil Akademisi, vaktin gece olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen topland\u0131 ve bu h\u00e2disenin getirece\u011fi ve getirdi\u011fi terimlerin Frans\u0131zca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak, bu i\u015fi de onlar halka intikal etmeden yapmak karar\u0131 ald\u0131.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra yabanc\u0131 kelimelerin al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k h\u00e2line gelmeden T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Dilin korunmas\u0131 ve kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bu \u00f6nemlidir. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u2018b\u00fct\u00fcn, hep, hepsi, her\u2019 kelimelerinin hepsinin \u2018t\u00fcm\u2019le kar\u015f\u0131lanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek dildeki n\u00fcanslar\u0131n yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. N\u00fcanslar\u0131n ve deyim ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kaybolmas\u0131yla kafan\u0131n yozla\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Dille ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, bir televizyon program\u0131nda kendisine y\u00f6neltilen, \u2018Hakikatin yerine ger\u00e7e\u011fi koysak ne kaybederiz?\u2019 sorusunu s\u0131k s\u0131k hat\u0131rlatan Bu\u011fra, bu soruya verdi\u011fi \u2018Hakikati kaybederiz!\u2019 cevab\u0131n\u0131 tekrarlamaktan zevk duyar gibidir. Ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, \u2018hakikat\u2019 ile \u2018ger\u00e7ek\u2019 kelimeleri aras\u0131ndaki n\u00fcans\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00e7izer: \u201cBir dil \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 psikozu i\u00e7inde, ger\u00e7e\u011fe s\u0131rt \u00e7eviren bir e\u011fitim, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle, hakikat ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor insanlar yeti\u015ftirmeye mahk\u00fbm d\u00fc\u015fecektir; yani insan \u00f6\u011f\u00fctecektir.\u2019<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, elbette her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ve do\u011fru yol tutulana kadar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e. \u0130nsanlar\u0131m\u0131zdan bilgi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve seviye beklemeye ancak ondan sonra hakk\u0131m\u0131z olabilir.\u201d diyen Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, dilin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak mecburiyetinde oldu\u011fumuzu belirtir. Bu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a akademi ve \u00fcniversitelerin unvan da\u011f\u0131tmaktan ba\u015fka bir fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bozuk dil, bozuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fcretilmesi demektir. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin kullan\u0131m\u0131 hususunda d\u00f6nemin TRT\u2019sini de tenkit eder. Ona g\u00f6re bu kurum, dili bozmaya u\u011fra\u015fanlarla ortak hareket etmektedir. TRT\u2019nin \u2018Anayasa\u2019 dilini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmektedir. Bu iddiay\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrenlere g\u00f6re, anayasa diline uymak sadece TRT\u2019nin de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn herkesin boyun borcudur. H\u00e2lbuki Bu\u011fra bunun bir samimiyetsizlik oldu\u011funu belirtir. Bu iddias\u0131na baz\u0131 misaller getirir: \u201cBa\u015fta \u2018ne\u015fir ve il\u00e2n\u2019 tarihi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Sonra \u2018ne\u015fir\u2019 birden bakars\u0131n\u0131z \u2018yay\u0131n\u2019 olmu\u015f. Demek ki, TRT ne\u015fir dese de, il\u00e2n veya kanun dese de Anayasa diline ayk\u0131r\u0131 konu\u015fmu\u015f olmayacak.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, dilde oynanan oyunlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, d\u00fcn\u00fcn hik\u00e2yecilerinin, \u015f\u00e2irlerinin ve ilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bize \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yazarlar\u0131 gibi yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in sadele\u015ftirme faaliyetlerinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, h\u00e2lbuki Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n d\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n eserlerini bug\u00fcn hi\u00e7 sadele\u015ftirmeye gitmeden anlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu t\u00fcr oyunlarla nesillerin birbirine yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na ve bunun neticesinde k\u00fclt\u00fcr kopuklu\u011fu meydana geldi\u011fine i\u015faret eder. Ayr\u0131ca Bu\u011fra, \u00fc\u00e7-be\u015f y\u0131lda bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi, lisan sahibi olmamakla e\u015fde\u011fer bulur ve bu \u015fekildeki bir hareketi, ihanet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin al\u0131nyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n soylu edebiyat\u00e7\u0131larla, s\u00f6zde edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, yani \u00fc\u00e7k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki gizli sava\u015f\u0131n neticesine g\u00f6re \u00e7izilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Bu\u011fra, dilin korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde baz\u0131 tekliflerde bulunur. Mesel\u00e2 dil \u015fuurunun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli eserler, okullarda okutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Alfabeden kaynaklanan tel\u00e2ffuz hatalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi g\u00fczel kullananlar\u0131n konu\u015fmalar\u0131 kaydedilerek okullara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi koruma kanunu acilen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece yabanc\u0131 isimlerle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015fyerlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olur. Dil ile ilgileri bulunmayanlar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle siyaset\u00e7ilerin, dile el atmalar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u00fcniversitelerin dilin bozulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tepkisiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131, dil idraksizli\u011fi olarak yorumlar ve bu idraksizli\u011fin i\u00e7inde seviyesizli\u011fin, iptid\u00e2\u00eeli\u011fin, barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131yla medeniyet idraksizli\u011finin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra kendisinin de \u2018h\u00e2kim\u2019 yerine \u2018yarg\u0131\u00e7\u2019 gibi uyduruk\u00e7a kelimeler kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde gelen tepkilere ise, \u2018S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k zamanlarda o veya bu \u015fekilde kontrol g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kaybedebiliyoruz.\u2019 diye cevap verir. Bunun asl\u0131nda vahim bir durum oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu i\u015fin a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya gelmeyece\u011fini belirtir. Dilin as\u0131l de\u011ferinin ve medeniyet birimi say\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u2018yaz\u0131\u2019 sayesinde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Bu\u011fra, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat adamlar\u0131n\u0131n dili nas\u0131l zenginle\u015ftirdi\u011fini Montaigne\u2019den yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iktibasla anlat\u0131r: \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve sanat adamlar\u0131 s\u00f6zleri ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla dile de\u011fer kazand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu i\u015fi, dile yenilik getirmekten \u00e7ok, onu b\u00fckmek, imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltmak, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak yoluyla yaparlar. Yeni \u2018s\u00f6zc\u00fckler\u2019 getirmezler. Onlar\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirirler, anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, derinle\u015ftirir; onlara al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7e\u015fni verirler; ama bunu da d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, ustal\u0131kla yaparlar.\u201d Bu\u011fra, Montaigne\u2019in yeni yazarlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan c\u00fcmlelerine de yer verir yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde: \u201cZaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yazarlar\u0131na bak\u0131nca, bu i\u015fin herkesin harc\u0131 olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor (\u2026) Yenilik oldu mu bay\u0131l\u0131yorlar; i\u015fe yaray\u0131p yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 umurlar\u0131nda de\u011fil: yeni bir kelime kullanabilmek hevesiyle eskisini at\u0131yorlar. \u00c7o\u011funda da att\u0131klar\u0131 kelime yenisinden daha kuvvetli, daha diri oluyor.\u201d Dilini kaybeden bir milletin ayakta duramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, devletlerin sa\u011flaml\u0131k derecesinin mill\u00ee dilin sa\u011flaml\u0131k derecesine g\u00f6re anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, kendinden as\u0131rlar \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019le ayn\u0131 noktada birle\u015fir. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs dil ile bir milletin gelece\u011fi aras\u0131nda ne g\u00fczel m\u00fcnasebet kurar: \u201cBir memleketin idaresini ele alsayd\u0131m, yapaca\u011f\u0131m ilk i\u015f, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz dilini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek olurdu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc dil kusurlu ise, kelimeler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi iyi ifade edemez. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce iyi ifade edilmezse, vazife ve hizmetler gerekti\u011fi gibi yap\u0131lamaz. Vazife ve hizmetin gerekti\u011fi \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde \u00e2det, kaide ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bozulur. \u00c2det, kaide ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bozulursa adalet yanl\u0131\u015f yollara sapar. Adalet yoldan \u00e7\u0131karsa, \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fen halk ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fin nereye varaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmez. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey dil kadar m\u00fchim de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019n\u0131n bir zamanlar korunmas\u0131 ve sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumu nedir? Bu mesele \u00e7ok ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar isteyen bir husustur. Ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcnen odur ki, durum pek de i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcn, 40-50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserleri anlamakta olduk\u00e7a zorlanan bir lise ve \u00fcniversite gen\u00e7li\u011fi var. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde tekrar s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131, milletimizin bilimde ve teknikte ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolla e\u015fde\u011fer olacakt\u0131r. Bir milletin yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde var olmas\u0131yla dili aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcnasebeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek olursak, dilimizin d\u00fcnyada hak etti\u011fi yere gelebilmesi ve geni\u015f bir alanda konu\u015fulabilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00f6nce sa\u011flam bir dil \u015fuuruna sahip olmam\u0131z, ard\u0131ndan da dilimizi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ilm\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ifade edebilecek \u015fekilde zenginle\u015ftirmemiz ve i\u015flememiz gerekiyor. Bunun i\u00e7in de hakiki \u015f\u00e2irlere, hik\u00e2yecilere, romanc\u0131lara ve ilim adamlar\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var.
    \n_______________<\/p>\n

    Dipnot
    \n1- Be\u015fir Ayvazo\u011flu, Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra G\u00fcne\u015f Rengi Bir Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yaprak, s.88, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul. 1995.<\/p>\n

    Kaynaklar
    \n1- Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, D\u00fc\u015fman Kazanmak Sanat\u0131, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul, 2002.
    \n2- Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Politika D\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul, 1992.
    \n3- Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Bu \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n Ad\u0131, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul, 1990<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk Dilinin D\u00fcnya Dilleri Aras\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \n1) T\u00fcrk Dilinin D\u00fcnya Dilleri Aras\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \n2) T\u00fcrk Dilinin Geli\u015fmesi ve Tarihi Devirleri.
    \n3) T\u00fcrk Dilinin Tarihi D\u00f6nemleri
    \n– Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n– Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n– Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n– Modern T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n4) T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dilinin Tarihi Geli\u015fimiT\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N D\u00dcNYA D\u0130LLER\u0130 ARASINDAK\u0130 YER\u0130 VE \u00d6NEM\u0130
    \n1. T\u00fcrk Dilinin D\u00fcnya Dilleri Aras\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \n2. T\u00fcrk Dilinin Geli\u015fmesi ve Tarihi Devirleri.
    \na. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \nb. Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \nc. Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \nd. Modern T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi<\/p>\n

    3. T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dilinin Tarihi Geli\u015fimi<\/p>\n

    A. YAPILARINA G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER
    \nB. K\u00d6KENLER\u0130NE G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER<\/p>\n

    A. YAPILARINA G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER<\/p>\n

    a. Tek Heceli Diller<\/p>\n

    Bu gruptaki dillerde, kelimeler, bir heceden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. C\u00fcmleyi meydana getiren kelimeler, ek almazlar ve \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011framazlar. Bu dillerde kelimenin g\u00f6revi c\u00fcmle i\u00e7indeki s\u0131ras\u0131ndan ve vurgusundan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok zengin bir vurgu ve tonlama sistemi vard\u0131r. Kelime \u00e7e\u015fitleri \u00f6zel seslerle ay\u0131rt edilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 kelime yerine g\u00f6re hem isim , hem s\u0131fat, hem fiil, hem edat,… olabilmektedir. \u00c7ince, Tibet\u00e7e, Baz\u0131 Himalaya, Afrika dilleriyle Endenozya dilleri ve Vietnam dili gibi.<\/p>\n

    b. Eklemeli Diller<\/p>\n

    Bu gruptaki dillerde tek veya \u00e7ok heceli kelime k\u00f6kleriyle ekler vard\u0131r. Bu dillerde, kelime k\u00f6klerinden yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretilirken veya kelimelerin ge\u00e7ici durumlar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken kelime k\u00f6klerine ekler getirilir. T\u00fcretme veya \u00e7ekim s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00f6kte bir de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. K\u00f6klerle ekler birbirinden kolayl\u0131kla ayr\u0131labilir. Anlam ve g\u00f6rev de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapan ekler kelime sonuna getirildi\u011fi gibi kelime ba\u015f\u0131na getirilen ekler de vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7emiz bu grubun en belirgin \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Dilimizde \u00f6n ekler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde kelime sonuna getirilen eklerde bir zenginlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle dilimiz, sondan eklemeli bir dildir. Mo\u011folca, Man\u00e7uca, Tunguzca, Macarca, Fince ve Samoyet\u00e7e gibi.<\/p>\n

    c. \u00c7ekimli Diller<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ekimli dillerde de kelime k\u00f6kleriyle ekler vard\u0131r. Fakat yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretilirken veya \u00e7ekim yap\u0131l\u0131rken kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olur. Hint-Avrupa dillerinde kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fclen de\u011fi\u015fiklik k\u00f6k\u00fc tan\u0131nmayacak bir \u015fekle sokar, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni kelimede k\u00f6k\u00fc hat\u0131rlatacak bir ses, bir i\u015faret bulunmaz.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ngilizce\u2019deki Almanca\u2019daki
    \nUzanmak : lie \/ lay \/ lain,
    \nYapmak : fiilinin do \/ did \/ done,
    \nGitmek : go \/ went \/ gone; atmak, f\u0131rlatmak : werfen \/ warf \/ geworfen;<\/p>\n

    Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiil (sein) : bin, ist, sind, war, waren<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7a gibi \u00e7ekimli dillerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise k\u00f6kteki \u00fcnl\u00fcler de\u011fi\u015firken t\u00fcretilen yeni kelimeyle k\u00f6k aras\u0131ndaki ilgiyi koruyan bir ba\u011f, kendisini hissettirir. \u00c7ekimli dillerin tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olan Arap\u00e7ada, kelimenin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturan \u00fcns\u00fczler de\u011fi\u015fmezken belli kal\u0131plarla yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretilir. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten olan ders, medrese, m\u00fcderris, tedrisat kelimelerinde d, r, s \u00fcns\u00fczleri sabit kal\u0131rken \u00fcnl\u00fcler ve baz\u0131 gramer unsurlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    B. K\u00d6KENLER\u0130NE G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirine yak\u0131n, ayn\u0131 kaynaktan \u00e7\u0131kan akraba diller dil ailelerini olu\u015ftururlar. Dillerin birbirleriyle bir dil ailesi olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde akrabal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131nda o dillerin ses yap\u0131s\u0131, \u015fekil yap\u0131s\u0131, c\u00fcmle yap\u0131s\u0131, k\u00f6ken bilgisi ve ortak kelimeleri bak\u0131mlar\u0131ndan benzerlikleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bir dil ailesindeki dillerin k\u00f6kenini olu\u015fturan ana dile ait metinler pek bulunmasa da gruptaki diller aras\u0131nda yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan noktalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzerliklerin bulunmas\u0131, zamanla birbirinden uzakla\u015fan dillerin, bilinmeyen bir yerde ve zamanda konu\u015fulan ana dilden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bir ana dile ait metinler olmasa bile, bu ana dilin bir \u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011fini, kendisinden t\u00fcreyen, ailedeki dilleri birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Dil ailesi ifadesi, dillerin k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeye yarar. Bu terim, akraba dilleri konu\u015fan milletlerin ayn\u0131 soydan geldikleri anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maz. \u201cAyn\u0131 soydan gelen ve dilleri akraba olan milletler bulundu\u011fu gibi, \u0131rk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirleri ile hi\u00e7bir ili\u015fkisi bulunmayan fakat aralar\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr ili\u015fkisi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen milletler de vard\u0131r. Nitekim, Hint \u2013 Avrupa dil ailesi i\u00e7inde yer alan diller, birbirleri ile soy ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan bir\u00e7ok millet taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. Bu diller herhangi bir soy ve \u0131rk birli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, temelde ortak bir ana dile dayanan, birbirinden t\u00fcremi\u015f; fakat zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fip ba\u015fkala\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan dillerdir. Frans\u0131z ve Rumen dillerinin L\u00e2tinceden t\u00fcremi\u015f olmalar\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

    Ayn\u0131 dil ailesinden gelen diller aras\u0131ndaki akrabal\u0131k da derece derecedir. Bir ana dilin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kollar\u0131ndan gelen diller, \u0130ngilizce ile Fars\u00e7ada oldu\u011fu gibi uzak akrabalard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ana dilin ayn\u0131 dal\u0131ndan gelen kollar ise Almanca ve \u0130ngilizcede oldu\u011fu gibi yak\u0131n akrabalard\u0131r.\u201d7[2]<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6ken Akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na Dayanan Belli Ba\u015fl\u0131 Dil Aileleri \u015eunlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    A. H\u0130NT \u2013 AVRUPA D\u0130LLERI A\u0130LES\u0130:<\/p>\n

    1. Avrupa Kolu:<\/p>\n

    a. Germen Dilleri: \u0130ngilizce, Almanca, Felemenk\u00e7e, \u0130skandinav dilleri.
    \nb. Roman Dilleri: Frans\u0131zca, \u0130spanyolca, \u0130talyanca, Portekizce, Rumence. Bu kolun ana dili, L\u00e2tincedir.
    \nc. \u0130sl\u00e2v Dilleri: Rus\u00e7a, S\u0131rp\u00e7a, Leh\u00e7e, Bulgarca.
    \nd. Yunanca, Litvanca, Arnavut\u00e7a ve Kelt\u00e7e, Hint- Avrupa dil ailesinin Avrupa kolundaki di\u011fer dillerdendir.<\/p>\n

    2. Asya Kolu:<\/p>\n

    Bu kolda Hint \u2013 \u0130ran dilleri yer almaktad\u0131r: Tarih\u00ee Sanskrit\u00e7e ile ba\u015fl\u0131ca Hint dilleri; eski, orta ve yeni Fars\u00e7a, Ermenicedir.
    \nB. HAM\u0130 – SAM\u0130 D\u0130LLER\u0130 A\u0130LES\u0130:<\/p>\n

    a. Sami dilleri: Arap\u00e7a, \u0130branice, Aramca, eski Suriye, eski Tunus dilleri, Habe\u015f \u2013 Zenci dilleri ve \u00f6l\u00fc bir dil olan Akadca.
    \nb. M\u0131s\u0131r dilleri: Eski M\u0131s\u0131r dili, K\u0131pt\u00ee dili
    \nc. Libya ve Berber dilleri: Libya\u2019da konu\u015fulan dil, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Berber leh\u00e7esi.<\/p>\n

    C. \u00c7in \u2013 Tibet Dilleri Ailesi: \u00c7in ve Tibet dilleri bu dil ailesini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    D. Bantu Dil Ailesi : Orta ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da konu\u015fulan Bantu dilleri.<\/p>\n

    E. Kafkas Dilleri : Abaza, \u00c7erkez, \u00c7e\u00e7en, Lezgi, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, L\u00e2z dilleri. Bu dillerde ses sistemleri ve i\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6teki dil ailelerine g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    F. URAL \u2013 ALTAY D\u0130L A\u0130LES\u0130:<\/p>\n

    Ural kolunu olu\u015fturan bu dil ailesi kendi i\u00e7inde iki kola ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na. Fin \u2013 Ugur kolu: Fince, Lap\u00e7a, Macarca, Ugurca.
    \nb. Samoyet kolu: Samoyet dilleri.<\/p>\n

    Altay Dil Ailesi: Bu dil ailesinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Mo\u011folca, Man\u00e7uca ve Tunguzca, vard\u0131r. Altayistik \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Korece ve Japoncan\u0131n da bu dil ailesinden oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Korecenin Altay dilleriyle akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kesinle\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lmakla birlikte Japoncan\u0131n akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz kesinle\u015fmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Altay dil ailesinin ortak \u00f6zellikleri \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir:<\/p>\n

    1. Bu gruptaki dillerin hepsi yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle eklemeli dildir.
    \n2. \u00d6n ekler (artikeller) yoktur.
    \n3. Kelime t\u00fcretme ve \u00e7ekim son eklerle yap\u0131l\u0131rken k\u00f6klerde de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. Eklerdeki zenginlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.
    \n4. S\u00f6z diziminde yard\u0131mc\u0131 unsurlar (tamlayanlar, belirtenler) \u00f6nce, as\u0131l unsurlar (tamlananlar, belirtilenler) sonra gelir: insanl\u0131k h\u00e2li, s\u00f6z\u00fcn do\u011frusu. Mustafa, t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6ylerken kendinden ge\u00e7iyordu.<\/p>\n

    S\u0131fatlar isimlerden \u00f6nce kullan\u0131l\u0131r. ye\u015fil \u00f6rdek, anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci, kahraman ordu. Say\u0131 bildiren kelimelerden sonra \u00e7okluk eki kullan\u0131lmaz:, be\u015f karde\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7 kafadar, bin konut.<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmleler, c\u00fcmleyi olu\u015fturan unsurlar\u0131n ilgisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, geli\u015fmekte olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin akla geli\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin d\u00fczenli bir hiyerar\u015fisi \u015feklinde kurulur.<\/p>\n

    5. Bu dillerde gramatik cinsiyet yoktur. Bu sebeple c\u00fcmlelerde cinsiyet fark\u0131ndan kaynaklanan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmaz: M\u00fcd\u00fcr \u2013 m\u00fcdire, memur \u2013 memure, Halit \u2013 Halide; he \u2013 she gibi.
    \n6. Soru eki vard\u0131r.
    \n7. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanan ortak ekler vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile Mo\u011folca aras\u0131nda bu ortakl\u0131k daha belirgindir.
    \n8. Altay dilleri ses \u00f6zeliklerine g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman birtak\u0131m ortakl\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunlardan en belirgin olan\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumudur. Kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda l, r ve \u00f1 \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin bulunmamas\u0131 di\u011fer bir ortakl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, d\u00fcnya dilleri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle sondan eklemeli diller grubunda; k\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da Ural \u2013 Altay dil grubunun Altay dilleri ailesinde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ural \u2013 Altay dilleri, di\u011fer dil aileleri gibi sa\u011flam bir aile olu\u015fturmazlar. Bu gruptaki diller aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131nl\u0131k, k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle benzerlik \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n dil ailesi yerine dil grubu olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsenmektedir.
    \nUral grubu dilleri konusunda derinlemesine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu gruptaki dillerin akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesinle\u015ftirmektedir. Doerfer, Nemeth, Bang, Clauson gibi bilginler, Altay dil ailesine giren dillerin k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade k\u00fclt\u00fcr akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde dururken Menges, Poppe, R\u00e4s\u00e4nen ve Ramstedt gibi bilginler ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na dayanarak bu diller aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlanm\u0131\u015f sayarlar.<\/p>\n

    Bir dilin konu\u015fma dili ve yaz\u0131 dili olmak \u00fczere iki y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00d6zel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile ait konu\u015fma metinleri tespit edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece konu\u015fma dilinin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimi, inceleme alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn teknik imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla video kasetlerine, ses bantlar\u0131na, CD, VCD ve DVD\u2019lere kaydedilen konu\u015fmalar, ileri bir tarihte konu\u015fma diliyle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara malzeme olu\u015fturabilir. Yaz\u0131 dilinin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimi ise, ancak o dile ait yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerle takip edilebilir. Metinlerle takip edilemeyen d\u00f6nemden \u00f6ncesi i\u00e7in birtak\u0131m tahminlerde bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmakla birlikte kesin bilgi vermek zordur.<\/p>\n

    Konu\u015fma Dili
    \nKonu\u015fma dili, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta di\u011fer insanlarla ileti\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in konu\u015furken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dildir. Bu dil, do\u011fal oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in konu\u015furken c\u00fcmlemizin kurall\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kelimelerin do\u011fru s\u0131ralan\u0131p s\u0131ralanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, s\u00f6yleyi\u015fin do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na pek dikkat etmeyiz. Bu sebeple zaman i\u00e7inde, b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye de\u011fi\u015fen birtak\u0131m s\u00f6yleyi\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve kelime farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde, b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi maceradan o dilin leh\u00e7eleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

    Leh\u00e7e
    \nBir dilin de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerde, ayn\u0131 dil grubuna dahil ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imidir. Leh\u00e7ede kelime farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, ses ve yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ayr\u0131l\u0131klar bulunur. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, di\u011fer dillere g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir alanda \u00e7ok hareketli bir macera ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yirmi civar\u0131nda leh\u00e7esi vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin tarih\u00ee leh\u00e7eleri olan Yakut\u00e7a ve \u00c7uva\u015f\u00e7a bug\u00fcnk\u00fc leh\u00e7elerle -ayr\u0131 bir dil olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrecek kadar- \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterirler. T\u00fcrkmence, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, Gagavuzca, Kazak\u00e7a, vb. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc leh\u00e7elerindendir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk dili, leh\u00e7elerine g\u00f6re;
    \na. O\u011fuz \u2013 T\u00fcrkmen grubu (G\u00fcney \u2013 Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi)
    \nb. K\u0131p\u00e7ak grubu (Kuzey \u2013 Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi)
    \nc. Karluk grubu (Kuzey \u2013 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ana grup olu\u015fturur. Bu ana gruplara dahil leh\u00e7eler birbirlerinin yak\u0131n dallar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in anla\u015fmada \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ayn\u0131 grupta yer alan T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi buna \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir.
    \nA\u011f\u0131z<\/p>\n

    Bir dil veya leh\u00e7enin yak\u0131n zamanda ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye veya \u015fehirden \u015fehire sadece s\u00f6yleyi\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6steren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kollar\u0131d\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131zlardaki ayr\u0131l\u0131klar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman s\u00f6yleyi\u015ften \u00f6teye gitmez. B\u00f6lge a\u011fz\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc kelimelerin say\u0131s\u0131, dilin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman fazla bir yer tutmaz. Konu\u015fmada g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu durum, zaten yaz\u0131 diline de yans\u0131t\u0131lmaz.
    \nKonya \u015fivesi, Erzurum leh\u00e7esi, Urfa \u015fivesi gibi adland\u0131rmalar yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
    \nDo\u011frusu; Konya a\u011fz\u0131, Erzurum a\u011fz\u0131, Urfa a\u011fz\u0131 \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131 Dili<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131 dili, ad\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere yaz\u0131da kullan\u0131lan dildir. Dilde birli\u011fi, anla\u015fma kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kitap dilidir, k\u00fclt\u00fcr dilidir, edeb\u00ee dildir. Konu\u015fma dilinin her b\u00f6lgenin do\u011fal, g\u00fcnl\u00fck dili olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yaz\u0131 dili, okuma yazmada kullan\u0131lan ortak dildir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130 D\u00d6NEMLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Dil tarihi uzmanlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk dilinin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimini d\u00f6nemlere ay\u0131r\u0131rken metinlerle takip edilen d\u00f6nemden \u00f6ncesi i\u00e7in birbirinden az \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ayr\u0131mlar ve adland\u0131rmalar yaparlar. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakarak T\u00fcrk dilinin tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemlerini \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz:
    \n1. Altay Dil Birli\u011fi D\u00f6nemi: T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Altay dillerinden (Mo\u011folca, Man\u00e7uca, Tunguzca, Korece, Japonca) hen\u00fcz ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karanl\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.
    \n2. En Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi: T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir dil olarak ana Altaycadan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olarak kabul edilmektedir.
    \n3. \u0130lk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi: Hun, Avar, Hazar, Bulgar dillerinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden hen\u00fcz ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olarak g\u00f6sterilir.
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7enin karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131na ait d\u00f6nemleri ana hatlar\u0131yla bu \u015fekildedir. Bundan sonraki d\u00f6nemlere ait metinler, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in dilimizin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimi sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde izlenebilmektedir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin metinlerle takip edilebilen bu d\u00f6nemleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

    ESK\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (6.\u201313. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin belgelerle takip edilen ilk d\u00f6nemi olup 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar olan zaman\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6nemleri hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem ses ve bi\u00e7im bilgisi hem de s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en saf ve duru d\u00f6nemidir. Dilin gramer \u00f6zelliklerini, tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimini tespit i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli ve bol metinlerin oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkler, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bu ilk yaz\u0131 dilini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6nemine ait metinler; K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 metinleri olarak \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a) K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk metinleri
    \nK\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin kendi icad\u0131 olan K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk alfabesiyle ta\u015flar (beng\u00fc ta\u015flar*) \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan metinlerdir. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli alb\u00fcm ve dergilerde tan\u0131t\u0131lan, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f irili ufakl\u0131 bu metinlerin say\u0131s\u0131 250\u2019den fazlad\u0131r. Beng\u00fc ta\u015flar\u0131n en me\u015fhurlar\u0131 K\u00fcl Tigin, Bilge Ka\u011fan, Tonyukuk ad\u0131na diktirilen ve K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 (Orhun Abideleri) ad\u0131yla bilinenlerdir. Metin itibariyle daha uzun ve kapsaml\u0131 olan bu yaz\u0131tlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ait di\u011fer beng\u00fc ta\u015flar \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00c7oyr\u0131n, Hoytu Tamir, Nalayha, Talas, Hangiday, \u0130he-N\u00fbr, K\u00f6l \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7or (\u0130he-Hu\u015fotu), \u0130\u015fbara Tamgan Tarkan (Ongin), Altun Tamgan Tarkan (\u0130he-A\u015fete), Mahan Ka\u011fan (Bugut).
    \nBunlardan \u201c\u00c7oyr\u0131n beng\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 687-692 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dikildi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. E\u011fer bu tahmin do\u011fruysa, alt\u0131 sat\u0131rl\u0131k bu ta\u015f, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk harflerinin kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu ilk metin olmaktad\u0131r.\u201d [1] Ancak son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar dikkatlerin yeni bir malzeme \u00fczerinde toplanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur: Kazakistanda Esik kurgan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bak\u0131r tas \u00fczerindeki K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk i\u015faretli k\u0131sa yaz\u0131n\u0131n okunu\u015fu do\u011frulan\u0131rsa T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin belgeleri \u00c7oyr\u0131n beng\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131ndan 1200 y\u0131l kadar daha \u00f6nceye gidecek demektir.
    \n\u0130leri bir tarihte belki yeni malzemeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Ancak bug\u00fcn itibariyle bu d\u00f6neme ait en \u00f6nemli belgeler hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1893\u2019te Danimarkal\u0131 V. Thomsen taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclerek okunmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    b) Uygur metinleri
    \nK\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra tarih sahnesinde Uygurlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Yeni bir din aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Budizm\u2019i benimseyen Uygurlar, Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve Mani, Brahmi yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla ta\u015f ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli metinlerle k\u00fct\u00fck basmas\u0131 eserler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki kaz\u0131larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan y\u00fczlerce sand\u0131k eserin \u00e7o\u011fu, din\u00ee nitelikli olmakla beraber aralar\u0131nda t\u0131p, falc\u0131l\u0131k, astronomi ve \u015fiirle ilgili olanlar da vard\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlileri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Sekiz Y\u00fckmek (Sekiz Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n): \u00c7inceden \u00e7evrilen Sekiz Y\u00fckmek\u2019te Burkanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ait din\u00ee-ahl\u00e2k\u00ee inan\u0131\u015flar ve baz\u0131 pratik bilgiler vard\u0131r. Uygurlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok yay\u0131lan bu eser; k\u0131sa c\u00fcmleleriyle, i\u00e7ten anlat\u0131m\u0131 ve zengin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dikkati \u00e7eker.
    \nAltun Yaruk (Alt\u0131n I\u015f\u0131k): S\u0131ngku Seli Tutung taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7inceden Uygurcaya \u00e7evrilen en hacimli sudurdur.* Burkanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temellerini, felsefesini ve Buda\u2019n\u0131n menk\u0131belerini i\u00e7erir. Bunlardan en me\u015fhurlar\u0131 \u015eehzade ile A\u00e7 Pars Hik\u00e2yesi (A\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan pars\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in kendini feda eden \u015fehzadenin hik\u00e2yesi), Dantipali Be\u011f hik\u00e2yesi (Maiyetindeki geyikleri kurtarmak i\u00e7in kendini feda eden geyikler be\u011fini Dantipali Be\u011f \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve korkun\u00e7 alevler de Dantipali Be\u011f\u2019i yutar.) ve \u00c7a\u015ftani Be\u011f hik\u00e2yesi (\u00dclkesindeki insanlara hastal\u0131k ve bela getiren \u015feytanlarla \u00c7a\u015ftani Be\u011f\u2019in m\u00fccadelesi)dir.<\/p>\n

    Irk Bitig (Fal Kitab\u0131): K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir fal kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Her biri ayr\u0131 fal olarak yaz\u0131lan 65 paragraftan olu\u015fur. \u00c7e\u015fitli inan\u0131\u015flar ve masal unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kitapta g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile ait pek \u00e7ok kelime de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kalyanamkara ve Papamkara Hik\u00e2yesi (\u0130yi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli \u015eehzade ile K\u00f6t\u00fc D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli \u015eehzade): Burkanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ait bir menk\u0131benin hik\u00e2yesidir: \u0130yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli \u015fehzadenin b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lara yard\u0131m etmek ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n birbirlerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmelerini engellemek i\u00e7in bir m\u00fccevheri elde etmek \u00fczere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 maceral\u0131 yolculuk anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    c) Karahanl\u0131 metinleri<\/p>\n

    Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ait ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Kutadgu Bilig (Mutluluk Bilgisi): Yusuf Has H\u00e2cib, 1069-1070 y\u0131l\u0131nda 6645 beyit olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserinde devlet, adalet, insan ve akl\u0131 temsil eden d\u00f6rt sembolik ki\u015fiyi birbirleriyle konu\u015fturarak insanlara iki cihanda mesut olman\u0131n yolunu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Siyasetname niteli\u011findeki eserde, ideal bireylerden olu\u015fan bir toplum ve devlet g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcrle \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ustal\u0131kla birle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bu eser Tabga\u00e7 Bu\u011fra Karahan\u2019\u0131n iltifat\u0131na mazhar olmu\u015f ve yazar\u0131na da Has H\u00e2ciplik* unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutadgu Bilig, \u0130sl\u00e2ml\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisindeki T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Dil ve edebiyat tarihi yan\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da en \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan biridir.<\/p>\n

    D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk : Araplara T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi \u00f6\u011fretmek ve T\u00fcrk dilinin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud taraf\u0131ndan 1072\u2019de yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan ve 1077 y\u0131l\u0131nda halife Eb\u00fc\u2019l Kas\u0131m Abdullah\u2019a sunulan bu eser, ansiklopedik bir T\u00fcrk dili s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden Arap\u00e7aya s\u00f6zl\u00fck tertibinde haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserinde madde ba\u015f\u0131 kelimeleri a\u00e7\u0131klarken kendi derledi\u011fi deyimlerden, savlardan (atas\u00f6zleri), ko\u015fuklardan (ko\u015fmalar) \u00f6rnekler de vermi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, halk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de ilk defa b\u00f6yle bir eserde derlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk toplum hayat\u0131ndan \u00f6rneklerin de bulundu\u011fu D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk, 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l Orta Asya T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en sa\u011flam dil miras\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve medeniyetinin e\u015fsiz kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n

    Atabet\u00fc\u2019l-Hakay\u0131k : (Ger\u00e7eklerin E\u015fi\u011fi): Din\u00ee ve tasavvuf\u00ee konular\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserin Edib Ahmet taraf\u0131ndan 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Kitapta; bilginin yarar\u0131, cahilli\u011fin zarar\u0131, dili tutman\u0131n \u00f6nemi, cimrili\u011fin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, c\u00f6mertli\u011fin iyili\u011fi, al\u00e7ak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fczelli\u011fi, kibrin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi konular i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Eser bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6\u011fretici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n

    Div\u00e2n-\u0131 Hikmet : Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee\u2019nin \u015fiirlerine hikmet, bu \u015fiirlerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 defterlere Div\u00e2n-\u0131 Hikmet denmektedir. Bu eserdeki \u015fiirlerin hepsi, Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee\u2019ye ait de\u011fildir. Kitapta, \u00f6\u011fretici y\u00f6n\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r basan manzumeler vard\u0131r. Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u0131 daha iyi tan\u0131malar\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015f, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde birle\u015ftirci bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015f, Hac\u0131 Bekt\u00e2\u015f\u0131 Velilerin Yunus Emrelerin, Mahdum Kulular\u0131n yeti\u015fmesine vesile olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    ORTA T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (13.\u201315. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyle yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi birbirine ba\u011flayan ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemidir. Bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fct\u00fcn Orta Asya\u2019da kullan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, Ortak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, M\u00fc\u015fterek Orta Asya T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi adlar\u0131 da verilmi\u015ftir. \u201cOrta-Asya T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131, XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan baz\u0131 kayna\u015fma, kar\u0131\u015fma ve ayr\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucu olarak, yava\u015f yava\u015f T\u00fcrk dilinin genel yap\u0131s\u0131nda birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmelere sahne olmu\u015ftur. Bu de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmeler yeni yaz\u0131 dillerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir olu\u015fum ve dallanmaya be\u015fiklik eden as\u0131l b\u00f6lge Harezm b\u00f6lgesidir. Bu b\u00f6lge, dil tarihimizde, bir yandan Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini birbirine ba\u011flayan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc vazifesi g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, bir yandan da Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yeni \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini ba\u015flatan \u00c7a\u011fataycan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edeb\u00ee gelenek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Harezm\u2019in kuzeyindeki Alt\u0131nordu-K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgenin K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin ayr\u0131 bir kol h\u00e2line geli\u015finde de b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. Horasan ve \u0130ran\u2019dan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yol alarak XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda O\u011fuz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi temelinde yeni bir kol olu\u015fturan T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin ilk belirtileri ve filizlenmesi de yine bu b\u00f6lgede ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r denebilir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, Harezm b\u00f6lgesinde kurulup geli\u015fmi\u015f olan Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar biribirinin devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde tek kol h\u00e2linde ilerleyen T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin \u00c7a\u011fatay, O\u011fuz ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak temelinde yeni dallanmalar\u0131na kaynakl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir. Bu dallanman\u0131n gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fartlara elveri\u015fli bir ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Esasen bu devir T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e denmesinin sebebi de Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile Yeni T\u00fcrk dili kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7i\u015f devresi niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan T\u00fcrk dili tarihindeki yeri \u00f6nemlidir.\u201d [2]<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk dili ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fmelerin oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nem, Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile temsil edilir. Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, 13. ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistandaki yaz\u0131 diline verilen isimdir. Edeb\u00ee gelenekler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine dayanan bu yaz\u0131 dili, O\u011fuz ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak leh\u00e7elerinden de etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinden \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine ge\u00e7i\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirilen bu d\u00f6nemde, dil tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli eserler yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemin dil yadig\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olmak \u00fczere iki grupta de\u011ferlendirmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da k\u0131saca an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin Yadig\u00e2rlari:<\/p>\n

    Mukaddimet\u00fc\u2019l – Edeb: D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u2019ten sonra Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminin en zengin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip bu eser, Zemah\u015fer\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan 1127-1144 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda pratik bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck tertibinde yaz\u0131larak Harizm\u015fah Ats\u0131z\u2019a sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    K\u0131sas\u00fc\u2019l – Enbiy\u00e2: Rabguz\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan bir y\u0131lda yaz\u0131larak 710 (1310)\u2019da Emir Nasr\u00fcddin Tok Bu\u011fa\u2019ya sunulan bu eserde; Kur\u2019an\u0131kerim\u2019de ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en peygamberlere ait k\u0131ssalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Hz. Muhammed, d\u00f6rt halife, Hz. Hasan ve Hz. H\u00fcseyin\u2019e ait menk\u0131beler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Mu\u00een\u00fc\u2019l \u2013 M\u00fcrid: Arap\u00e7a bilmeyen T\u00fcrkmenlere \u0130sl\u00e2m f\u0131kh\u0131n\u0131 ve tasavvufu \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla \u0130sl\u00e2m mahlasl\u0131 bir \u015fair taraf\u0131ndan 1313 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan 900 beyitlik manzum bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

    Muhabbetn\u00e2me: 1353\u2019te Harezm\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan manzum bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

    Nehc\u00fc\u2019l \u2013 Fer\u00e2dis: Kerderli Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan 1358\u2019de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, k\u0131rk hadis terc\u00fcmesi niteli\u011finde din\u00ee, ahl\u00e2k\u00ee bir eserdir. Sade bir dille kaleme al\u0131nan bu eser, Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin nesir alan\u0131ndaki g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.
    \nAnonim Kur\u2019an Tefsiri bu d\u00f6neme ait di\u011fer bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

    Kip\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin Yadig\u00e2rlari:<\/p>\n

    Kodeks Kumanikus (Codex Cumanicus): \u0130talyan t\u00fcccarlar ve Alman rahipler taraf\u0131ndan derlendi\u011fi tahmin edilen, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ait il\u00e2hileri, bilmeceleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u2013 Almanca \u2013 L\u00e2tince \u2013 Fars\u00e7a s\u00f6zl\u00fck par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan ve anonim bir eser olan Kodeks Kumanikus, K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar T\u00fcrk dili tarihi i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131r. Eserdeki 1303 tarihi eserin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi mi yoksa istinsah tarihi mi oldu\u011fu bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

    Terc\u00fcman\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00ee ve Arab\u00ee: Konyal\u0131 Halil b. Muhammed b. Yusuf taraf\u0131ndan 1245\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya istinsah edilmi\u015f bir l\u00fcgat \u2013 gramerdir. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yaz\u0131lan K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a eserler i\u00e7inde \u2013\u015fimdilik- tarihi bilinenlerin en eskisidir.<\/p>\n

    Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130dr\u00e2k li Lis\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-Etr\u00e2k: T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bilinen ilk grameridir. Esir\u00fc\u2019d-din Eb\u00fb-Hayyan taraf\u0131ndan 1312\u2019de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Husrev \u00fc \u015eirin: Nizam\u00ee\u2019nin ayn\u0131 adl\u0131 eserinin T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131ndaki ilk terc\u00fcmesidir. 1341\u2019de Kutb taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin temel kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fclistan Terc\u00fcmesi: Sad\u00ee\u2019nin G\u00fclistan adl\u0131 Fars\u00e7a eserinden Sarayl\u0131 Seyf\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 terc\u00fcmedir.<\/p>\n

    Et-Tuhfet\u00fc\u2019z-Zekiyye fi\u2019l-L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrkiyye: Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi kesin belli olmayan K\u0131p\u00e7ak gramerlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

    El-Kavanin\u00fc\u2019l-K\u00fclliye li Zabti\u2019l-L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrkiyye: K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7an\u0131n \u00f6nemli gramerlerinden olan bu eserin de yazar\u0131 bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

    YEN\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (15.\u201320. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6nemindeki T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinin, edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ferek devam etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemi, dil bilgisi yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olmakla birlikte Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden kesin \u00e7izgilerle ay\u0131rmak pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin d\u0131\u015f etkiler sebebiyle baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilebilir.
    \nBu d\u00f6nemde bir tarafta Orhun, Uygur, Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eleri, Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve onun devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ses ve yap\u0131 bilgisi \u00f6zelliklerini koruyan \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi geli\u015fmesinini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken di\u011fer tarafta Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131yla birlikte O\u011fuz a\u011fz\u0131 yaz\u0131 dili olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6stererek T\u00fcrk\u00e7eninin ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck, edeb\u00ee yaz\u0131 dili olmu\u015ftur.
    \nMil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Hazar ve Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinden Avrupa i\u00e7lerine kadar uzanan T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri, mil\u00e2ttan sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda da devam ederek 15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7lerle birlikte birtak\u0131m siyas\u00ee geli\u015fmeler de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri kurulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinde dallanmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Kuzey-Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi denen leh\u00e7eler grubu te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    MODERN T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/p>\n

    20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bug\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7ine alan b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgelerinde devam eden T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alanda olduk\u00e7a hareketli bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz eden T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yirmiye yak\u0131n yaz\u0131 diliyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmektedir. (Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Durumu ve Yay\u0131lma Alanlar\u0131 konusuna bak\u0131n\u0131z.)<\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRK YAZI D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u00ee GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkler, 6. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerde, farkl\u0131 alfabelerle yaz\u0131l\u0131 dil yadig\u00e2rlar\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu eserlerde din, alfabe, konu… gibi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan malzemede de \u00e7e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 ta\u015flar \u00fczerine, baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00fct\u00fcklerine, baz\u0131lar\u0131 derilere, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlara yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    ESK\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u00c7E<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler d\u00f6neminden itibaren yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerle takip edilen ve geli\u015fmesini 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar tek yaz\u0131 dili olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcren T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 ana hatlar\u0131yla kuzeyde Yenisey \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresinden ve Mo\u011folistan\u2019dan ba\u015flay\u0131p Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na; do\u011fuda Man\u00e7urya\u2019dan bat\u0131da Aral g\u00f6l\u00fc ve Hazar denizine kadar olan b\u00f6lgeyi i\u00e7ine alan Orta Asyad\u0131r. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e; K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerini i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Birbirinden ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri kuran b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkler, hangi boydan olurlarsa olsunlar hep bu yaz\u0131 dilini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
    \nDil bilgisi yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi eserleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemsiz bir iki fark d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmamakla birlikte bu d\u00f6nemde birbirinin yerine ge\u00e7en ve birbiri ard\u0131ndan kurulan T\u00fcrk devletlerinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, devletin girdi\u011fi yeni medeniyet dairesinden yabanc\u0131 kelimeler girmi\u015ftir. Mesel\u00e2, K\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden sonra yeni bir medeniyet ve din aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Sanskrit\u00e7e kelimeler, Budizm ve Manihaizme ait T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimeler g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kabul etmelerinden sonra ise T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan yeni kelimeler girmi\u015f, bunun yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kla ilgili yeni kelimeler (yap\u0131 bilgisinde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gitmeden) t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise ortakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    11. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Altaylardan Hazar ve Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine, hatta Orta Avrupa ve Balkanlara do\u011fru giden T\u00fcrkler, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kabul ettikten sonra ve \u0130ran devletlerinin de ortadan kalkmas\u0131yla 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Azerbaycan, \u0130ran \u00fczerinden Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sonunda 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Azerbaycan ve Anadolu yeni bir T\u00fcrk yurdu h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin bat\u0131da Anadolu\u2019ya, kuzeyde Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyi ve bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar yay\u0131lmalar\u0131, buralarda yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri olu\u015fturmalar\u0131, o b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131 ile eserler yazmalar\u0131 sonucunda T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dili \u00e7e\u015fitlenerek yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re biri Kuzey \u2013 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, di\u011feri Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olmak \u00fczere iki kola ayr\u0131ld\u0131. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ikinci bir yaz\u0131 dili ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak da de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n

    KUZEY \u2013 DO\u011eU T\u00dcRK\u00c7ES\u0130
    \nOrta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminde, Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir devam\u0131 olarak 13. ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Orta Asya ile Hazar denizinin kuzeyindeki T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131 dilidir. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir \u00e7ok izlerini ta\u015f\u0131makla birlikte yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \u00f6zellikleri de yava\u015f yava\u015f \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
    \nKuzey ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131yla bu yaz\u0131 dili, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak iki kolda geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr:
    \na) Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi
    \nK\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Tatar T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Hazar denizinin kuzeyinden bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yay\u0131lan T\u00fcrklerin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 yaz\u0131 dilidir. Asl\u0131nda bu yaz\u0131 dilinin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi yaz\u0131 dilinden pek de farkl\u0131 bir yan\u0131 yoktur. Ancak Kazan ve \u00e7evresinde bilhassa 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde tarih\u00ee yaz\u0131 dilini kullanan T\u00fcrk gruplar\u0131n\u0131n yava\u015f yava\u015f edeb\u00ee dillerine kendi a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131ndan kelimeler katt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 \u0130smail\u2019in \u201cDilde, fikirde, i\u015fde birlik.\u201d uran\u0131* ile yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Terc\u00fcman gazetesi Kazan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini \u0130stanbul ve Ta\u015fkent T\u00fcrk\u00e7eleriyle birle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kazan Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131n, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n ve Kazaklar\u0131n dilleri Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin \u00f6nde gelen kollar\u0131ndand\u0131r.
    \nb) Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi
    \nHarezm-K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin bir devam\u0131 olarak 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren, Orta Asya (yani Do\u011fu) T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yaz\u0131 dilidir. \u00c7a\u011fatayca olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu yaz\u0131 dili, Sekkak\u00ee, L\u00fctf\u00ee, Ged\u00e2\u00ee, Ali \u015eir Nev\u00e2y\u00ee, H\u00fcseyin Baykara, \u015eiban Han, Muhammed Salih; Bab\u00fcr; Ebulgazi Bahad\u0131r Han gibi \u015fair ve yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilir.
    \n\u201cKl\u00e2sik devir \u00c7a\u011fatay edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu kadar, b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n da en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetleri<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Dil Bilgisinin B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ses Bilgisi
    \n– T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede Sesler ve S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.
    \n– T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Ses \u00d6zellikleri
    \nA. D\u0130L B\u0130LG\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N B\u00d6L\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Bir dili, seslerinden kelime gruplar\u0131na ve c\u00fcmlelerine var\u0131ncaya kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle inceleyen, bunlar\u0131n kurallar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bilim dal\u0131na dil bilgisi veya gramer denmektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bilim dallar\u0131 gibi geni\u015f bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 olan dil bilgisi de kendi i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dil bilgisinin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden;<\/p>\n

    1. Ses bilgisi (fonetik) : Dilin seslerini, bunlar aras\u0131ndaki ilgileri, ses olaylar\u0131n\u0131;
    \n2. Yap\u0131 bilgisi (morfoloji) : Kelime ve kelime \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin k\u00f6klerini, eklerini, yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6revini;
    \n3. C\u00fcmle bilgisi (sentaks) : Kelimelerin birbirleriyle olan ilgilerini ve c\u00fcmleleri;
    \n4. Anlam bilgisi (semantik) : Kelime ve kelime gruplar\u0131n\u0131n anlamlar\u0131n\u0131, dildeki anlam olaylar\u0131n\u0131;
    \n5. K\u00f6ken bilgisi (etimoloji) : Kelimelerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hangi dilden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, inceler.<\/p>\n

    Dilin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini, kesin \u00e7izgilerle s\u0131n\u0131rlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bunlar\u0131 birbirinden tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011ferlendirmek de imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle anlam bilgisi, k\u00f6ken bilgisi ve yap\u0131 bilgisinin birbiriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e olmas\u0131 sebebiyle; anlam bilgisi ve k\u00f6ken bilgisi, yap\u0131 bilgisinin i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilir. Dil bilgisinin genellikle ses bilgisi, yap\u0131 bilgisi ve c\u00fcmle bilgisi olarak \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelenmesinin sebebi de budur.
    \nDil bilgisi ve dil bilimi terimleri ayr\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 ifade etti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu terimlerini birbirinin yerine kullanmamaya dikkat etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

    B. SES B\u0130LG\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n

    Ses bilgisi (fonetik); bir dilin seslerini, bo\u011fumlanma noktalar\u0131n\u0131, bo\u011fumlanma \u00f6zellikleri vb. bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceleyen dil bilimi koludur.<\/p>\n

    Ses : Bir dil bilgisi terimi olarak ses; dilin par\u00e7alanamayan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimidir, temel ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Dilin, seslerden meydana gelen bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu, dilde as\u0131l olan\u0131n konu\u015fma oldu\u011fu, yaz\u0131n\u0131n sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rlan\u0131rsa sesin dilin temelini olu\u015fturmadaki \u00f6nemi daha kolay kavranacakt\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na anlam\u0131 olmayan sesler birle\u015ferek heceleri, heceler birle\u015ferek kelimeleri, kelimeler de bir araya gelerek c\u00fcmleyi olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    Seslerin olu\u015fumu : Konu\u015fma sesi, akci\u011ferlerden itilen havan\u0131n; nefes borusu, g\u0131rtlak, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu ve burundan ge\u00e7erek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu \u00fczerindeki organlar\u0131n (han\u00e7ere, bo\u011faz, ses telleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil, geniz, damak, dil, di\u015fler, burun kanal\u0131, dudaklar) birbirine yakla\u015f\u0131p uzakla\u015fmas\u0131, daral\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, yat\u0131k veya dik \u015fekiller almas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fur.
    \n\u0130nsan han\u00e7eresi taraf\u0131ndan belli bir kal\u0131ba d\u00f6k\u00fclerek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan konu\u015fma sesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sesler, i\u015flenmemi\u015f, ham seslerdir. \u0130nsan han\u00e7eresinin imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ancak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u015fekilli ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. \u00c7e\u015fitli dillerdeki seslerin birbirine benzerli\u011fi yan\u0131nda baz\u0131 sesler, baz\u0131 diller veya diller grubu i\u00e7in tipiktir: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e i\u00e7in \u0131, \u00f1 (nazal n), \u00f6, \u015f, \u00fc; Arap\u00e7a i\u00e7in ay\u0131n ve dad gibi. \u201c\u00e7, \u0131, \u00f6, \u015f, \u00fc\u201d T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00f6zg\u00fc harfler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in internet ortam\u0131nda bunlara en \u00e7ok benzeyen harfler (c, i, o, s, u) kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e harfleri destekleyen yeni programlar da yava\u015f yava\u015f yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Her dilin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc sesleri vard\u0131r. \u00c7ocukken, dillenme devresinde i\u015fitilen sesler yava\u015f yava\u015f taklit edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r ve han\u00e7ere buna g\u00f6re olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7tikten sonra sesleri \u015fekillendirmek g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fir. Dilsiz veya l\u00e2l dedi\u011fimiz ki\u015filerin konu\u015famama problemi i\u015fitme engelli olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar, duyamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sesleri taklit yoluyla bi\u00e7imlendirme becerisi g\u00f6steremezler. Yabanc\u0131 bir dil, olgunluk d\u00f6neminde \u00f6\u011frenilirken de o dile ait seslerin tam manas\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamamas\u0131ndaki sebep budur.<\/p>\n

    Mahall\u00ee a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6zelliklerini, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda edeb\u00ee dile ve yaz\u0131 diline uydurma i\u015fi tamamlanmazsa sonraki y\u0131llarda bu i\u015f olduk\u00e7a zorla\u015facak ve bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir gayret gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

    SES – HARF ILGISI VE ALFABE :<\/p>\n

    Sesin yaz\u0131daki i\u015fareti, harftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ses ile harf aras\u0131nda birebir ilgi vard\u0131r. Bir ses yaz\u0131da bir harfle g\u00f6sterilirken, bir harfin okunu\u015funda da bir ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Yani a, b, c, d gibi sesler yaz\u0131da birer harfle g\u00f6sterilir. Almanca\u2019daki \u015f sesinin, yaz\u0131da sch harfleriyle g\u00f6sterilmesi gibi bir durum T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede yoktur. Mesel\u00e2, T\u00fcrk kelimesinde T-\u00fc-r-k olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt ses, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00f6rt harf vard\u0131r. Dilde esas olan sestir. Ayn\u0131 ses, farkl\u0131 alfabelerde farkl\u0131 harflerle g\u00f6sterilebilir. De\u011fi\u015fen ses de\u011fil, harftir. K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk alfabesinden bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z alfabeye gelinceye kadar de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz her yaz\u0131 sisteminde ayn\u0131 sesi ba\u015fka ba\u015fka \u015fekillerle yazmam\u0131z, dilin temelinin ses oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

    Bir dile ait seslerin yaz\u0131daki i\u015faretleri olan harflerinin belli bir s\u0131raya konmu\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc alfabe ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Alfabe terimi, \u03b1 (alfa), \u03b2 (beta) harfleriyle ba\u015flayan Yunan alfabesinin ilk iki harfinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arap alfabesinin ilk harfi (elif), ikinci harfi (ba) oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in eski yaz\u0131da elifba terimi tercih edilmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn baz\u0131 dilciler, ayn\u0131 mant\u0131ktan yola \u00e7\u0131karak alfabe yerine abece terimini kullanmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

    Milletlerin \u00f6\u011fretim ve yay\u0131n hayat\u0131nda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ve resmen kabul ettikleri yaz\u0131 sistemi, resm\u00ee alfabe ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Resm\u00ee alfabelerde \u015fekil kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011fu zaman birbirine yak\u0131n sesler birle\u015ftirilerek harf say\u0131s\u0131 en az seviyeye indirilir, kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla resm\u00ee alfabeler, dildeki b\u00fct\u00fcn sesleri g\u00f6stermezler. Dil uzmanlar\u0131, dilin b\u00fct\u00fcn seslerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in resm\u00ee alfabede bulunmayan ilave i\u015faretleri de i\u00e7ine alan zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f alfabe kullan\u0131rlar. Bu alfabeye ilm\u00ee alfabe, \u00e7eviri yaz\u0131 alfabesi veya transkripsiyon alfabesi denir. Transkripsiyon alfabesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn sesleri g\u00f6sterme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle \u00e7evri yaz\u0131da ve a\u011f\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ait metinlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lm\u00ee yaz\u0131lar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise transkripsiyon yerine transliterasyon kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Transliterasyon, yabanc\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131n okunu\u015flar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmadan harf harf aktar\u0131lmas\u0131, harf \u00e7evirisi demektir.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Q, x, w harfleri T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin yaz\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131; \u201cve\u201d yerine & i\u015fareti asla tercih edilmemelidir.<\/p>\n

    C. T\u00dcRK\u0130YE T\u00dcRK\u00c7ES\u0130NDEK\u0130 SES OLAYLARI<\/p>\n

    Kelimelerde zamana ve sahaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmelerin, geli\u015fmelerin olmas\u0131 dilin canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Dil dura\u011fan de\u011fil, dinamik bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Dilin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kelimelerdeki sesler, heceleri ve kelimeleri olu\u015ftururken tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fc\u015ferler, yer de\u011fi\u015ftirirler, t\u00fcrerler, ba\u015fka seslere benzerler. \u0130\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, ses olaylar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda incelenir. Dilde ses olaylar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    Ses Olaylar\u0131n\u0131n Sebepleri :<\/p>\n

    1. Dilin ses \u00f6zellikleri: T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kelime sonunda b, c, d, g sesleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Arap\u00e7a kit\u00e2b kelimesi T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kitap \u015feklinde ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00e2 \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc k\u0131salarak normal a\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    2. Ba\u015fka seslerin etkisi: Baz\u0131 sesler, yanlar\u0131ndaki di\u011fer seslere etki ederek onlar\u0131 kendilerine benzetirler, de\u011fi\u015ftirirler. Mesel\u00e2, anbar kelimesindeki b sesi, yan\u0131ndaki n\u2019ye etki ederek onu, kendisi gibi dudak \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc olan (m) yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kelime, ambar \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Ya\u015f\u0131l kelimesinin ye\u015fil\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin sebebi, y ve \u015f seslerinin inceltici etkisidir.<\/p>\n

    3. Vurgu: T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede orta hece vurgusu genellikle zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu hecedeki \u00fcnl\u00fcler bazen daral\u0131r bazen de d\u00fc\u015ferler: Tasar\u0131la> tasarla, besileme> besleme, yal\u0131n\u0131z > yaln\u0131z vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    4. Zay\u0131f sesler: \u011f, h, \u0131, l, n, r, y, z sesleri zay\u0131f sesler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in baz\u0131 ses olaylar\u0131na sebep olurlar: a\u011fabey > \u00e2bi, hastahane > hastane, pek iyi > peki, bir daha> bi daha, so\u011fan> soan, u\u011fur> uur, \u0131nanmak > inanmak.<\/p>\n

    5. S\u00f6yleyi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kakofoni: Baz\u0131 seslerin yan yana gelmesi s\u00f6yleyi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya kakofoniye sebep olur. Bu durumda baz\u0131 ses olaylar\u0131 olur: b\u00fcy\u00fckcek > b\u00fcy\u00fccek, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7\u00fck > k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck, ufakc\u0131k > ufac\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    Ses olaylar\u0131n\u0131n sebebini, dildeki en az emek yasas\u0131na ba\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    D. T\u00dcRK\u00c7EDE SESLER VE SINIFLANDIRILMASI<\/p>\n

    1 Kas\u0131m 1928\u2019de kabul edilen resm\u00ee alfabede T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin sesleri 29 harfle (a, b, c, \u00e7, d, e, f, g, \u011f, h, i, \u0131, j, k, l, m, n, o, \u00f6, p, r, s, \u015f, t, u, \u00fc, v, y, z) g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Ancak Arap\u00e7adan, Fars\u00e7adan ve bat\u0131 dillerinden T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye girerek T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015fen kelimelerdeki sesler de bu say\u0131ya eklendi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde kullan\u0131lan seslerin say\u0131s\u0131 40\u2019a yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki transkripsiyon alfabesi, bu konuda bir fikir verecektir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede olmayan sesler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu say\u0131n\u0131n azalaca\u011f\u0131 muhakkakt\u0131r.
    \nResm\u00ee alfabede, dilde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flama sebebiyle birbirine yak\u0131n seslerden tek harfle g\u00f6sterilenleri kap\u0131 – kelebek; hay\u00e2\u013a – hal\u0131; gezi – galip – kapa\u011f\u0131 – bebe\u011fe; seni – senin elini gibi kelimelerin s\u00f6yleni\u015finde sezmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rneklerde, koyu yaz\u0131lan seslerin birbirinden farkl\u0131 sesler oldu\u011funa dikkat ediniz.
    \nSesler, ses ge\u00e7idinin a\u00e7\u0131k veya kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcnl\u00fc (sesli, vokal) ve \u00fcns\u00fcz (sessiz, konsonant) olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00dcNL\u00dcLER :
    \nOlu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda herhangi bir tak\u0131nt\u0131ya u\u011framayan, sedalar\u0131n\u0131 sadece ses tellerinin titre\u015fiminden alan seslerdir. a, e, \u0131, i o, \u00f6, u, \u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. Bu sesler, d\u00f6rt \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n1. Olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re: A\u011fz\u0131n gerisinde, dilin arka taraf\u0131nda olu\u015fan a, \u0131, o, u sesleri art (kal\u0131n) \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. Dilin \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle a\u011fz\u0131n \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131nda olu\u015fan e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc sesleri de \u00f6n (ince) \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir.
    \n2. Dudaklar\u0131n durumuna g\u00f6re: Olu\u015fumunda dudaklar\u0131n yuvarlak \u015fekil ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fcz\u00fclmeye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o, \u00f6, u, \u00fc sesleri yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. Olu\u015fumunda dudaklar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a, e, \u0131, i sesleri d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir.
    \n3. A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun durumuna g\u00f6re: Olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun geni\u015f oldu\u011fu a, e, o, \u00f6 sesleri geni\u015f; a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun dar oldu\u011fu \u0131, i, u, \u00fc sesleri dar \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir.
    \n4. Sesin s\u00fcreklilik derecesine g\u00f6re: S\u00f6yleni\u015fi s\u00fcrekli olan \u00fcnl\u00fcler uzun \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. S\u00f6yleni\u015fi bir anda (k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede) olan \u00fcnl\u00fcler k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde uzun \u00fcnl\u00fclere (\u0101, \u00ea, \u00ee, \u016b, \u00fb) Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan dilimize giren kelimelerde rastlan\u0131r. Yakut ve T\u00fcrkmen T\u00fcrk\u00e7elerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcler ise ana T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden kalmad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki \u00fcnl\u00fcler k\u0131sad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcnl\u00fcleri bir tabloda \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz:<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcz Yuvarlak
    \nGeni\u015f Dar Geni\u015f Dar
    \nArt (kal\u0131n) A I O U
    \n\u00d6n (ince) E \u0130 \u00d6 \u00dc
    \n\u00dcNS\u00dcZLER<\/p>\n

    Olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses yolunda (ses telleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil, dil, damak, di\u015fler ve dudaklarda) bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan, tak\u0131nt\u0131ya u\u011frayan seslerdir. Olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu sebebiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerde \u00fcns\u00fczlerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fclerden fazlad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede de alfabede g\u00f6sterilen 29 sesten 21\u2019i \u00fcns\u00fczd\u00fcr. (b, c, \u00e7, d, f, g, \u011f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, \u015f, t, v, y, z)<\/p>\n

    \u00dcns\u00fczler, tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 sesler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tek ba\u015flar\u0131na s\u00f6ylenemezler, tek ba\u015flar\u0131na hece ve kelime olamazlar. Dillerdeki \u00fcns\u00fcz sesler, tek ba\u015flar\u0131na s\u00f6ylenemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcne veya arkas\u0131na bir \u00fcnl\u00fc getirilerek telaffuz edilirler: ef, el, es, en; ce, de, fe, ge gibi. Dilimizdeki \u00fcns\u00fcz sesler ise, tek tek s\u00f6ylenirken T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ses \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve yap\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak be, ce, \u00e7e, de, fe, ga, ge, ha (he, h\u0131), je, ka (ke), le, me, ne, pe, re, se, \u015fe, te, ve, ye, ze \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylenmelidir. N harfini en, m harfini em, h harfini a\u015f veya ey\u00e7, s\u2019yi es, r\u2019yi ar \u015feklinde okumak yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 okurken buna dikkat etmek gerekir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in BBC k\u0131saltmas\u0131 bi bi si; CNN k\u0131saltmas\u0131 si en en \u015feklinde okunabilir ama Has Bilgi Birikim k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (HBB) ey\u00e7 bi bi; Nergis Televizyonu k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (NTV) en ti vi; T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (TR) ti ar; televizyon k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (TV) ti vi \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylemek de yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcns\u00fczler, tonlu – tonsuz olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re, temas derecelerine g\u00f6re ve olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n1. Tonlu – tonsuz olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re: Olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses tellerini titre\u015ftiren b, c, d, g, \u011f, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z sesleri tonlu (sedal\u0131, yumu\u015fak); bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve ses tellerini titre\u015ftirmeyen \u00e7, f, h, k, p, s, \u015f, t sesleri tonsuzdur. Tonlu \u00fcns\u00fczlerin tonsuz \u00fcns\u00fczler i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlar vard\u0131r. Bunlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda alt alta gelecek \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. l m n r y \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin ise tonsuz kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yoktur. Bunlar ayr\u0131 bir grup olu\u015fturlar.
    \n2. Temas derecelerine g\u00f6re: b, c, \u00e7, d, g, k, p, t \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015fleyen organlar birbirine tam temasla hava yolunu kapatarak, ge\u00e7it vermedikleri i\u00e7in bu sesler, akci\u011ferden gelen havan\u0131n, \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan engeli a\u015fmas\u0131yla (patlamayla) olu\u015fur. H\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131 veya f\u0131s\u0131rt\u0131 halinde s\u00fcrekli olarak s\u00f6ylenemeyen bu sesler, s\u00fcreksiz (patlay\u0131c\u0131) \u00fcns\u00fczlerdir.
    \nf, \u011f, h, j, l, m, n, r, s, \u015f, v, y, z \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise ses yolundaki organlar birbirlerine tam temas etmezler. Hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in az \u00e7ok bir aral\u0131k olur. Bu sesler, h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131 veya m\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131 (ssss…, \u015f\u015f\u015f\u015f\u015f…, mmmm…,) \u015feklinde s\u00fcrekli s\u00f6ylenmeye uygun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli \u00fcns\u00fczler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
    \n\u0130\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli \u00fcns\u00fczlerin bulundu\u011fu (pe\u00e7ete, \u00e7aput, ket\u00e7ap, a\u00e7\u0131kta gibi) baz\u0131 s\u00f6zlerde, s\u00f6z \u00f6beklerinde \u00e7\u0131kaklar\u0131 yak\u0131n seslerin art arda gelmesi sonucu s\u00f6yleyi\u015fin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 kula\u011f\u0131 rahats\u0131z eder. Buna kakofoni de denir. Bu tarzdaki kelimeler, bestelenmeye pek uygun de\u011fildir.
    \nTonlu – tonsuz olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re ve temas derecelerine g\u00f6re \u00fcns\u00fczleri bir tabloda \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz:<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcreksiz S\u00fcrekli
    \nTonsuz (sert, sedas\u0131z,) p \u00e7 t k f h s \u015f
    \nTonlu (yumu\u015fak, sedal\u0131) b c d g v \u011f z j l m n r y<\/p>\n

    3. Olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcns\u00fczler: \u00dcns\u00fczler, ses yolundaki olu\u015fum yerlerine g\u00f6re \u00f6nden arkaya do\u011fru da s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcns\u00fczler, tek tek dikkatli bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylenirse, bunlar\u0131n nerede ve nas\u0131l olu\u015ftuklar\u0131 pratik bir bi\u00e7imde tespit edilebilir.<\/p>\n

    E. T\u00dcRK\u00c7EN\u0130N SES \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    1. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi di\u011fer dillerden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zelliklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ses uyumlar\u0131 gelir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede d\u00f6rt \u00e7e\u015fit ses uyumu vard\u0131r:
    \na. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumu (Kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik, artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck uyumu)<\/p>\n

    Kelimedeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerin, artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck (kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik) bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi uyumdur. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde art (kal\u0131n) \u00fcnl\u00fc (a, \u0131, o, u) ta\u015f\u0131yan heceleri, art \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc; \u00f6n (ince) \u00fcnl\u00fc (e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc) ta\u015f\u0131yan heceleri de \u00f6n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc heceler takip eder: anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131zdan, soyunuz; sevgisiyle, g\u00fczelli\u011finizden.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6rneklere dikkat edilirse T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir kelimedeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerin hepsi ya art ya \u00f6n olmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimeler, art s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimeler ve \u00f6n s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimeler olmak \u00fczere iki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Art s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimelere art \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc; \u00f6n s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimelere \u00f6n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc ekler gelmesi bu uyum sebebiyledir: ordu-lar, yi\u011fit-ler; sor-gu, bil-gi.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck uyumu her devir ve her sahada \u00e7ok sa\u011flam oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan baz\u0131 istisnalar\u0131 vard\u0131r:
    \n\u00d8 Asl\u00ee \u015fekilleri artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck uyumuna uydu\u011fu h\u00e2lde \u00e7e\u015fitli ses olaylar\u0131yla uyum d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kelimeler: elma < alma, anne < ana, dahi <tak\u0131, hani < kan\u0131, hangi < kang\u0131, inanmak < inanmak, karde\u015f < kar\u0131nda\u015f, \u015fi\u015fman < \u015f\u0131\u015fman.
    \n\u00d8 -da\u015f, -ken, -ki, -lay\u0131n \/-leyin, -mt\u0131rak, -yor ekleri : dinda\u015f, azken, \u00e7okken, iyiyken, yoldaki, onunki, ak\u015famleyin, sabahleyin, ye\u015filimt\u0131rak, biliyor.
    \nb. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumu (d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumu)<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerdeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerin d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi uyumdur.
    \nD\u00fczl\u00fck uyumu: Kelimenin ilk hecesindeki d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc (a, \u0131 \/ e, i) sonraki hecede d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fc takip eder: a\u00e7\u0131k, s\u0131cak; sevgi, ince.
    \na \u2192 a, \u0131 e \u2192 e, i \u0131 \u2192 \u0131, a i \u2192 i, e
    \nYuvarlakl\u0131k uyumu: Kelimenin ilk hecesindeki yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcleri (o, u, \u00f6, \u00fc), sonraki hecede dar yuvarlak (u \/ \u00fc) veya d\u00fcz geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc heceler (a \/ e) takip eder: oduncular, unutulmayanlar, g\u00f6zlerin, g\u00fcl\u00fcmse.
    \no \u2192 u, a \u00f6 \u2192 \u00fc, e u \u2192 u, a \u00fc \u2192 \u00fc, e
    \nA\u00e7\u0131klamaya dikkat edilirse o ve \u00f6 \u00fcnl\u00fclerinin kelimenin sadece ilk hecesinde bulunabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
    \n\u00d6zellikle dudak ve di\u015f-dudak \u00fcns\u00fczleri (b, m, p, f, v) avu\u00e7, \u00e7amur, karpuz, kavun, kavurma, ya\u011fmur gibi \u00f6rneklerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi yuvarlakla\u015fmaya sebep olurlar. Bu uyum, kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik uyumu kadar sa\u011flam de\u011fildir. Anadolu a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda bu gibi kelimeler d\u00fczl\u00fck – yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuna uydurulur: av\u0131\u00e7, \u00e7am\u0131r, karp\u0131z, kav\u0131n, kav\u0131rma, ya\u011fm\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde a, \u0131 d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fclerinden sonra e, i d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcleri; o, u yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fclerinden sonra \u00f6, \u00fc yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcleri gelemez. \u201cAnne, elma gibi kelimeler kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik uyumuna uymaz ama d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuna uyar.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131nda bir \u00fcnl\u00fc, kendinden bir \u00f6nceki \u00fcnl\u00fcye uymaktad\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2, sormad\u0131 kelimesinde o\u2019dan sonra a\u2019n\u0131n gelmesi yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuyla; a\u2019dan sonra \u0131\u2019n\u0131n gelmesi d\u00fczl\u00fck uyumuyla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

    Birle\u015fik kelimelerde, \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131 aranmaz:
    \ndelikanl\u0131, gecekondu, Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y, demirba\u015f, han\u0131meli, yelkovan.
    \nc. \u00dcns\u00fcz uyumu
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde tonlu (sedal\u0131) \u00fcns\u00fczler (b, c, d, g, \u011f, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z) tonlu \u00fcns\u00fczlerle; tonsuz (sedas\u0131z) \u00fcns\u00fczler (\u00e7, f, h, k, p, s, \u015f, t) tonsuz \u00fcns\u00fczlerle yan yana gelebilir. Buna \u00fcns\u00fcz uyumu veya \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesi denir.
    \na\u015f-\u00e7\u0131, at-k\u0131, i\u015f-\u00e7i, ta\u015f-tan, T\u00fcrk-\u00e7e.
    \nd. \u00dcnl\u00fc-\u00fcns\u00fcz uyumu
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde art damak \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin art (kal\u0131n) \u00fcnl\u00fclerle (a, \u0131, o, u); \u00f6n damak \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin \u00f6n (ince) \u00fcnl\u00fclerle (e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc) ayn\u0131 hecede bulunmas\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir uyumdur. Yani, a, \u0131, o, u \u00fcnl\u00fcleri g, k, \u013a \u00fcns\u00fczleriyle; e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fcleri \u0121, k, l \u00fcns\u00fczleriyle ayn\u0131 hecede bulunmazlar. Bozgun, kuzgun, kap\u0131, k\u0131ra\u011f\u0131, tatl\u0131; g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, gezi, g\u00fcne\u015flik kelimelerinin s\u00f6yleni\u015fine dikkat edilirse g, \u011f, k, l seslerinin buradaki \u00f6rneklerde ayn\u0131 sesler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sezilebilir.<\/p>\n

    2. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede o, \u00f6 \u00fcnl\u00fcleri (-yor eki d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) sadece ilk hecede bulunur. \u0130lk hece d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda o, \u00f6 sesleri olan kelimeler yabanc\u0131 as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r:
    \nbalkon, biyografi, fizyoloji, konsol, kons\u00fcltasyon, monit\u00f6r, otomobil, profes\u00f6r, trakt\u00f6r.<\/p>\n

    3. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc yoktur. \u0130\u00e7inde uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc bulunan kelimeler yabanc\u0131 as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r: c\u00e2hil, m\u00e2vi, mill\u00ee, n\u00e2ho\u015f, per\u00ee\u015f\u00e2n, \u015f\u00e2ir, t\u00e2r\u00eeh, vaz\u00eefe.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 ses olaylar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e2 < a\u011fa, \u00e2bi < a\u011fabey, pek\u00ee < pek iyi, ile v\u00e2rolmak, y\u00e2r\u0131n kelimeleri istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    4. \u0130nce a ve ince l sesleri yoktur: harften, hakikate, saati, s\u0131hhatli, \u015fefk\u00e2tini; alkoll\u00fc, h\u00e2l\u00e2, hay\u00e2l, normalde, pl\u00e2n. \u00d6rneklere dikkat edilirse kelimelere getirilen eklerin \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumuna uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    5. Arap\u00e7adaki ay\u0131n ve hemze sesleri, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar s\u00f6ylenmez, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu seslerden \u00f6nce \u00fcnl\u00fc olmas\u0131 durumunda \u00fcnl\u00fc, uzun okunur: b\u0101zen, m\u0101n\u0101, m\u0113mur, \u015f\u0101ir,t\u0113sir, y\u00e2ni. Arap\u00e7adan al\u0131nan kelimelerdeki ay\u0131n ve hemze kesme i\u015faretiyle g\u00f6sterilir. Ancak anlam kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayacak kelimelerde bunlar\u0131n kesmeyle yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan -son zamanlarda- vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir: san\u2019at, ma\u2019n\u00e2, meb\u2019\u00fbs, me\u2019m\u00fbr, ne\u015f\u2019e, te\u2019s\u00eer, te\u2019s\u00ees > sanat, mana, mebus, memur, ne\u015fe, tesir, tesis.<\/p>\n

    6. Dilimizde iki \u00fcnl\u00fc yan yana gelmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten kelimeler, \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan ekler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman araya y koruyucu \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc girer: iki – y – e, soru – y – u, bekle – y – en, s\u00f6yle – y \u2013ecek.<\/p>\n

    Yan yana iki \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu kelimeler al\u0131nmad\u0131r: aile, ait, fail, fiil, muamele, \u015fair, \u015fiir, reis vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    7. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir hecede ancak bir \u00fcnl\u00fc bulunur. Ayn\u0131 hecede iki \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu kelimeler al\u0131nmad\u0131r: kau-\u00e7uk, kua-f\u00f6r, koo-peratif, sua-re.<\/p>\n

    8. Kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde ikiz \u00fcns\u00fcz (\u015fedde) yan yana bulunmaz:
    \ndikkat, himmet, \u015fedde, bakkal, d\u00fckkan, millet, te\u015fekk\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Anne (<ana), belli, bellemek, elli (<elig) kelimeleri istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    9. Kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde ikiden fazla \u00fcns\u00fcz yan yana gelmez:
    \nElektrik, kontrol, quartz, sfenks, strateji, thyssen…gibi kelimeler bat\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nmad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, sertlik gibi \u00f6rneklerde yan yana gelen \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcns\u00fczden ikisinin kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcne, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn eke ait oldu\u011funa dikkat ediniz.<\/p>\n

    10. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e heceler ve kelimeler iki \u00fcns\u00fczle ba\u015flamaz: blok, bravo, grup, kl\u00e2sik, kral, kontrat, spor, stop, stres, pl\u00e2j, program, tren,…gibi kelimeler, ba\u015fka dillerden al\u0131nmad\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131zlarda bu iki \u00fcns\u00fcz aras\u0131nda bir \u00fcnl\u00fc t\u00fcretilir:
    \nk\u0131ral, sipor, tiren,…<\/p>\n

    11. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda c, \u011f, l, m, n, \u00f1, r, z sesleri bulunmaz. \u00c7ocuk dili kelimeleriyle (cici, mama, meme, ninni,…) nine ve ne ile ne\u2019den yap\u0131lan kelimeler (nas\u0131l (<ne as\u0131l), ne, neden, nere, nereden, nereye, nice, ni\u00e7in, nine, nitelik kelimeleri istisna olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    Al\u0131nma kelimelere \u00f6rnekler: cam, can, cehennem, l\u00e2f, limonata, lira, makine, marul, metal, naylon, nohut, numara, re\u00e7el, romantik, rol, vakum, vaziyet, vazo, zaman, zarar, zor, zeytin.<\/p>\n

    12. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin sonunda b, c, d, g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmaz. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerdeki bu sesler sert kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 olan p, \u00e7, t, k \u00fcns\u00fczlerine \u00e7evrilir: Ahenk (< \u00e2heng), fert (< ferd), ihra\u00e7 (< ihr\u00e2c), kitap (< kit\u00e2b), kalp (<kalb), levent (< levend).<\/p>\n

    Kelimenin \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir ek almas\u0131 h\u00e2linde sert \u00fcns\u00fczler yumu\u015fayarak eski \u015fekline d\u00f6ner: ihtiy\u00e2c > ihtiya\u00e7 > ihtiyac\u0131; mekt\u00fbb > mektup > mektuba, reng > renk > rengi gibi.<\/p>\n

    Ad, sac, od, \u00f6d gibi kelimeler istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    13. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede f, h, j, v sesleri bulunmaz: Fal, film, filiz, fizik; hakikat, hamur, havlu, jeton, j\u00fcri, pijama, pl\u00e2j; vicdan, vida gibi kelimeler al\u0131nmad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nan kelimelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen j sesi halk a\u011fz\u0131nda c olarak s\u00f6ylenir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerdeki v sesi, ya b\u2019den, ya g\/\u011f\u2019dan de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir ya da vur- \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi t\u00fcremi\u015ftir: \u00f6fke (<\u00f6bke), yufka (< yubka); dahi (< tak\u0131), han (< kan), hatun (< katun), hani (< kan\u0131); ev (< eb), var- (< bar-), ver- (< bir) d\u00f6v- (< d\u00f6\u011f-) vur- (<ur-), ev (< eb).<\/p>\n

    14. Hece ve kelime sonunda, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fcns\u00fcz \u00e7iftleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcns\u00fcz gruplar\u0131 bulunmaz:
    \n-l\u00e7, -lk, -lp, -lt: \u00f6l\u00e7; ilk, kalk; alp, kulp; alt, bunalt, salt.
    \n-n\u00e7, -nk, -nt: din\u00e7, gen\u00e7, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7, sevin\u00e7; denk; ant, kunt.
    \n-r\u00e7, -rk, -rp, -rs, -rt: s\u00fcr\u00e7, bur\u00e7; bark, g\u00f6rk, T\u00fcrk; sarp, serp; sars, pars, ters;art, kart, kurt, \u00f6rt, y\u0131rt, yurt,yo\u011furt.
    \n-st: ast, \u00fcst.<\/p>\n

    A\u015fk, ar\u015f, \u00e7ift, disk, fel\u00e7, film, f\u00f6tr, harf, l\u00fcks, misk, modernizm, pop\u00fclizm, risk, \u015fevk, tolerans gibi kelimeler, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bu ses \u00f6zelli\u011fine uymayan al\u0131nma kelimelerdir.<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7adan ve bat\u0131 dillerinden al\u0131nan kelimelerden bu ses \u00f6zelli\u011fine uymayanlar, araya bir \u00fcnl\u00fc getirilmek suretiyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uydurulmu\u015ftur. Bunlara \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir ek veya kelime gelirse t\u00fcretilen \u00fcnl\u00fcler d\u00fc\u015fer: ak\u0131l (< akl) – akl\u0131, fikir (<fikr) – fikre, \u00f6m\u00fcr (<\u00f6mr) – \u00f6mr\u00fc, seyir (<seyr) – seyret-, \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr (< \u015f\u00fckr) – \u015f\u00fckretmek; film (< film), l\u00fck\u00fcs (< l\u00fcks), moderin (< modern).<\/p>\n

    15. \u201c\u0131\u201d \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bat\u0131 dillerinin pek \u00e7o\u011funda, Arap\u00e7ada ve Fars\u00e7ada \u0131 yoktur: \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, \u0131l\u0131k, s\u0131cak, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, y\u0131ld\u0131z gibi kelimeler T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir.<\/p>\n

    16. Tabiat taklidi kelimeler i\u00e7in ses \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama yoktur. Bunlar hangi sesle ba\u015flarsa ba\u015flas\u0131n, i\u00e7inde hangi ses bulunursa bulunsun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kabul edilir: dank, f\u0131s f\u0131s, fingirti, fiskos, fokurtu, h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131, hoppala, horultu, lak lak, l\u0131k\u0131r l\u0131k\u0131r, melemek, miyavlamak, oh, \u00f6f, p\u00fcf, p\u00fcf\u00fcr p\u00fcf\u00fcr, rap rap, \u015f\u0131r\u0131l \u015f\u0131r\u0131l, v\u0131d\u0131 v\u0131d\u0131, v\u0131z\u0131r v\u0131z\u0131r, z\u0131r\u0131l z\u0131r\u0131l, zonklamak.<\/p>\n

    17. \u00c7ocuk dili kelimelerinde de ses \u00f6zellikleri aranmaz: baba, bibi, cici, dede, lala, kaka, nene, mama, meme,…
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, di\u011fer dillerden giren kelimelerin pek \u00e7o\u011fu bu ses \u00f6zelliklerinden birine veya birka\u00e7\u0131na uymaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ses \u00f6zelliklerini bilenler, s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011fe bakmadan kelimenin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (tesad\u00fcfen uyanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) kolayl\u0131kla anlayabilirler. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kelimeler, kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u0131ralanan sebeplerden dolay\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e de\u011fildir:<\/p>\n

    Vil\u00e2yet : 1. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n2. \u00e2 uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc var.
    \n3. v sesi var.<\/p>\n

    Monit\u00f6r : 1. Ba\u015fta m sesi var.
    \n2. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n3. \u0130lk heceden sonra \u00f6 sesi gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Heyec\u00e2n: 1. h sesi var.
    \n2. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n3. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc var.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI
    \n1. Seslerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n2. Eklerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n3. Kelimelerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n4. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI
    \n\u0130ml\u00e2, kelimelerin ve dil birliklerinin yaz\u0131m\u0131 demektir. T\u00fcrk iml\u00e2s\u0131nda sese (s\u00f6yleyi\u015fe) ba\u011fl\u0131 bir iml\u00e2 d\u00fczeni benimsenmi\u015f olmakla birlikte iml\u00e2 konusundaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar hen\u00fcz bitmi\u015f de\u011fildir. 1929\u2019da Dil Enc\u00fcmeni taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 L\u00fbgati\u2019nden T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019na kadar yaz\u0131mda epeyce de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maceray\u0131 \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun sunu\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131ndan okuyabilirsiniz. Burada, tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmeden, e\u011fitimde birlik olmal\u0131 ilkesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve son bask\u0131s\u0131 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun kurallar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc; ana hatlar\u0131yla, \u00f6\u011fretimde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f ve kurallara uygun birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek il\u00e2ve edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    SESLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR :<\/p>\n

    1. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde k\u00f6keni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olan kelimelerin sonunda tonlu b, c, d, g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmaz: a\u011fa\u00e7, ak, b\u00fcy\u00fck, ip, ot, sa\u00e7, yurt.<\/p>\n

    Dilimizdeki al\u0131nt\u0131lar da hac, \u015fad, yad gibi birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kelime sonunda yumu\u015fama kural\u0131na uymu\u015ftur: kitap (<kitab), muhta\u00e7 (<muhtac), cilt (<cild), ahenk (<aheng). Bu gibi al\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fcnl\u00fc ile ba\u015flayan bir ek ald\u0131klar\u0131nda sert sessizler yumu\u015far:<\/p>\n

    Sebep > sebebi, Kitap > kitaba, Cilt > cildi, Renk > rengi.<\/p>\n

    2. D\u00fcz, geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcyle (a ,e) biten fiiller \u015fimdiki zaman \u00e7ekimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daralmaz.
    \nBeklemek bekliyor,
    \nAnlamak anlam\u0131yor,
    \nsaklamak sakl\u0131yor.
    \nS\u00f6ylemek s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor<\/p>\n

    YANLI\u015e DO\u011eRU
    \nanl\u0131yan anlayan
    \ng\u00f6zl\u00fcyecek g\u00f6zleyecek
    \ngeliyim geleyim
    \ns\u00f6yliyeyim s\u00f6yleyeyim
    \na\u011fl\u0131yay\u0131m a\u011flayay\u0131m
    \nba\u015fl\u0131yay\u0131m ba\u015flayay\u0131m
    \nyat\u0131r\u0131y\u0131m yat\u0131ray\u0131m<\/p>\n

    3. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcler, belli durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmez :
    \nadalet (ada:let),
    \ni\u015faret (i\u015fa:ret),
    \nkaide (ka:ide).
    \nD\u00dcZELTME \u0130\u015eARET\u0130
    \n4. D\u00fczeltme (^) i\u015fareti a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a. Nispet \u00ee\u2019sinin belirtme durumu ve iyelik ekiyle kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk askeri (iyelik eki). Komutan, asker-i \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor. (Belirtme h\u00e2li eki \u2013 kimi\/neyi) Asker\u00ee okul (askere ait, askerle ilgili)<\/p>\n

    \u0130slam dini
    \nDin\u00ee bilgiler<\/p>\n

    Fizik ilmi Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn resmi
    \n\u0130lm\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalar Resm\u00ee kurulu\u015flar<\/p>\n

    resm\u00ee, insan\u00ee, cidd\u00ee, mizah\u00ee, idar\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee, meslek\u00ee, fizik\u00ee.<\/p>\n

    b. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan dilimize giren birtak\u0131m kelime ve eklerde g, k, l \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in, bu \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra gelen \u201ca\u201d ve \u201cu\u201d sesleri \u00fczerine d\u00fczeltme i\u015fareti konur:
    \nmezk\u00fbr, s\u00fck\u00fbn, s\u00fck\u00fbt mek\u00e2n mahk\u00fbm k\u00e2fir hik\u00e2ye tezg\u00e2h g\u00e2vur derg\u00e2h, yadig\u00e2r, ordug\u00e2h, kararg\u00e2h, imk\u00e2n, d\u00fckk\u00e2n, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, s\u00fck\u00fbt, evl\u00e2t, bill\u00fbr, \u00fcsl\u00fbp, ahl\u00e2k, il\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

    Hakk\u00e2ri, El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2hiye L\u00e2dik L\u00e2pseki K\u00e2z\u0131m, Hal\u00fbk, L\u00e2le, Nal\u00e2n, K\u00e2mil<\/p>\n

    Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kelimelerde de \u201cL\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \npl\u00e2k, pl\u00e2j, pl\u00e2n, rekl\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

    c. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131, anlamlar\u0131 ve okunu\u015flar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan kelimeleri ay\u0131rmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    adem (yokluk)
    \n\u00e2dem (insan)<\/p>\n

    adet (say\u0131)
    \n\u00e2det (al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, gelenek)<\/p>\n

    a\u015f\u0131k (ayak bile\u011findeki kemik)
    \n\u00e2\u015f\u0131k (seven,tutkun)<\/p>\n

    dahi (bile)
    \nd\u00e2hi ( deha sahibi,yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc olan)<\/p>\n

    hal (pazar yeri,\u00e7\u00f6zme)
    \nh\u00e2l (durum)<\/p>\n

    hala (baban\u0131n k\u0131z karde\u015fi)
    \nh\u00e2l\u00e2 (hen\u00fcz)<\/p>\n

    kar (bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u015fekli)
    \nk\u00e2r (kazan\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    nar (bir meyve)
    \nn\u00e2r (ate\u015f)<\/p>\n

    \u015fura (\u015fu yer)
    \n\u015f\u00fbra (dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu)<\/p>\n

    yar (u\u00e7urum)
    \ny\u00e2r (sevgili)<\/p>\n

    5. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerde \u201cs\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcnden sonra gelen \u201cb\u201d sesi \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201cp\u201dye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve \u201cp\u201d ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nispat, kispet, m\u00fcspet, nispet, tespih, tespit.<\/p>\n

    6. Dilimize Fars\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en \u201c\u2013dar\u201d ekindeki \u201cd\u201d sesi sert \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201ct\u201d olur:
    \nminnettar, sil\u00e2htar, taraftar.<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en Hayrettin, Seyfettin, Necmettin gibi \u00f6zel adlarda da \u201cd\u201d sesi \u201ct\u201dye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    EKLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    1. Soru eki her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00d6\u011freniyor musunuz? \u00d6l\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn? Kalem mi? \u0130nsanl\u0131k \u00f6ld\u00fc m\u00fc?<\/p>\n

    2. \u201c-ki\u201d aitlik eki \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz ve daima biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYar\u0131nki, ak\u015famki, yoldaki, yaz\u0131daki, Turgut\u2019unki.<\/p>\n

    Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uyar: bug\u00fcnk\u00fc, d\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00f6b\u00fcrk\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    3. \u201c-ma \/-me\u201d fiilden isim yapma eki ile biten kelimeler -a, -e, -\u0131, -i ekleriyle geni\u015fletildi\u011finde araya y koruyucu \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc girer:
    \nkazanma-y-a, okuma-y-a, sevme-y-i.<\/p>\n

    -mak \/ -mek ile bitenlere ise -a, -e, -\u0131, -i eklerinden biri gelirse -k \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc yumu\u015far: yazmak-a > yazma\u011fa, okumak-a > okuma\u011fa. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u2019li yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir e\u011filim vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    4. \u201c-ken\u201d (<iken) eki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumuna uymaz. Getirildi\u011fi kelimenin \u00fcnl\u00fcleri kal\u0131n da olsa, ekin \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ince kal\u0131r :
    \nokurken, yazarken, durgunken, ba\u015flarken.<\/p>\n

    5. \u201ci\u201d- ek-fiili ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz :
    \nokuyor idik, \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak imi\u015fiz, yorgun ise.<\/p>\n

    Ancak, imek fiili bug\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok ekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak kullan\u0131lmakta ve \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaktad\u0131r: bak\u0131yordu, s\u00fcslenecekmi\u015f, neyse, g\u00fczelmi\u015f, al\u0131rsa.<\/p>\n

    6. \u201cki\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131 her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r :
    \nDemek ki, bilmem ki,
    \nGe\u00e7mi\u015f zaman olur ki hayali cihan de\u011fer.
    \nOlmaz ki!
    \nB\u00f6yle de yat\u0131lmaz ki! (Orhan Veli)<\/p>\n

    7. \u2013da\/-de ba\u011flac\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flac\u0131n ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan biliniyor ancak bulunma h\u00e2li ekiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle ay\u0131rt edebiliriz:
    \n\u00fc Ba\u011fla\u00e7 olan -da\/de\u2019nin -ta \/ -te \u015fekli yoktur.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Bir isim, h\u00e2l eklerinden sadece birini alabilir. Kelimede h\u00e2l eklerinden biri varsa bunu takip eden \u2013da\/-de ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r ve ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: Bu soruyu da bildi. Size de sel\u00e2m\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc H\u00e2l eki \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak olursa belirgin bir \u015fekilde, c\u00fcmlede kopukluk olur.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc \u201cya\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kullan\u0131lan \u201cda\u201d mutlaka ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r (ya da). Araba ya da otomobil, ne bulursan tut.<\/p>\n

    KEL\u0130MELERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    Dilimizde yeni bir kavram\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yollardan biri, kelime birle\u015ftirmesidir. Kelime birle\u015ftirmesi yoluyla kurulan s\u00f6zlere birle\u015fik kelime ad\u0131 verilir. Bu terim i\u00e7in bile\u015fik kelime denilmesi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ml\u00e2m\u0131zla ilgili teredd\u00fctlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, kelimelerin ayr\u0131 m\u0131, biti\u015fik mi yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bahsinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131 ve biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler i\u00e7in uzunca bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmak yerine pratik bir ka\u00e7 kural vererek ana hatlar\u0131yla bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zetleyece\u011fiz:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda anlam kaymas\u0131na u\u011frayan birle\u015fik kelimeler, biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nhan\u0131meli, kaynanadili, dokuzta\u015f (oyun), deveboynu (boru).
    \n\u00fc Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nkay\u0131n ata > kaynata, s\u00fctl\u00fc a\u015f > s\u00fctla\u00e7, ne i\u00e7in > ni\u00e7in, emir etmek > emretmek, sab\u0131r etmek > sabretmek, kay\u0131p olmak > kaybolmak.
    \nReddetmek, hissetmek, reddolunmak, affetmek, zannetmek, hiss > his, his-etmek >hissetmek.<\/p>\n

    1. B\u0130T\u0130\u015e\u0130K YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    Birle\u015fik kelimelerden biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlara biti\u015fik kelime diyoruz. Birle\u015fik kelimelerden hangilerinin biti\u015fik yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir :<\/p>\n

    a. Kurall\u0131 birle\u015fik fiiller biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nal\u0131verdi, d\u00fc\u015feyazd\u0131, bakakald\u0131lar, anlayabilirseniz, yazabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

    b. Kelimelerden biri veya ikisi, birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda benzetme yoluyla anlam de\u011fi\u015fmesine u\u011frarsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAslana\u011fz\u0131, ke\u00e7isakal\u0131, ke\u00e7iboynuzu, karag\u00f6z (bal\u0131k), bal\u0131kg\u00f6z\u00fc (halka), s\u0131\u00e7andi\u015fi (diki\u015f), kad\u0131nbudu (k\u00f6fte), dilberduda\u011f\u0131(tatl\u0131), acemborusu (bitki), ku\u015fyemi (bitki), be\u015fta\u015f (oyun), camg\u00fczeli (bitki), yal\u0131\u00e7apk\u0131n\u0131 (ku\u015f), Samanyolu (y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmesi), Demirkaz\u0131k (y\u0131ld\u0131z), ay\u015fekad\u0131n (fasulye), haf\u0131zali (\u00fcz\u00fcm), karafatma (b\u00f6cek).<\/p>\n

    c. \u2013an \/-en, -r \/ -ar \/ -er, ve \u2013maz \/ -mez ekleriyle kurulmu\u015f s\u0131fat-fiil gruplar\u0131ndan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u011fa\u00e7kakan, \u00e7\u00f6p\u00e7atan, oyunbozan, sa\u00e7k\u0131ran, g\u00f6kdelen, ak\u0131mtoplar, betonkarar, \u00e7oksatar, sanatsever, teker\u00e7alar (cd), u\u00e7aksavar, ku\u015fkonmaz, varyemez, t\u00f6retan\u0131maz, de\u011ferbilmez.<\/p>\n

    d. -d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu \/ -t\u00fc ) ekiyle kurulan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalbast\u0131, ci\u011ferdeldi, gecekondu, g\u00fcnindi, kolbast\u0131, imambay\u0131ld\u0131, mirasyedi, z\u0131p\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, toprakbast\u0131, \u015f\u0131psevdi.<\/p>\n

    e. Her iki \u00f6gesi de \u2013d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu\/ -t\u00fc) veya \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er eklerini alm\u0131\u015f ve kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ndedikodu, kapt\u0131ka\u00e7t\u0131, oldubitti, bi\u00e7erd\u00f6ver, uyurgezer, okuryazar, yanard\u00f6ner, y\u00fczergezer.<\/p>\n

    f. Hayvan, bitki, organ ve \u00e7e\u015fitli nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve i\u00e7inde renklerden birinin ad\u0131 veya renk s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen renk adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakla\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, balk\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, camg\u00f6be\u011fi, devet\u00fcy\u00fc, fildi\u015fi, vi\u015fne\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    g. Renk adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve bitki, hayvan veya hastal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinden birini g\u00f6steren birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \naka\u011fa\u00e7, akkavak, akmantar, karadut, kara\u00e7al\u0131, alabal\u0131k, karaku\u015f, bozay\u0131, beyazsinek, sar\u0131\u00e7i\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n

    h. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen \u00fcst ve \u00fczeri s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fc, ayak\u00fcst\u00fc, bayram\u00fcst\u00fc, ikindi\u00fczeri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc, su\u00e7\u00fcst\u00fc, y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    i. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen alt s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nayakalt\u0131, bilin\u00e7alt\u0131, g\u00f6zalt\u0131, \u015fuuralt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    j. \u0130ki veya daha \u00e7ok kelimenin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fmu\u015f ki\u015fi adlar\u0131, soyadlar\u0131, l\u00e2kaplar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yer adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAlper, Birol, G\u00fclseren; Atat\u00fcrk, Ad\u0131var, Tanp\u0131nar;Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa; \u00c7anakkale, P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131, Be\u015fikta\u015f, Yeni\u015fehir, Bat\u0131kent, \u00c7engelk\u00f6y, \u0130ncesu, Ac\u0131g\u00f6l.<\/p>\n

    k. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ve unvanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, meydan, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131ndaki unvan grubu ; unvan kelimesi sonda ise, gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAbidinpa\u015fa, Bayrampa\u015fa, Necatibey (Caddesi), Gaziosmanpa\u015fa (\u00dcniversitesi).<\/p>\n

    l. Ara y\u00f6nleri belirten kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00fcneybat\u0131, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu, kuzeydo\u011fu,kuzeybat\u0131<\/p>\n

    m. Senet, \u00e7ek vb. ticar\u00ee belgelerde ge\u00e7en say\u0131lar biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u201cyediy\u00fczyirmibe\u015fmilyonaltm\u0131\u015fsekizbinsekizy\u00fczo n\u201d lira.<\/p>\n

    n. Her iki \u00f6gesi de asl\u00ee anlam\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu halde yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler de vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Ba\u015f s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan s\u0131fat tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nba\u015fkomutan, ba\u015fyazar, ba\u015ffiyat, ba\u015frol, ba\u015fk\u00f6\u015fe, ba\u015fparmak, ba\u015fkent, ba\u015f\u00e7avu\u015f, ba\u015feser.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Ba\u015f\u0131 kelimesiyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \na\u015f\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, binba\u015f\u0131, onba\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ark\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, ustaba\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131..<\/p>\n

    \u00fc O\u011flu, o\u011fullar\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6zleriyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nCafero\u011flu, Topalo\u011flu, Osmano\u011fullar\u0131, \u00e7apano\u011flu, day\u0131o\u011flu, elo\u011flu, hino\u011fluhin, teyzek\u0131z\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc A\u011fa, bey, efendi, han\u0131m, nine vb. s\u00f6zlerle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011fababa, a\u011fabey, beyefendi, efendibaba, han\u0131manne, han\u0131mefendi, hac\u0131a\u011fa.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc A\u00e7\u0131ortay, a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131, akarsu, akaryak\u0131t, anamal, anaokulu, anapara, anayasa, atas\u00f6z\u00fc, ayba\u015f\u0131, babaanne, basmakal\u0131p, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc, birdenbire, bozk\u0131r, bug\u00fcn, buzdolab\u0131, delikanl\u0131, erba\u015f, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, ilkbahar, ilkokul, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim, ipucu, milletvekili, t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m, topyek\u00fbn, vazge\u00e7mek, yar\u0131\u00e7ap, yar\u0131mada, yery\u00fcz\u00fc, y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi kelime ve deyimler de gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Biraz, biraz\u0131, birka\u00e7, birka\u00e7\u0131, birtak\u0131m, bir\u00e7ok, bir\u00e7o\u011fu, hi\u00e7bir, hi\u00e7biri, herhangi kelimeleri de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    o. Hane kelimesiyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00e7ayhane, dershane, eczahane, hastahane, postahane, pastahane, yemekhane. Bu s\u00f6zlerde ge\u00e7en hane kelimesindeki h\u2019nin yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    p. Perver, perest, zade ve name kelimeleriyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nvatanperver, hayalperest, Resulzade, day\u0131zade, beyanname, O\u011fuzname, Battalname.<\/p>\n

    q. Kanunda biti\u015fik ge\u00e7en veya biti\u015fik olarak tescil ettirilen kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri, Genelkurmay, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim.<\/p>\n

    r. oto, tele, matik \u00f6geleriyle kurulan al\u0131nt\u0131lar da biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \notobiyografi, otomobil, otogar, otopark, telekart, telek\u0131z, telefon, bankamatik.<\/p>\n

    2. AYRI YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    a. Deyimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00f6ze girmek, etekleri zil \u00e7almak, a\u011fz\u0131 kulaklar\u0131na varmak.<\/p>\n

    b. \u0130kilemeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbata \u00e7\u0131ka, yava\u015f yava\u015f, g\u00fcle oynaya, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk, ev bark, konu kom\u015fu, e\u015f dost, kitap mitap, s\u00fckl\u00fcm p\u00fckl\u00fcm, soy sop.<\/p>\n

    c. Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerle kurulan birle\u015fik fillerde ses olay\u0131 olmuyorsa ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narz etmek, adam olmak, dans etmek, soracak olmak, not etmek, oyun etmek, sa\u011f\u0131r olmak, yok olmak, yard\u0131m etmek, yar\u0131\u015f etmek.<\/p>\n

    d. Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kelimelerden hi\u00e7biri anlam de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011fram\u0131yorsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Hayvan t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \nada bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ard\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fu, tarla ku\u015fu, bal ar\u0131s\u0131, Pekin \u00f6rde\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Bitki t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \n\u00e7\u00f6rek otu, ac\u0131 ot, yayla \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, yumru k\u00f6k, ku\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc, da\u011f armudu, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, kuru fasulye, kuru incir, yaban g\u00fcl\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Nesne, e\u015fya ve alet adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbak\u0131r ta\u015f\u0131, dikili ta\u015f, Arap sabunu, el kitab\u0131, alt ge\u00e7it, toplu i\u011fne, dolma kalem, yemek masas\u0131, yapma \u00e7i\u00e7ek. yatak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Yol ve ula\u015f\u0131mla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nArnavut kald\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7evre yolu, deniz yolu, kara yolu, ke\u00e7i yolu.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Durum, olgu ve olay bildiren s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7\u0131k oturum, ana dili, dil birli\u011fi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu, i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, masa ba\u015f\u0131, sofra ba\u015f\u0131, ses uyumu, yer \u00e7ekimi.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Bilim ve bilgi s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \nanlam bilimi, g\u00f6k bilimi, dil bilgisi, halk bilimi, ses bilgisi.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Yuvar ve k\u00fcre s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \n\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00fcre, yar\u0131 k\u00fcre, a\u011f\u0131r k\u00fcre, hava yuvar\u0131, g\u00f6z yuvar\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 yuvar\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Yiyecek, i\u00e7ecek adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131, Urfa kebab\u0131, dil peyniri, tas kebab\u0131, \u0130neg\u00f6l k\u00f6ftesi, havu\u00e7lu kek, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, maden suyu, vi\u015fne suyu, i\u015fkembe \u00e7orbas\u0131, koz helvas\u0131, kesme \u015feker, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, dolma biber, kuru yemi\u015f, s\u00fczme yo\u011furt.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc G\u00f6k cisimleri:
    \n\u00c7oban y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z, g\u00f6k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6k ta\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Organ veya organ yerine ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7 g\u00f6z, sulu g\u00f6z, bel kemi\u011fi, takma bacak, gaga burun, kuru kafa, karga burun.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Benzetme yoluyla insan\u0131n bir niteli\u011fini anlatmak \u00fczere bitki, hayvan ve nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011f\u0131r top, \u00e7etin ceviz, eksik etek, sa\u011fmal inek, deli balta, \u00e7\u00f6ps\u00fcz \u00fcz\u00fcm, eski toprak.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Zamanla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nba\u011f bozumu, gece yar\u0131s\u0131,g\u00fcn ortas\u0131, hafta ba\u015f\u0131, hafta sonu, ay sonu, y\u0131l sonu.<\/p>\n

    e. \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er, -maz \/ -mez ve \u2013an \/ -en ekleriyle kurulan s\u0131fat tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakar k\u00f6r, \u00e7alar saat, \u00e7\u0131kar yol, d\u00f6ner kap\u0131, d\u00f6ner kebap, g\u00fcler y\u00fcz, yazar kasa, \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokak, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kaza, t\u00fckenmez kalem, u\u00e7an daire, u\u00e7an top.<\/p>\n

    f. Renk s\u00f6z\u00fc veya renklerden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f isim tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki renk adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbak\u0131r rengi, k\u00fcl rengi, portakal rengi, ten rengi, gece mavisi, limon sar\u0131s\u0131, boncuk mavisi, duman rengi,\u00c7ingene pembesi.<\/p>\n

    g. Yer adlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Bat\u0131, Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney, Kuzey, Kuzeybat\u0131, Kuzeydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneybat\u0131, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131, Orta, Yukar\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, B\u00fcy\u00fck, Eski, Yeni, \u0130\u00e7, Yak\u0131n, Uzak gibi kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nOrta Asya, Uzak Do\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Erenk\u00f6y, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7aml\u0131ca, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Ayranc\u0131, Yeni K\u0131z\u0131lelma.<\/p>\n

    h. Yer adlar\u0131 :
    \nYunus Emre Mahallesi, Bah\u00e7elievler Mahallesi, Sakarya \u0131rma\u011f\u0131,Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Erciyes da\u011f\u0131, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, \u0130zmir K\u00f6rfezi, Nene Hatun Caddesi.<\/p>\n

    i. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, bulvar, cadde, sokak, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131nda sondaki unvanlar hari\u00e7, \u015fah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam \u00dcniversitesi, Koca Mustafapa\u015fa.<\/p>\n

    j. \u015eehirlere sonradan verilen unvanlar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nKahraman Mara\u015f, Gazi Antep, Gazi Magosa, \u015eanl\u0131 Urfa.<\/p>\n

    k. Ev, ocak, yurt kelimeleriyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u015f evi, bak\u0131m evi, radyo evi, ordu evi, \u00f6\u011fretmen evi, yay\u0131n evi, aile oca\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k oca\u011f\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenci yurdu, yeti\u015ftirme yurdu.<\/p>\n

    l. Ara, d\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te, s\u0131ra s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nmilletler aras\u0131, devletler aras\u0131, uluslar aras\u0131, yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131, din d\u0131\u015f\u0131, fizik \u00f6tesi, mor \u00f6tesi, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131, akl\u0131 s\u0131ra, ard\u0131 s\u0131ra.<\/p>\n

    m. Somut olarak yer belirten \u00fcst s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narka \u00fcst\u00fc, b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt \u00fcst\u00fc, tepe \u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    n. Alt, \u00fcst, ana, \u00f6n, art, arka, yan, kar\u015f\u0131, i\u00e7, d\u0131\u015f, orta, b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, sa\u011f, sol, pe\u015fin, bir, iki, tek, \u00e7ok, \u00e7ift s\u00f6zlerinin ba\u015fa getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalt yap\u0131, alt yaz\u0131, ana bilim dal\u0131, ana fikir, ana vatan, \u00f6n lisans, \u00f6n s\u00f6z, art niyet, yan c\u00fcmle, i\u00e7 kulak, d\u0131\u015f gezi, orta \u00f6\u011frenim, b\u00fcy\u00fck anne, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir, pe\u015fin fikir, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli.<\/p>\n

    o. Birden fazla kelimeden olu\u015fan say\u0131lar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbin dokuz y\u00fcz yirmi alt\u0131, yetmi\u015f sekiz, k\u0131rk bir.<\/p>\n

    p. Kanunda biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, Emekli Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    q. T\u00fcrk devlet ve topluluklar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel adlar \u00fcnl\u00fcler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki s\u00f6yleni\u015fine g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAzerbaycan, Bak\u00fb, Semerkant, \u0130sl\u00e2m Kerimov.<\/p>\n

    r. \u00dcns\u00fczlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck korunur:
    \nSaparmurad Niyazov.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler
    \nKAYNAK : TDK
    \nA. C\u00fcmle b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAk ak\u00e7e kara g\u00fcn i\u00e7indir.
    \nHayatta en hakiki m\u00fcr\u015fit ilimdir, fendir. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde t\u0131rnak veya yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar ve sonlar\u0131na uygun noktalama i\u015fareti (nokta, soru, \u00fcnlem) konur:
    \nAtat\u00fcrk, “Muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fun kudret, damarlar\u0131ndaki asil kanda mevcuttur!” diyor.
    \nAnadolu kentlerini, k\u00f6ylerini (K\u00f6y s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00e7ekinerek yaz\u0131yorum.) gezsek bile g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendimizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geziyoruz. (Nurullah Ata\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki \u00e7izgi aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klama c\u00fcmleleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBir zamanlar -bu zamanlar \u00e7ok da uzak de\u011fildir, bundan on, on iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce- T\u00fcrk saltanat\u0131n\u0131n maddi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z denilecek kadar geni\u015fti. (Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    \u0130ki noktadan sonra gelen c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMenfaat sandalyeye benzer: Ba\u015f\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131rsan seni k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcr, aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na al\u0131rsan y\u00fckseltir. (Cenap \u015eahabettin)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki noktadan sonra c\u00fcmle niteli\u011finde olmayan \u00f6rnekler s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu \u00f6rnekler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBu eskili\u011fi siz de \u00e7ok evde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr: duvarlarda \u00e7iviler, \u00e7ivi yerleri, lekeler… (Memduh \u015eevket Esendal)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Rakamla ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlelerde rakamdan sonra gelen kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumunun 73. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6rnek niteli\u011findeki kelimelerle ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlede de ilk harf b\u00fcy\u00fck yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n“Banka, b\u00fct\u00e7e, devlet, f\u0131nd\u0131k, kanepe, menek\u015fe, \u015femsiye” gibi y\u00fczlerce kelime, k\u00f6kenleri yabanc\u0131 olmakla birlikte art\u0131k dilimizin mal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. “Et-, ol-” fiilleri, dilimizde en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerdir.<\/p>\n

    B. Dizeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nHalk i\u00e7inde muteber bir nesne yok devlet gibi;
    \nOlmaya devlet cihanda bir nefes s\u0131hhat gibi. (Muhibbi)<\/p>\n

    Korkma! S\u00f6nmez bu \u015fafaklarda y\u00fczen al sancak
    \nS\u00f6nmeden yurdumun \u00fcst\u00fcnde t\u00fcten en son ocak. (Mehmet Akif Ersoy)<\/p>\n

    Bin atl\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda \u00e7ocuklar gibi \u015fendik;
    \nBin atl\u0131 o g\u00fcn dev gibi bir orduyu yendik. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    C. Levhalar ve a\u00e7\u0131klama yaz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGiri\u015f, \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcd\u00fcr, Vezne, Ba\u015fkan, Doktor, Otob\u00fcs Dura\u011f\u0131, Dolmu\u015f Dura\u011f\u0131, \u015eehirler Aras\u0131 Telefon, III. Kat, IV. S\u0131n\u0131f, I. Blok.<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131lardan sonra gelen kelimeler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    D. Bilim dallar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ilgili dallardaki uygulamaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:
    \nCanis canis, Caris caris, Ardea alba, Populus alba, Prunus domestica, Pinus silvestris.<\/p>\n

    E. Kitap, bildiri, makale vb.nde ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin tamam\u0131, alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin ise yaln\u0131zca ilk harfleri b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nF. Kitap, dergi vb.nde bulunan resim, \u00e7izelge, tablo vb.nin alt\u0131nda yer alan a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar<\/p>\n

    G. Belirli bir tarih bildiren ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 May\u0131s 1453 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 29 Ekim 1923, 28 Aral\u0131k 1982’de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131. Lale festivali 25 Haziranda ba\u015flayacak.
    \n1919 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu g\u00fcn\u00fc Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    Belirli bir tarihi belirtmeyen ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nOkullar genellikle eyl\u00fcl\u00fcn ikinci haftas\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flar. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulu toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 per\u015fembe g\u00fcnleri yapar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    H. \u00d6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:<\/p>\n

    1. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla soyadlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk,<\/p>\n

    Takma adlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMuhibbi (Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman), Demirta\u015f (Ziya G\u00f6kalp), Tarhan (\u00d6mer Seyfettin),<\/p>\n

    2. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra gelen sayg\u0131 s\u00f6zleri, unvanlar, lakaplar, meslek ve r\u00fctbe adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Kaymakam Erol Bey, Say\u0131n Prof. Dr. Hasan Eren, Hamdi Bey, Mustafa Efendi,<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nT\u00fclay abla, Ay\u015fe teyze, Fatma nine, Kemal day\u0131, Saim amca, Ali eni\u015fte.<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler ba\u015fa geldi\u011finde lakap yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar: Nene Hatun, Baba G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, Day\u0131 Kemal, Hala Sultan.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 tarih\u00ee ve menk\u0131bevi \u015fahsiyetlerde ise akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelime sonda oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde unvan de\u011feri kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6zel ada d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nG\u00fcl Baba, Susuz Dede, Adile Hala, G\u00fcls\u00fcm Bac\u0131, Sultan Ana.<\/p>\n

    Resm\u00ee yaz\u0131larda sayg\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zlerden sonra gelen ve makam, mevki, unvan bildiren kelimeler de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSay\u0131n Bakan, Say\u0131n Ba\u015fkan, Say\u0131n Rekt\u00f6r, Say\u0131n Vali,<\/p>\n

    Hitap kelimeleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSevgili Karde\u015fim, Aziz Dostum, De\u011ferli Arkada\u015f\u0131m,<\/p>\n

    3. Hayvanlara verilen \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSar\u0131k\u0131z, Fino, Karaba\u015f, Pamuk, Minno\u015f, Tekir.<\/p>\n

    4. Millet, boy, oymak adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk, Alman, \u0130ngiliz, Rus, Arap, Japon; O\u011fuz, Kazak, K\u0131rg\u0131z, \u00d6zbek, Tatar, Karake\u00e7ili, Hac\u0131musal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    5. Dil ve leh\u00e7e adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Almanca, \u0130ngilizce, Rus\u00e7a, Arap\u00e7a, O\u011fuzca, Kazak\u00e7a, K\u0131rg\u0131zca, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, Tatarca.<\/p>\n

    6. Devlet adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Suudi Arabistan, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti.<\/p>\n

    7. Din ve mezhep adlar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman; Hristiyanl\u0131k, Hristiyan; Musevilik, Musevi; Budizm, Budist; Hanefilik, Hanefi; Malikilik, Maliki; Protestanl\u0131k, Protestan; Katoliklik, Katolik.<\/p>\n

    8. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTanr\u0131, Allah, Cebrail, Zeus, Oziris, Kibele.<\/p>\n

    Ancak tanr\u0131 kelimesi \u00f6zel ad olarak kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nEski Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131. Baz\u0131 din\u00ee terimlerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamas\u0131 gelenekle\u015fmi\u015ftir:
    \ncennet, cehennem, u\u00e7mak, tamu, peygamber, s\u0131rat k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    9. Gezegen ve y\u0131ld\u0131z adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMerk\u00fcr, Nept\u00fcn, Pl\u00fcton, Halley, D\u00fcnya,G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay vb.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: D\u00fcnya, g\u00fcne\u015f, ay kelimeleri gezegen anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    10. Yer adlar\u0131 (k\u0131ta, b\u00f6lge, il, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y, semt, cadde, sokak, semt vb.) b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAsya, Avrupa, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu; Ankara,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 s\u00f6zleri y\u00f6n bildirdi\u011finde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBursa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu. Bu s\u00f6zler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, hayat tarz\u0131, politika vb. anlamlar bildirdi\u011finde ise b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: Bat\u0131 medeniyeti, Do\u011fu mistisizmi vb.<\/p>\n

    Yer adlar\u0131nda ilk isimden sonra gelen deniz, nehir, g\u00f6l, da\u011f, bo\u011faz vb. t\u00fcr bildiren ikinci isimler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nA\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmay\u0131p tamlama kuran \u015fehir, il, il\u00e7e, bucak, belde, k\u00f6y vb. s\u00f6zler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKonya ili, Etimesgut il\u00e7esi, Taflan k\u00f6y\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    Mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak adlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahallesi, Yunus Emre Mahallesi, Karak\u00f6y Meydan\u0131, Zafer Meydan\u0131, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131, Nene Hatun Caddesi, Cemal Nadir Soka\u011f\u0131, Fevzi \u00c7akmak Soka\u011f\u0131, \u0130nk\u0131lap Soka\u011f\u0131, Re\u015fat Nuri Soka\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131 Soka\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Yer bildiren \u00f6zel isimlerde de k\u0131saltmal\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman, kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck harf kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nHisar\u2019dan, Bo\u011faz\u2019dan, Bulvar\u2019dan.<\/p>\n

    11. Saray, k\u00f6\u015fk, han, kale, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, an\u0131t vb. yap\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTopkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131, \u0130shakpa\u015fa Saray\u0131, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc, Horozlu Han, Ankara Kalesi, Alanya Kalesi, Galata K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Fatih Sultan Mehmet K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Mostar K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Beyaz\u0131t Kulesi, Zafer Abidesi, Bilge Ka\u011fan An\u0131t\u0131.<\/p>\n

    12. Kurum, kurulu\u015f ve kurul adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcphane, \u00c7ocuk Esirgeme Kurumu, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi, \u00c7ankaya Lisesi; Anadolu Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, Mavi K\u00f6\u015fe Bakkaliyesi; T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, Ye\u015filay Derne\u011fi, Muharip Gaziler Derne\u011fi, Emek \u0130n\u015faat; Bakanlar Kurulu, Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu, Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    13. Kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik, y\u00f6nerge, genelge adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMedeni Kanun, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku (kanun), Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Telif Hakk\u0131 Yay\u0131n ve Sat\u0131\u015f Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Kurum, kurulu\u015f, kurul, merkez, bakanl\u0131k, \u00fcniversite, fak\u00fclte, b\u00f6l\u00fcm, kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik vb.ni bildiren kelimeler, belli bir kurum vb. kastedildi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nBu y\u0131l Meclis, yeni d\u00f6neme erken ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Son aylarda Kurum, yaz\u0131m konusunda yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. 2876 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun bu y\u0131l yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7iriliyor. Bu madde Y\u00f6netmelik\u2019in 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    14. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eserlerinin (tablo, heykel, m\u00fczik) her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nNutuk, Safahat, Kendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz, Anadolu Notlar\u0131, Sinekli Bakkal; T\u00fcrk Dili, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, Varl\u0131k; Resm\u00ee Gazete, H\u00fcrriyet, Milliyet, T\u00fcrkiye, Yeni Y\u00fczy\u0131l, Yeni As\u0131r; Saraydan K\u0131z Ka\u00e7\u0131rma, Onuncu Y\u0131l Mar\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmayan gazete, dergi, tablo vb. s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nMilliyet gazetesi, T\u00fcrk Dili dergisi, Hal\u0131 Dokuyan K\u0131zlar tablosu.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: B\u00fcy\u00fck harflerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde bulunan ve, ile, ya, veya, yahut, ki, da, de s\u00f6zleriyle m\u0131, mi, mu, m\u00fc soru eki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nMai ve Siyah, Su\u00e7 ve Ceza, Leyla ile Mecnun, Turfanda m\u0131, Turfa m\u0131? Diyorlar ki, D\u00fcnyaya \u0130kinci Geli\u015f yahut S\u0131r \u0130\u00e7inde Esrar, Ya Devlet Ba\u015fa ya Kuzgun Le\u015fe, Ben de Yazd\u0131m.<\/p>\n

    15. Mill\u00ee ve din\u00ee bayramlarla bayram niteli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerin adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131, 23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik ve \u00c7ocuk Bayram\u0131, Ramazan Bayram\u0131, Kurban Bayram\u0131, Nevruz Bayram\u0131, Anneler G\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00d6\u011fretmenler G\u00fcn\u00fc, 27 Mart D\u00fcnya Tiyatrolar G\u00fcn\u00fc, 14 Mart T\u0131p Bayram\u0131, H\u0131d\u0131rellez.<\/p>\n

    Kurultay, bilgi \u015f\u00f6leni, a\u00e7\u0131k oturum vb. toplant\u0131lar\u0131n adlar\u0131nda her kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nV. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk Dili Kurultay\u0131, Manas Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni.<\/p>\n

    16. Tarih\u00ee olay, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri, \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f, Y\u00fckselme Devri, Mill\u00ee Edebiyat D\u00f6nemi, Servetif\u00fcnun D\u00f6nemi, Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nem bildirmeyip t\u00fcr veya tarz bildiren terimler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \ndivan \u015fiiri, divan edebiyat\u0131, halk \u015fiiri, halk edebiyat\u0131, eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili, T\u00fcrk sanat m\u00fczi\u011fi, T\u00fcrk halk m\u00fczi\u011fi, tekke edebiyat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    17. \u00d6zel adlardan t\u00fcretilen b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrkolog, T\u00fcrkoloji, Avrupal\u0131, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmak, Asyal\u0131l\u0131k, Darvinci, Konyal\u0131, Bursal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ad kendi anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni bir anlam kazanm\u0131\u015fsa b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacem (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir perde), hicaz (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), nihavent (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), amper (elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131nda \u015fiddet birimi), jul (fizikte i\u015f birimi), donki\u015fotluk (gere\u011fi yokken kahramanl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye kalk\u0131\u015fmak).<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Para birimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: avro, dinar, dolar, lira, yeni kuru\u015f, liret.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: M\u00fczikte kullan\u0131lan makam ve t\u00fcr adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacema\u015firan, acembuselik, bayati, hicazk\u00e2r, t\u00fcrk\u00fc, varsa\u011f\u0131, bayat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    18. Yer, millet ve ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimelerde \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAntep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, Br\u00fcksel lahanas\u0131, Frenk g\u00f6mle\u011fi, Hindistan cevizi, \u0130ngiliz anahtar\u0131, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, Mara\u015f dondurmas\u0131, Van kedisi
    \nM\u00fcr\u00e2caat : 1. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n2. Ba\u015fta m sesi var.
    \n3. \u0130ki \u00fcnl\u00fc yan yana gelmi\u015ftir.
    \n4. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc var.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1. Seslerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n2. Eklerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n3. Kelimelerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n4. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI
    \n\u0130ml\u00e2, kelimelerin ve dil birliklerinin yaz\u0131m\u0131 demektir. T\u00fcrk iml\u00e2s\u0131nda sese (s\u00f6yleyi\u015fe) ba\u011fl\u0131 bir iml\u00e2 d\u00fczeni benimsenmi\u015f olmakla birlikte iml\u00e2 konusundaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar hen\u00fcz bitmi\u015f de\u011fildir. 1929\u2019da Dil Enc\u00fcmeni taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 L\u00fbgati\u2019nden T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019na kadar yaz\u0131mda epeyce de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maceray\u0131 \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun sunu\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131ndan okuyabilirsiniz. Burada, tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmeden, e\u011fitimde birlik olmal\u0131 ilkesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve son bask\u0131s\u0131 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun kurallar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc; ana hatlar\u0131yla, \u00f6\u011fretimde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f ve kurallara uygun birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek il\u00e2ve edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    SESLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR :<\/p>\n

    1. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde k\u00f6keni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olan kelimelerin sonunda tonlu b, c, d, g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmaz: a\u011fa\u00e7, ak, b\u00fcy\u00fck, ip, ot, sa\u00e7, yurt.<\/p>\n

    Dilimizdeki al\u0131nt\u0131lar da hac, \u015fad, yad gibi birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kelime sonunda yumu\u015fama kural\u0131na uymu\u015ftur: kitap (<kitab), muhta\u00e7 (<muhtac), cilt (<cild), ahenk (<aheng). Bu gibi al\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fcnl\u00fc ile ba\u015flayan bir ek ald\u0131klar\u0131nda sert sessizler yumu\u015far:<\/p>\n

    Sebep > sebebi, Kitap > kitaba, Cilt > cildi, Renk > rengi.<\/p>\n

    2. D\u00fcz, geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcyle (a ,e) biten fiiller \u015fimdiki zaman \u00e7ekimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daralmaz.
    \nBeklemek bekliyor,
    \nAnlamak anlam\u0131yor,
    \nsaklamak sakl\u0131yor.
    \nS\u00f6ylemek s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor<\/p>\n

    YANLI\u015e DO\u011eRU
    \nanl\u0131yan anlayan
    \ng\u00f6zl\u00fcyecek g\u00f6zleyecek
    \ngeliyim geleyim
    \ns\u00f6yliyeyim s\u00f6yleyeyim
    \na\u011fl\u0131yay\u0131m a\u011flayay\u0131m
    \nba\u015fl\u0131yay\u0131m ba\u015flayay\u0131m
    \nyat\u0131r\u0131y\u0131m yat\u0131ray\u0131m<\/p>\n

    3. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcler, belli durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmez :
    \nadalet (ada:let),
    \ni\u015faret (i\u015fa:ret),
    \nkaide (ka:ide).
    \nD\u00dcZELTME \u0130\u015eARET\u0130
    \n4. D\u00fczeltme (^) i\u015fareti a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a. Nispet \u00ee\u2019sinin belirtme durumu ve iyelik ekiyle kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk askeri (iyelik eki). Komutan, asker-i \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor. (Belirtme h\u00e2li eki \u2013 kimi\/neyi) Asker\u00ee okul (askere ait, askerle ilgili)<\/p>\n

    \u0130slam dini
    \nDin\u00ee bilgiler<\/p>\n

    Fizik ilmi Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn resmi
    \n\u0130lm\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalar Resm\u00ee kurulu\u015flar<\/p>\n

    resm\u00ee, insan\u00ee, cidd\u00ee, mizah\u00ee, idar\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee, meslek\u00ee, fizik\u00ee.<\/p>\n

    b. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan dilimize giren birtak\u0131m kelime ve eklerde g, k, l \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in, bu \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra gelen \u201ca\u201d ve \u201cu\u201d sesleri \u00fczerine d\u00fczeltme i\u015fareti konur:
    \nmezk\u00fbr, s\u00fck\u00fbn, s\u00fck\u00fbt mek\u00e2n mahk\u00fbm k\u00e2fir hik\u00e2ye tezg\u00e2h g\u00e2vur derg\u00e2h, yadig\u00e2r, ordug\u00e2h, kararg\u00e2h, imk\u00e2n, d\u00fckk\u00e2n, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, s\u00fck\u00fbt, evl\u00e2t, bill\u00fbr, \u00fcsl\u00fbp, ahl\u00e2k, il\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

    Hakk\u00e2ri, El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2hiye L\u00e2dik L\u00e2pseki K\u00e2z\u0131m, Hal\u00fbk, L\u00e2le, Nal\u00e2n, K\u00e2mil<\/p>\n

    Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kelimelerde de \u201cL\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \npl\u00e2k, pl\u00e2j, pl\u00e2n, rekl\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

    c. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131, anlamlar\u0131 ve okunu\u015flar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan kelimeleri ay\u0131rmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    adem (yokluk)
    \n\u00e2dem (insan)<\/p>\n

    adet (say\u0131)
    \n\u00e2det (al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, gelenek)<\/p>\n

    a\u015f\u0131k (ayak bile\u011findeki kemik)
    \n\u00e2\u015f\u0131k (seven,tutkun)<\/p>\n

    dahi (bile)
    \nd\u00e2hi ( deha sahibi,yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc olan)<\/p>\n

    hal (pazar yeri,\u00e7\u00f6zme)
    \nh\u00e2l (durum)<\/p>\n

    hala (baban\u0131n k\u0131z karde\u015fi)
    \nh\u00e2l\u00e2 (hen\u00fcz)<\/p>\n

    kar (bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u015fekli)
    \nk\u00e2r (kazan\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    nar (bir meyve)
    \nn\u00e2r (ate\u015f)<\/p>\n

    \u015fura (\u015fu yer)
    \n\u015f\u00fbra (dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu)<\/p>\n

    yar (u\u00e7urum)
    \ny\u00e2r (sevgili)<\/p>\n

    5. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerde \u201cs\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcnden sonra gelen \u201cb\u201d sesi \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201cp\u201dye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve \u201cp\u201d ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nispat, kispet, m\u00fcspet, nispet, tespih, tespit.<\/p>\n

    6. Dilimize Fars\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en \u201c\u2013dar\u201d ekindeki \u201cd\u201d sesi sert \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201ct\u201d olur:
    \nminnettar, sil\u00e2htar, taraftar.<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en Hayrettin, Seyfettin, Necmettin gibi \u00f6zel adlarda da \u201cd\u201d sesi \u201ct\u201dye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    EKLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    1. Soru eki her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00d6\u011freniyor musunuz? \u00d6l\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn? Kalem mi? \u0130nsanl\u0131k \u00f6ld\u00fc m\u00fc?<\/p>\n

    2. \u201c-ki\u201d aitlik eki \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz ve daima biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYar\u0131nki, ak\u015famki, yoldaki, yaz\u0131daki, Turgut\u2019unki.<\/p>\n

    Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uyar: bug\u00fcnk\u00fc, d\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00f6b\u00fcrk\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    3. \u201c-ma \/-me\u201d fiilden isim yapma eki ile biten kelimeler -a, -e, -\u0131, -i ekleriyle geni\u015fletildi\u011finde araya y koruyucu \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc girer:
    \nkazanma-y-a, okuma-y-a, sevme-y-i.<\/p>\n

    -mak \/ -mek ile bitenlere ise -a, -e, -\u0131, -i eklerinden biri gelirse -k \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc yumu\u015far: yazmak-a > yazma\u011fa, okumak-a > okuma\u011fa. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u2019li yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir e\u011filim vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    4. \u201c-ken\u201d (<iken) eki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumuna uymaz. Getirildi\u011fi kelimenin \u00fcnl\u00fcleri kal\u0131n da olsa, ekin \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ince kal\u0131r :
    \nokurken, yazarken, durgunken, ba\u015flarken.<\/p>\n

    5. \u201ci\u201d- ek-fiili ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz :
    \nokuyor idik, \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak imi\u015fiz, yorgun ise.<\/p>\n

    Ancak, imek fiili bug\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok ekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak kullan\u0131lmakta ve \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaktad\u0131r: bak\u0131yordu, s\u00fcslenecekmi\u015f, neyse, g\u00fczelmi\u015f, al\u0131rsa.<\/p>\n

    6. \u201cki\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131 her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r :
    \nDemek ki, bilmem ki,
    \nGe\u00e7mi\u015f zaman olur ki hayali cihan de\u011fer.
    \nOlmaz ki!
    \nB\u00f6yle de yat\u0131lmaz ki! (Orhan Veli)<\/p>\n

    7. \u2013da\/-de ba\u011flac\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flac\u0131n ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan biliniyor ancak bulunma h\u00e2li ekiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle ay\u0131rt edebiliriz:
    \n\u00fc Ba\u011fla\u00e7 olan -da\/de\u2019nin -ta \/ -te \u015fekli yoktur.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Bir isim, h\u00e2l eklerinden sadece birini alabilir. Kelimede h\u00e2l eklerinden biri varsa bunu takip eden \u2013da\/-de ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r ve ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: Bu soruyu da bildi. Size de sel\u00e2m\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc H\u00e2l eki \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak olursa belirgin bir \u015fekilde, c\u00fcmlede kopukluk olur.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc \u201cya\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kullan\u0131lan \u201cda\u201d mutlaka ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r (ya da). Araba ya da otomobil, ne bulursan tut.<\/p>\n

    KEL\u0130MELERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    Dilimizde yeni bir kavram\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yollardan biri, kelime birle\u015ftirmesidir. Kelime birle\u015ftirmesi yoluyla kurulan s\u00f6zlere birle\u015fik kelime ad\u0131 verilir. Bu terim i\u00e7in bile\u015fik kelime denilmesi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ml\u00e2m\u0131zla ilgili teredd\u00fctlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, kelimelerin ayr\u0131 m\u0131, biti\u015fik mi yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bahsinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131 ve biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler i\u00e7in uzunca bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmak yerine pratik bir ka\u00e7 kural vererek ana hatlar\u0131yla bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zetleyece\u011fiz:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda anlam kaymas\u0131na u\u011frayan birle\u015fik kelimeler, biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nhan\u0131meli, kaynanadili, dokuzta\u015f (oyun), deveboynu (boru).
    \n\u00fc Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nkay\u0131n ata > kaynata, s\u00fctl\u00fc a\u015f > s\u00fctla\u00e7, ne i\u00e7in > ni\u00e7in, emir etmek > emretmek, sab\u0131r etmek > sabretmek, kay\u0131p olmak > kaybolmak.
    \nReddetmek, hissetmek, reddolunmak, affetmek, zannetmek, hiss > his, his-etmek >hissetmek.<\/p>\n

    1. B\u0130T\u0130\u015e\u0130K YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    Birle\u015fik kelimelerden biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlara biti\u015fik kelime diyoruz. Birle\u015fik kelimelerden hangilerinin biti\u015fik yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir :<\/p>\n

    a. Kurall\u0131 birle\u015fik fiiller biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nal\u0131verdi, d\u00fc\u015feyazd\u0131, bakakald\u0131lar, anlayabilirseniz, yazabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

    b. Kelimelerden biri veya ikisi, birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda benzetme yoluyla anlam de\u011fi\u015fmesine u\u011frarsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAslana\u011fz\u0131, ke\u00e7isakal\u0131, ke\u00e7iboynuzu, karag\u00f6z (bal\u0131k), bal\u0131kg\u00f6z\u00fc (halka), s\u0131\u00e7andi\u015fi (diki\u015f), kad\u0131nbudu (k\u00f6fte), dilberduda\u011f\u0131(tatl\u0131), acemborusu (bitki), ku\u015fyemi (bitki), be\u015fta\u015f (oyun), camg\u00fczeli (bitki), yal\u0131\u00e7apk\u0131n\u0131 (ku\u015f), Samanyolu (y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmesi), Demirkaz\u0131k (y\u0131ld\u0131z), ay\u015fekad\u0131n (fasulye), haf\u0131zali (\u00fcz\u00fcm), karafatma (b\u00f6cek).<\/p>\n

    c. \u2013an \/-en, -r \/ -ar \/ -er, ve \u2013maz \/ -mez ekleriyle kurulmu\u015f s\u0131fat-fiil gruplar\u0131ndan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u011fa\u00e7kakan, \u00e7\u00f6p\u00e7atan, oyunbozan, sa\u00e7k\u0131ran, g\u00f6kdelen, ak\u0131mtoplar, betonkarar, \u00e7oksatar, sanatsever, teker\u00e7alar (cd), u\u00e7aksavar, ku\u015fkonmaz, varyemez, t\u00f6retan\u0131maz, de\u011ferbilmez.<\/p>\n

    d. -d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu \/ -t\u00fc ) ekiyle kurulan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalbast\u0131, ci\u011ferdeldi, gecekondu, g\u00fcnindi, kolbast\u0131, imambay\u0131ld\u0131, mirasyedi, z\u0131p\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, toprakbast\u0131, \u015f\u0131psevdi.<\/p>\n

    e. Her iki \u00f6gesi de \u2013d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu\/ -t\u00fc) veya \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er eklerini alm\u0131\u015f ve kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ndedikodu, kapt\u0131ka\u00e7t\u0131, oldubitti, bi\u00e7erd\u00f6ver, uyurgezer, okuryazar, yanard\u00f6ner, y\u00fczergezer.<\/p>\n

    f. Hayvan, bitki, organ ve \u00e7e\u015fitli nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve i\u00e7inde renklerden birinin ad\u0131 veya renk s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen renk adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakla\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, balk\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, camg\u00f6be\u011fi, devet\u00fcy\u00fc, fildi\u015fi, vi\u015fne\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    g. Renk adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve bitki, hayvan veya hastal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinden birini g\u00f6steren birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \naka\u011fa\u00e7, akkavak, akmantar, karadut, kara\u00e7al\u0131, alabal\u0131k, karaku\u015f, bozay\u0131, beyazsinek, sar\u0131\u00e7i\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n

    h. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen \u00fcst ve \u00fczeri s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fc, ayak\u00fcst\u00fc, bayram\u00fcst\u00fc, ikindi\u00fczeri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc, su\u00e7\u00fcst\u00fc, y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    i. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen alt s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nayakalt\u0131, bilin\u00e7alt\u0131, g\u00f6zalt\u0131, \u015fuuralt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    j. \u0130ki veya daha \u00e7ok kelimenin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fmu\u015f ki\u015fi adlar\u0131, soyadlar\u0131, l\u00e2kaplar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yer adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAlper, Birol, G\u00fclseren; Atat\u00fcrk, Ad\u0131var, Tanp\u0131nar;Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa; \u00c7anakkale, P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131, Be\u015fikta\u015f, Yeni\u015fehir, Bat\u0131kent, \u00c7engelk\u00f6y, \u0130ncesu, Ac\u0131g\u00f6l.<\/p>\n

    k. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ve unvanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, meydan, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131ndaki unvan grubu ; unvan kelimesi sonda ise, gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAbidinpa\u015fa, Bayrampa\u015fa, Necatibey (Caddesi), Gaziosmanpa\u015fa (\u00dcniversitesi).<\/p>\n

    l. Ara y\u00f6nleri belirten kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00fcneybat\u0131, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu, kuzeydo\u011fu,kuzeybat\u0131<\/p>\n

    m. Senet, \u00e7ek vb. ticar\u00ee belgelerde ge\u00e7en say\u0131lar biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u201cyediy\u00fczyirmibe\u015fmilyonaltm\u0131\u015fsekizbinsekizy\u00fczo n\u201d lira.<\/p>\n

    n. Her iki \u00f6gesi de asl\u00ee anlam\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu halde yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler de vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Ba\u015f s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan s\u0131fat tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nba\u015fkomutan, ba\u015fyazar, ba\u015ffiyat, ba\u015frol, ba\u015fk\u00f6\u015fe, ba\u015fparmak, ba\u015fkent, ba\u015f\u00e7avu\u015f, ba\u015feser.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Ba\u015f\u0131 kelimesiyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \na\u015f\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, binba\u015f\u0131, onba\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ark\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, ustaba\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131..<\/p>\n

    \u00fc O\u011flu, o\u011fullar\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6zleriyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nCafero\u011flu, Topalo\u011flu, Osmano\u011fullar\u0131, \u00e7apano\u011flu, day\u0131o\u011flu, elo\u011flu, hino\u011fluhin, teyzek\u0131z\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc A\u011fa, bey, efendi, han\u0131m, nine vb. s\u00f6zlerle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011fababa, a\u011fabey, beyefendi, efendibaba, han\u0131manne, han\u0131mefendi, hac\u0131a\u011fa.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc A\u00e7\u0131ortay, a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131, akarsu, akaryak\u0131t, anamal, anaokulu, anapara, anayasa, atas\u00f6z\u00fc, ayba\u015f\u0131, babaanne, basmakal\u0131p, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc, birdenbire, bozk\u0131r, bug\u00fcn, buzdolab\u0131, delikanl\u0131, erba\u015f, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, ilkbahar, ilkokul, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim, ipucu, milletvekili, t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m, topyek\u00fbn, vazge\u00e7mek, yar\u0131\u00e7ap, yar\u0131mada, yery\u00fcz\u00fc, y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi kelime ve deyimler de gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Biraz, biraz\u0131, birka\u00e7, birka\u00e7\u0131, birtak\u0131m, bir\u00e7ok, bir\u00e7o\u011fu, hi\u00e7bir, hi\u00e7biri, herhangi kelimeleri de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    o. Hane kelimesiyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00e7ayhane, dershane, eczahane, hastahane, postahane, pastahane, yemekhane. Bu s\u00f6zlerde ge\u00e7en hane kelimesindeki h\u2019nin yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    p. Perver, perest, zade ve name kelimeleriyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nvatanperver, hayalperest, Resulzade, day\u0131zade, beyanname, O\u011fuzname, Battalname.<\/p>\n

    q. Kanunda biti\u015fik ge\u00e7en veya biti\u015fik olarak tescil ettirilen kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri, Genelkurmay, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim.<\/p>\n

    r. oto, tele, matik \u00f6geleriyle kurulan al\u0131nt\u0131lar da biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \notobiyografi, otomobil, otogar, otopark, telekart, telek\u0131z, telefon, bankamatik.<\/p>\n

    2. AYRI YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    a. Deyimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00f6ze girmek, etekleri zil \u00e7almak, a\u011fz\u0131 kulaklar\u0131na varmak.<\/p>\n

    b. \u0130kilemeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbata \u00e7\u0131ka, yava\u015f yava\u015f, g\u00fcle oynaya, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk, ev bark, konu kom\u015fu, e\u015f dost, kitap mitap, s\u00fckl\u00fcm p\u00fckl\u00fcm, soy sop.<\/p>\n

    c. Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerle kurulan birle\u015fik fillerde ses olay\u0131 olmuyorsa ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narz etmek, adam olmak, dans etmek, soracak olmak, not etmek, oyun etmek, sa\u011f\u0131r olmak, yok olmak, yard\u0131m etmek, yar\u0131\u015f etmek.<\/p>\n

    d. Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kelimelerden hi\u00e7biri anlam de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011fram\u0131yorsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Hayvan t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \nada bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ard\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fu, tarla ku\u015fu, bal ar\u0131s\u0131, Pekin \u00f6rde\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Bitki t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \n\u00e7\u00f6rek otu, ac\u0131 ot, yayla \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, yumru k\u00f6k, ku\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc, da\u011f armudu, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, kuru fasulye, kuru incir, yaban g\u00fcl\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Nesne, e\u015fya ve alet adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbak\u0131r ta\u015f\u0131, dikili ta\u015f, Arap sabunu, el kitab\u0131, alt ge\u00e7it, toplu i\u011fne, dolma kalem, yemek masas\u0131, yapma \u00e7i\u00e7ek. yatak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Yol ve ula\u015f\u0131mla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nArnavut kald\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7evre yolu, deniz yolu, kara yolu, ke\u00e7i yolu.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Durum, olgu ve olay bildiren s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7\u0131k oturum, ana dili, dil birli\u011fi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu, i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, masa ba\u015f\u0131, sofra ba\u015f\u0131, ses uyumu, yer \u00e7ekimi.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Bilim ve bilgi s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \nanlam bilimi, g\u00f6k bilimi, dil bilgisi, halk bilimi, ses bilgisi.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Yuvar ve k\u00fcre s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \n\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00fcre, yar\u0131 k\u00fcre, a\u011f\u0131r k\u00fcre, hava yuvar\u0131, g\u00f6z yuvar\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 yuvar\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Yiyecek, i\u00e7ecek adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131, Urfa kebab\u0131, dil peyniri, tas kebab\u0131, \u0130neg\u00f6l k\u00f6ftesi, havu\u00e7lu kek, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, maden suyu, vi\u015fne suyu, i\u015fkembe \u00e7orbas\u0131, koz helvas\u0131, kesme \u015feker, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, dolma biber, kuru yemi\u015f, s\u00fczme yo\u011furt.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc G\u00f6k cisimleri:
    \n\u00c7oban y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z, g\u00f6k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6k ta\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Organ veya organ yerine ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7 g\u00f6z, sulu g\u00f6z, bel kemi\u011fi, takma bacak, gaga burun, kuru kafa, karga burun.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Benzetme yoluyla insan\u0131n bir niteli\u011fini anlatmak \u00fczere bitki, hayvan ve nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011f\u0131r top, \u00e7etin ceviz, eksik etek, sa\u011fmal inek, deli balta, \u00e7\u00f6ps\u00fcz \u00fcz\u00fcm, eski toprak.<\/p>\n

    \u00fc Zamanla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nba\u011f bozumu, gece yar\u0131s\u0131,g\u00fcn ortas\u0131, hafta ba\u015f\u0131, hafta sonu, ay sonu, y\u0131l sonu.<\/p>\n

    e. \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er, -maz \/ -mez ve \u2013an \/ -en ekleriyle kurulan s\u0131fat tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakar k\u00f6r, \u00e7alar saat, \u00e7\u0131kar yol, d\u00f6ner kap\u0131, d\u00f6ner kebap, g\u00fcler y\u00fcz, yazar kasa, \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokak, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kaza, t\u00fckenmez kalem, u\u00e7an daire, u\u00e7an top.<\/p>\n

    f. Renk s\u00f6z\u00fc veya renklerden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f isim tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki renk adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbak\u0131r rengi, k\u00fcl rengi, portakal rengi, ten rengi, gece mavisi, limon sar\u0131s\u0131, boncuk mavisi, duman rengi,\u00c7ingene pembesi.<\/p>\n

    g. Yer adlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Bat\u0131, Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney, Kuzey, Kuzeybat\u0131, Kuzeydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneybat\u0131, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131, Orta, Yukar\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, B\u00fcy\u00fck, Eski, Yeni, \u0130\u00e7, Yak\u0131n, Uzak gibi kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nOrta Asya, Uzak Do\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Erenk\u00f6y, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7aml\u0131ca, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Ayranc\u0131, Yeni K\u0131z\u0131lelma.<\/p>\n

    h. Yer adlar\u0131 :
    \nYunus Emre Mahallesi, Bah\u00e7elievler Mahallesi, Sakarya \u0131rma\u011f\u0131,Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Erciyes da\u011f\u0131, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, \u0130zmir K\u00f6rfezi, Nene Hatun Caddesi.<\/p>\n

    i. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, bulvar, cadde, sokak, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131nda sondaki unvanlar hari\u00e7, \u015fah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam \u00dcniversitesi, Koca Mustafapa\u015fa.<\/p>\n

    j. \u015eehirlere sonradan verilen unvanlar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nKahraman Mara\u015f, Gazi Antep, Gazi Magosa, \u015eanl\u0131 Urfa.<\/p>\n

    k. Ev, ocak, yurt kelimeleriyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u015f evi, bak\u0131m evi, radyo evi, ordu evi, \u00f6\u011fretmen evi, yay\u0131n evi, aile oca\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k oca\u011f\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenci yurdu, yeti\u015ftirme yurdu.<\/p>\n

    l. Ara, d\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te, s\u0131ra s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nmilletler aras\u0131, devletler aras\u0131, uluslar aras\u0131, yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131, din d\u0131\u015f\u0131, fizik \u00f6tesi, mor \u00f6tesi, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131, akl\u0131 s\u0131ra, ard\u0131 s\u0131ra.<\/p>\n

    m. Somut olarak yer belirten \u00fcst s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narka \u00fcst\u00fc, b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt \u00fcst\u00fc, tepe \u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    n. Alt, \u00fcst, ana, \u00f6n, art, arka, yan, kar\u015f\u0131, i\u00e7, d\u0131\u015f, orta, b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, sa\u011f, sol, pe\u015fin, bir, iki, tek, \u00e7ok, \u00e7ift s\u00f6zlerinin ba\u015fa getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalt yap\u0131, alt yaz\u0131, ana bilim dal\u0131, ana fikir, ana vatan, \u00f6n lisans, \u00f6n s\u00f6z, art niyet, yan c\u00fcmle, i\u00e7 kulak, d\u0131\u015f gezi, orta \u00f6\u011frenim, b\u00fcy\u00fck anne, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir, pe\u015fin fikir, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli.<\/p>\n

    o. Birden fazla kelimeden olu\u015fan say\u0131lar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbin dokuz y\u00fcz yirmi alt\u0131, yetmi\u015f sekiz, k\u0131rk bir.<\/p>\n

    p. Kanunda biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, Emekli Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    q. T\u00fcrk devlet ve topluluklar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel adlar \u00fcnl\u00fcler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki s\u00f6yleni\u015fine g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAzerbaycan, Bak\u00fb, Semerkant, \u0130sl\u00e2m Kerimov.<\/p>\n

    r. \u00dcns\u00fczlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck korunur:
    \nSaparmurad Niyazov.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler
    \nKAYNAK : TDK
    \nA. C\u00fcmle b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAk ak\u00e7e kara g\u00fcn i\u00e7indir.
    \nHayatta en hakiki m\u00fcr\u015fit ilimdir, fendir. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde t\u0131rnak veya yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar ve sonlar\u0131na uygun noktalama i\u015fareti (nokta, soru, \u00fcnlem) konur:
    \nAtat\u00fcrk, “Muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fun kudret, damarlar\u0131ndaki asil kanda mevcuttur!” diyor.
    \nAnadolu kentlerini, k\u00f6ylerini (K\u00f6y s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00e7ekinerek yaz\u0131yorum.) gezsek bile g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendimizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geziyoruz. (Nurullah Ata\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki \u00e7izgi aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klama c\u00fcmleleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBir zamanlar -bu zamanlar \u00e7ok da uzak de\u011fildir, bundan on, on iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce- T\u00fcrk saltanat\u0131n\u0131n maddi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z denilecek kadar geni\u015fti. (Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    \u0130ki noktadan sonra gelen c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMenfaat sandalyeye benzer: Ba\u015f\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131rsan seni k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcr, aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na al\u0131rsan y\u00fckseltir. (Cenap \u015eahabettin)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki noktadan sonra c\u00fcmle niteli\u011finde olmayan \u00f6rnekler s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu \u00f6rnekler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBu eskili\u011fi siz de \u00e7ok evde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr: duvarlarda \u00e7iviler, \u00e7ivi yerleri, lekeler… (Memduh \u015eevket Esendal)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Rakamla ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlelerde rakamdan sonra gelen kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumunun 73. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6rnek niteli\u011findeki kelimelerle ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlede de ilk harf b\u00fcy\u00fck yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n“Banka, b\u00fct\u00e7e, devlet, f\u0131nd\u0131k, kanepe, menek\u015fe, \u015femsiye” gibi y\u00fczlerce kelime, k\u00f6kenleri yabanc\u0131 olmakla birlikte art\u0131k dilimizin mal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. “Et-, ol-” fiilleri, dilimizde en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerdir.<\/p>\n

    B. Dizeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nHalk i\u00e7inde muteber bir nesne yok devlet gibi;
    \nOlmaya devlet cihanda bir nefes s\u0131hhat gibi. (Muhibbi)<\/p>\n

    Korkma! S\u00f6nmez bu \u015fafaklarda y\u00fczen al sancak
    \nS\u00f6nmeden yurdumun \u00fcst\u00fcnde t\u00fcten en son ocak. (Mehmet Akif Ersoy)<\/p>\n

    Bin atl\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda \u00e7ocuklar gibi \u015fendik;
    \nBin atl\u0131 o g\u00fcn dev gibi bir orduyu yendik. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    C. Levhalar ve a\u00e7\u0131klama yaz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGiri\u015f, \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcd\u00fcr, Vezne, Ba\u015fkan, Doktor, Otob\u00fcs Dura\u011f\u0131, Dolmu\u015f Dura\u011f\u0131, \u015eehirler Aras\u0131 Telefon, III. Kat, IV. S\u0131n\u0131f, I. Blok.<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131lardan sonra gelen kelimeler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    D. Bilim dallar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ilgili dallardaki uygulamaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:
    \nCanis canis, Caris caris, Ardea alba, Populus alba, Prunus domestica, Pinus silvestris.<\/p>\n

    E. Kitap, bildiri, makale vb.nde ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin tamam\u0131, alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin ise yaln\u0131zca ilk harfleri b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nF. Kitap, dergi vb.nde bulunan resim, \u00e7izelge, tablo vb.nin alt\u0131nda yer alan a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar<\/p>\n

    G. Belirli bir tarih bildiren ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 May\u0131s 1453 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 29 Ekim 1923, 28 Aral\u0131k 1982’de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131. Lale festivali 25 Haziranda ba\u015flayacak.
    \n1919 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu g\u00fcn\u00fc Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    Belirli bir tarihi belirtmeyen ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nOkullar genellikle eyl\u00fcl\u00fcn ikinci haftas\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flar. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulu toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 per\u015fembe g\u00fcnleri yapar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    H. \u00d6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:<\/p>\n

    1. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla soyadlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk,<\/p>\n

    Takma adlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMuhibbi (Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman), Demirta\u015f (Ziya G\u00f6kalp), Tarhan (\u00d6mer Seyfettin),<\/p>\n

    2. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra gelen sayg\u0131 s\u00f6zleri, unvanlar, lakaplar, meslek ve r\u00fctbe adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Kaymakam Erol Bey, Say\u0131n Prof. Dr. Hasan Eren, Hamdi Bey, Mustafa Efendi,<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nT\u00fclay abla, Ay\u015fe teyze, Fatma nine, Kemal day\u0131, Saim amca, Ali eni\u015fte.<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler ba\u015fa geldi\u011finde lakap yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar: Nene Hatun, Baba G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, Day\u0131 Kemal, Hala Sultan.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 tarih\u00ee ve menk\u0131bevi \u015fahsiyetlerde ise akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelime sonda oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde unvan de\u011feri kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6zel ada d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nG\u00fcl Baba, Susuz Dede, Adile Hala, G\u00fcls\u00fcm Bac\u0131, Sultan Ana.<\/p>\n

    Resm\u00ee yaz\u0131larda sayg\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zlerden sonra gelen ve makam, mevki, unvan bildiren kelimeler de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSay\u0131n Bakan, Say\u0131n Ba\u015fkan, Say\u0131n Rekt\u00f6r, Say\u0131n Vali,<\/p>\n

    Hitap kelimeleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSevgili Karde\u015fim, Aziz Dostum, De\u011ferli Arkada\u015f\u0131m,<\/p>\n

    3. Hayvanlara verilen \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSar\u0131k\u0131z, Fino, Karaba\u015f, Pamuk, Minno\u015f, Tekir.<\/p>\n

    4. Millet, boy, oymak adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk, Alman, \u0130ngiliz, Rus, Arap, Japon; O\u011fuz, Kazak, K\u0131rg\u0131z, \u00d6zbek, Tatar, Karake\u00e7ili, Hac\u0131musal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    5. Dil ve leh\u00e7e adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Almanca, \u0130ngilizce, Rus\u00e7a, Arap\u00e7a, O\u011fuzca, Kazak\u00e7a, K\u0131rg\u0131zca, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, Tatarca.<\/p>\n

    6. Devlet adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Suudi Arabistan, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti.<\/p>\n

    7. Din ve mezhep adlar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman; Hristiyanl\u0131k, Hristiyan; Musevilik, Musevi; Budizm, Budist; Hanefilik, Hanefi; Malikilik, Maliki; Protestanl\u0131k, Protestan; Katoliklik, Katolik.<\/p>\n

    8. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTanr\u0131, Allah, Cebrail, Zeus, Oziris, Kibele.<\/p>\n

    Ancak tanr\u0131 kelimesi \u00f6zel ad olarak kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nEski Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131. Baz\u0131 din\u00ee terimlerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamas\u0131 gelenekle\u015fmi\u015ftir:
    \ncennet, cehennem, u\u00e7mak, tamu, peygamber, s\u0131rat k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    9. Gezegen ve y\u0131ld\u0131z adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMerk\u00fcr, Nept\u00fcn, Pl\u00fcton, Halley, D\u00fcnya,G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay vb.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: D\u00fcnya, g\u00fcne\u015f, ay kelimeleri gezegen anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    10. Yer adlar\u0131 (k\u0131ta, b\u00f6lge, il, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y, semt, cadde, sokak, semt vb.) b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAsya, Avrupa, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu; Ankara,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 s\u00f6zleri y\u00f6n bildirdi\u011finde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBursa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu. Bu s\u00f6zler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, hayat tarz\u0131, politika vb. anlamlar bildirdi\u011finde ise b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: Bat\u0131 medeniyeti, Do\u011fu mistisizmi vb.<\/p>\n

    Yer adlar\u0131nda ilk isimden sonra gelen deniz, nehir, g\u00f6l, da\u011f, bo\u011faz vb. t\u00fcr bildiren ikinci isimler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nA\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmay\u0131p tamlama kuran \u015fehir, il, il\u00e7e, bucak, belde, k\u00f6y vb. s\u00f6zler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKonya ili, Etimesgut il\u00e7esi, Taflan k\u00f6y\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    Mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak adlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahallesi, Yunus Emre Mahallesi, Karak\u00f6y Meydan\u0131, Zafer Meydan\u0131, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131, Nene Hatun Caddesi, Cemal Nadir Soka\u011f\u0131, Fevzi \u00c7akmak Soka\u011f\u0131, \u0130nk\u0131lap Soka\u011f\u0131, Re\u015fat Nuri Soka\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131 Soka\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Yer bildiren \u00f6zel isimlerde de k\u0131saltmal\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman, kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck harf kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nHisar\u2019dan, Bo\u011faz\u2019dan, Bulvar\u2019dan.<\/p>\n

    11. Saray, k\u00f6\u015fk, han, kale, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, an\u0131t vb. yap\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTopkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131, \u0130shakpa\u015fa Saray\u0131, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc, Horozlu Han, Ankara Kalesi, Alanya Kalesi, Galata K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Fatih Sultan Mehmet K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Mostar K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Beyaz\u0131t Kulesi, Zafer Abidesi, Bilge Ka\u011fan An\u0131t\u0131.<\/p>\n

    12. Kurum, kurulu\u015f ve kurul adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcphane, \u00c7ocuk Esirgeme Kurumu, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi, \u00c7ankaya Lisesi; Anadolu Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, Mavi K\u00f6\u015fe Bakkaliyesi; T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, Ye\u015filay Derne\u011fi, Muharip Gaziler Derne\u011fi, Emek \u0130n\u015faat; Bakanlar Kurulu, Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu, Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    13. Kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik, y\u00f6nerge, genelge adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMedeni Kanun, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku (kanun), Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Telif Hakk\u0131 Yay\u0131n ve Sat\u0131\u015f Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Kurum, kurulu\u015f, kurul, merkez, bakanl\u0131k, \u00fcniversite, fak\u00fclte, b\u00f6l\u00fcm, kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik vb.ni bildiren kelimeler, belli bir kurum vb. kastedildi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nBu y\u0131l Meclis, yeni d\u00f6neme erken ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Son aylarda Kurum, yaz\u0131m konusunda yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. 2876 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun bu y\u0131l yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7iriliyor. Bu madde Y\u00f6netmelik\u2019in 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    14. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eserlerinin (tablo, heykel, m\u00fczik) her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nNutuk, Safahat, Kendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz, Anadolu Notlar\u0131, Sinekli Bakkal; T\u00fcrk Dili, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, Varl\u0131k; Resm\u00ee Gazete, H\u00fcrriyet, Milliyet, T\u00fcrkiye, Yeni Y\u00fczy\u0131l, Yeni As\u0131r; Saraydan K\u0131z Ka\u00e7\u0131rma, Onuncu Y\u0131l Mar\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmayan gazete, dergi, tablo vb. s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nMilliyet gazetesi, T\u00fcrk Dili dergisi, Hal\u0131 Dokuyan K\u0131zlar tablosu.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: B\u00fcy\u00fck harflerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde bulunan ve, ile, ya, veya, yahut, ki, da, de s\u00f6zleriyle m\u0131, mi, mu, m\u00fc soru eki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nMai ve Siyah, Su\u00e7 ve Ceza, Leyla ile Mecnun, Turfanda m\u0131, Turfa m\u0131? Diyorlar ki, D\u00fcnyaya \u0130kinci Geli\u015f yahut S\u0131r \u0130\u00e7inde Esrar, Ya Devlet Ba\u015fa ya Kuzgun Le\u015fe, Ben de Yazd\u0131m.<\/p>\n

    15. Mill\u00ee ve din\u00ee bayramlarla bayram niteli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerin adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131, 23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik ve \u00c7ocuk Bayram\u0131, Ramazan Bayram\u0131, Kurban Bayram\u0131, Nevruz Bayram\u0131, Anneler G\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00d6\u011fretmenler G\u00fcn\u00fc, 27 Mart D\u00fcnya Tiyatrolar G\u00fcn\u00fc, 14 Mart T\u0131p Bayram\u0131, H\u0131d\u0131rellez.<\/p>\n

    Kurultay, bilgi \u015f\u00f6leni, a\u00e7\u0131k oturum vb. toplant\u0131lar\u0131n adlar\u0131nda her kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nV. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk Dili Kurultay\u0131, Manas Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni.<\/p>\n

    16. Tarih\u00ee olay, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri, \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f, Y\u00fckselme Devri, Mill\u00ee Edebiyat D\u00f6nemi, Servetif\u00fcnun D\u00f6nemi, Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nem bildirmeyip t\u00fcr veya tarz bildiren terimler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \ndivan \u015fiiri, divan edebiyat\u0131, halk \u015fiiri, halk edebiyat\u0131, eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili, T\u00fcrk sanat m\u00fczi\u011fi, T\u00fcrk halk m\u00fczi\u011fi, tekke edebiyat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    17. \u00d6zel adlardan t\u00fcretilen b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrkolog, T\u00fcrkoloji, Avrupal\u0131, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmak, Asyal\u0131l\u0131k, Darvinci, Konyal\u0131, Bursal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ad kendi anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni bir anlam kazanm\u0131\u015fsa b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacem (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir perde), hicaz (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), nihavent (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), amper (elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131nda \u015fiddet birimi), jul (fizikte i\u015f birimi), donki\u015fotluk (gere\u011fi yokken kahramanl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye kalk\u0131\u015fmak).<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Para birimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: avro, dinar, dolar, lira, yeni kuru\u015f, liret.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: M\u00fczikte kullan\u0131lan makam ve t\u00fcr adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacema\u015firan, acembuselik, bayati, hicazk\u00e2r, t\u00fcrk\u00fc, varsa\u011f\u0131, bayat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    18. Yer, millet ve ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimelerde \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAntep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, Br\u00fcksel lahanas\u0131, Frenk g\u00f6mle\u011fi, Hindistan cevizi, \u0130ngiliz anahtar\u0131, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, Mara\u015f dondurmas\u0131, Van kedisi<\/p>\n

    NOKTALAMA \u0130\u015eARETLERI VE UYGULAMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    -Nokta, Virg\u00fcl, Noktal\u0131 Virg\u00fcl, \u0130ki Nokta-\u00dc\u00e7 Nokta
    \n-Soru \u0130\u015f.,\u00dcnlem \u0130\u015f.,K\u0131sa ve Uzun \u00c7izgi, E\u011fik \u00c7izgi
    \n-T\u0131rnak \u0130\u015f.,Denden \u0130\u015f.,Yay ve K\u00f6\u015feli Ayra\u00e7,Kesme \u0130\u015f.
    \n-K\u0131saltmalar<\/p>\n

    Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. H\u00fcseyin \u00d6ZCAN
    \nNOKTALAMA \u0130\u015eARETLER\u0130N\u0130N ORTAYA \u00c7IKMASI<\/p>\n

    Noktalama i\u015faretlerinin tarihi, dil bilgini Aristophanes ile ba\u015flar. Bununla birlikte d\u00fczenli olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda matbaan\u0131n bulunu\u015fu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise, genelle\u015ferek kesin kurallara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bizim edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zda, noktalama i\u015faretleri, ancak Avrupa’y\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131ktan sonra, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak \u015einasi, \u015eair Evlenmesi (1859) adl\u0131 tiyatro oyununun ba\u015f\u0131nda iki i\u015faretten s\u00f6z etmektedir: “Mu’tar\u0131za ( ) i\u00e7inde bulunan kel\u00e2m h\u00e2li t\u00e2rif i\u00e7indir. \u015e\u00f6yle bir hatt-\u0131 ufk\u00ee – s\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131na del\u00e2let eder. Nokta, s\u00f6z\u00fcn nihayetine al\u00e2met olur”. \u015eemsettin Sami de, Kamus-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee adl\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde iki noktaya (noktateyn; virg\u00fcle (,), fas\u0131la demektedir.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6nceleri d\u00fczyaz\u0131 metinlerinde kullan\u0131lan noktalama i\u015faretlerinin, \u015fiirde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, hem \u015fiir hem d\u00fczyaz\u0131 yazan edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z, noktalama i\u015faretlerini, d\u00fczyaz\u0131 metinlerinde kullanm\u0131\u015flar, bununla beraber \u015fiir halinde yazd\u0131klar\u0131 metinlerde noktalama i\u015faretlerini kullanmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sonralar\u0131 \u015fiirlerde de ba\u015far\u0131 ile noktalama i\u015faretlerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Recaiz\u00e2de Mahmut Ekrem, hem Araba Sevdas\u0131 adl\u0131 roman\u0131nda, hem de Zemzeme, Pejm\u00fcrde gibi \u015fiir kitaplar\u0131nda bu i\u015faretlere \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve yerli yerinde kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn d\u00f6neminde, Tevfik Fikret’in \u015fiirlerinde, noktalama i\u015faretlerinin \u00f6zenle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

    Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde, noktalama i\u015faretleri daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsenmi\u015f say\u0131lar\u0131 ve t\u00fcrleri artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri daha a\u00e7\u0131k ifade etmek, c\u00fcmlenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve duraklama noktalar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek, okumay\u0131 ve anlamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak, s\u00f6z\u00fcn vurgu ve ton gibi \u00f6zelliklerini belirtmek \u00fczere kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel i\u015faretlere noktalama i\u015faretleri denir. Noktalama i\u015faretleri, anlam\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r, yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er, okumay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    A. NOKTA (.)<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00fcmlenin sonuna konur :
    \nT\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.
    \nT\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm.<\/p>\n

    2. K\u0131saltmalar\u0131n sonuna konur:
    \nProf., Cad., T.(T\u00fcrk\u00e7e), Ar. (Arap\u00e7a).<\/p>\n

    Ancak, b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalardan sonra nokta kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nTDK (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu), TBMM, cm (santimetre), g (gram), l (litre).<\/p>\n

    3. Say\u0131lardan sonra s\u0131ra bildirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n3.(\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc), II. Mehmet, 2. Cadde, 20. Sokak, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l.
    \n4. Bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n maddelerini g\u00f6steren rakam veya harflerden sonra kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nI. 1. A. a. II. 2. B. b.<\/p>\n

    5. Tarihlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcn, ay ve y\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6steren say\u0131lar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n29.5.1453, 29.X.1923.<\/p>\n

    Tarihlerde ay adlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yla da yaz\u0131labilir. Bu durumda ay adlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra nokta kullan\u0131lmaz: 29 May\u0131s 1453.<\/p>\n

    6. Saat ve dakika g\u00f6steren say\u0131lar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nTren 09.15\u2019te kalkt\u0131.
    \nSaat ve dakika say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kesinlikle iki nokta i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    7. Bibliyografik k\u00fcnyelerin sonuna konur:
    \nAg\u00e2h S\u0131rr\u0131 Levend, T\u00fcrk Dilinde Geli\u015fme ve Sadele\u015fme Evreleri, Ankara, 1960.<\/p>\n

    8. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc gruplara ayr\u0131larak yaz\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131larda gruplar aras\u0131na konur:
    \n16.551.000, 22.465.660<\/p>\n

    9. Matematikte \u00e7arp\u0131 i\u015fareti yerine kullan\u0131l\u0131r: 4.5=20.<\/p>\n

    B. V\u0130RG\u00dcL ( , )<\/p>\n

    1. Birbiri ard\u0131nca s\u0131ralanan e\u015f g\u00f6revli kelime ve kelime gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131na konur:
    \nF\u0131rt\u0131nadan, so\u011fuktan, karanl\u0131ktan ve biraz da korkudan sonra bu s\u0131cak, ayd\u0131nl\u0131k ve sevimli odan\u0131n havas\u0131nda erir gibi oldum. (H. Edip, Kalp A\u011fr\u0131s\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Sessiz dereler, solgun a\u011fa\u00e7lar, sar\u0131 g\u00fcller
    \nDillenmi\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlarda tutuk dilli g\u00f6n\u00fcller. (F. Nafiz)<\/p>\n

    2. S\u0131ral\u0131 c\u00fcmleleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nUmduk, bekledik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck. Geldim, g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, yendim.
    \nFakat yol otomobillere yasak oldu\u011fundan o da herkes gibi tramvaya biner, kimse kendisine dikkat etmez. (F. R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay, Deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131)<\/p>\n

    3. C\u00fcmlede \u00f6zel olarak vurgulanmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6gelerden sonra konur:
    \nBinaenaleyh, biz her vas\u0131tadan, yaln\u0131z ve ancak, bir noktainazardan istifade ederiz. ( Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    4. Uzun c\u00fcmlelerde y\u00fcklemden uzak d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan \u00f6geleri belirtmek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nSaniye Han\u0131mefendi, merdivenlerde o\u011flunun ayak seslerini duyar duymaz, hasretlisini kar\u015f\u0131lamaya at\u0131lan bir gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n gibi, koltu\u011fundan f\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve ona kap\u0131y\u0131 kendi eliyle a\u00e7maya gelmi\u015fti.
    \n(Y. Kadri, Panoroma)<\/p>\n

    5. C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde ara s\u00f6zleri ve ara c\u00fcmleleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n\u015eimdi, efendiler, m\u00fcsaade buyurursan\u0131z, size bir sual soray\u0131m. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    6. Anlama g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tekrarlanan kelimeler aras\u0131na konur:
    \nAk\u015fam, yine ak\u015fam, yine ak\u015fam,
    \nG\u00f6llerde bu dem bir kam\u0131\u015f olsam! (Ahmet Ha\u015fim)<\/p>\n

    \u0130kilemelerde kelimeler aras\u0131na herhangi bir i\u015faret konmaz.<\/p>\n

    7. T\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde olmayan al\u0131nt\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerden sonra konur: Dat\u00e7a\u2019ya yar\u0131n gidece\u011fim, dedi.<\/p>\n

    8. Kendisinden sonraki c\u00fcmleye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ret, kabul ve te\u015fvik bildiren hay\u0131r, yok, yoo, evet, peki, pek\u00e2l\u00e2, tamam, olur, hayhay, ba\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcne, \u00f6yle, haydi, elbette gibi kelimelerden sonra konur:
    \nPeki, gideriz. Hayhay, memnun oluruz. Haydi, ge\u00e7 kal\u0131yoruz.
    \nEvet, k\u0131rk seneden beri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e merhale merhale T\u00fcrkle\u015fiyor.
    \n9. Bir kelimenin kendisinden sonra gelen kelime veya kelime gruplar\u0131yla yap\u0131 ve anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBu, tek g\u00f6zl\u00fc, gen\u00e7 fakat ihtiyar g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir adamca\u011f\u0131zd\u0131r. (Halit Ziya U\u015fakl\u0131gil)
    \nBu gece, e\u011flenceleri i\u00e7lerine sinmedi. (Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin)<\/p>\n

    10. Hitap i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kelimelerden sonra konur:
    \nEfendiler, bilirsiniz ki, hayat demek, m\u00fccadele, m\u00fcsademe demektir. (Atat\u00fcrk)
    \nSay\u0131n Ba\u015fkan, Sevgili karde\u015fim,<\/p>\n

    11. Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda, ba\u015fvurulan makam\u0131n ad\u0131ndan sonra konur:
    \nFatih \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne,<\/p>\n

    12. Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda, yer adlar\u0131n\u0131 tarihlerden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nKonya, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 2000<\/p>\n

    13. Say\u0131lar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kesirleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur: 38,6 (otuz sekiz tam onda alt\u0131).
    \nSay\u0131lar\u0131n kesirli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in araya nokta i\u015fareti konmaz. Bu \u015fekildeki say\u0131lar usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re okunmal\u0131d\u0131r: 6,7 (alt\u0131 onda yedi).<\/p>\n

    14. Bibliyografik k\u00fcnyelerde yazar, eser, bas\u0131m evi vb. maddelerden sonra konur:
    \nAtay, Falih R\u0131fk\u0131, Tuna K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Remzi Kitap Evi, \u0130stanbul 1938.
    \nMetin i\u00e7inde ve, veya, yahut ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de sonra da virg\u00fcl konmaz.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde ve, veya, yahut ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de sonra da virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nNihat sabaha kadar uyuyamad\u0131 ve \u015fafak s\u00f6kerken Faik’e bol te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerle dolu bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t b\u0131rakarak iki g\u00fcn evvelki cephe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc k\u0131yafeti ile soka\u011fa f\u0131rlad\u0131. (Peyami Safa)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde tekrarl\u0131 ba\u011fla\u00e7lardan \u00f6nce ve sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nHem gider hem a\u011flar.
    \nYa bu deveyi g\u00fctmeli ya bu diyardan gitmeli. (Atas\u00f6z\u00fc)
    \nGerek nesirde gerek naz\u0131mda yeni bir s\u00f6yleyi\u015fe ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
    \nSiz ister inan\u0131n ister inanmay\u0131n, bir g\u00fcn bile durmam.
    \nNe k\u0131z verir ne d\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc k\u00fcst\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: C\u00fcmlede peki\u015ftirme ve ba\u011flama g\u00f6revinde kullan\u0131lan da \/ de ba\u011flac\u0131ndan sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \n\u0130mlam\u0131z, lisan\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fczelince lisan\u0131m\u0131z da kafam\u0131z d\u00fczelince d\u00fczelecek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o da ancak onlar kadar bozuktur, fazla de\u011fil! (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde -\u0131nca \/ -ince anlam\u0131nda zarf-fiil g\u00f6revinde kullan\u0131lan m\u0131 \/ mi ekinden sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nBen a\u00e7 yatt\u0131m m\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc r\u00fcyalar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm nedense. (Orhan Kemal )
    \n\u00d6yle zekiler vard\u0131r, konu\u015ftular m\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131ndan bal ak\u0131yor san\u0131rs\u0131n. (Attila \u0130lhan)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u015eart ekinden sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nTenha k\u00f6\u015felerde a\u011f\u0131z a\u011f\u0131za konu\u015furken yanlar\u0131na biri gelecek olursa hemen susuyorlard\u0131. (Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin)
    \nG\u00f6r g\u00f6zlerinle de akl\u0131n yatarsa anlat\u0131ver millete. (Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde zarf-fiil ekleriyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015f kelimelerden sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:<\/p>\n

    \u015eimdiye dek, ben kendimi bildim bileli kimse De\u011firmenoluk k\u00f6y\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131p da ba\u015fka k\u00f6yde \u00e7obanl\u0131k, yana\u015fmal\u0131k etmedi. (Ya\u015far Kemal)<\/p>\n

    Meydanl\u0131\u011fa varmadan bir iki defa \u0130smail kendisini g\u00f6rd\u00fc m\u00fc diye kahveye bakt\u0131. (Necati Cumal\u0131)
    \nAncak yemekte bir karara var\u0131p arkada\u015f\u0131na dikkatli dikkatli bakarak konu\u015ftu. (Samim Kocag\u00f6z)<\/p>\n

    C. NOKTALI V\u0130RG\u00dcL ( ; )<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde virg\u00fcllerle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr veya tak\u0131mlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nErkek \u00e7ocuklara Do\u011fan, Tu\u011frul, Aslan, Orhan; k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklara ise \u0130nci, \u00c7i\u00e7ek, G\u00f6n\u00fcl, Yonca adlar\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n

    2. \u00d6geleri aras\u0131nda virg\u00fcl bulunan s\u0131ral\u0131 c\u00fcmleleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nSevin\u00e7ten, heyecandan i\u00e7im i\u00e7ime s\u0131\u011fm\u0131yor; ba\u011f\u0131rmak, kahkahalar atmak, a\u011flamak istiyorum. Sabahtan beri bekliyorum; ne gelen var, ne giden. \u0130\u015f i\u015ften ge\u00e7ti; art\u0131k gelse de olur, gelmese de.<\/p>\n

    3. Virg\u00fclle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rnekleri farkl\u0131 \u00f6rneklerden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ngiltere, Azerbaycan; \u0130stanbul, Londra, Bak\u00fb.<\/p>\n

    4. Kendilerinden evvelki c\u00fcmleyle ilgi kuran ancak, yaln\u0131z, fakat, l\u00e2kin, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, yoksa, bundan dolay\u0131, binaenaleyh, sonu\u00e7 olarak, bununla birlikte, \u00f6yleyse vb. c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131 ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce konur:
    \nHalis bir \u015fiir fena okunabilir; l\u00e2kin sahte bir \u015fiir iyi okunamaz. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Bir millet ordusunu kaybedebilir, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da kaybedebilir; fakat dilini saklad\u0131k\u00e7a, o millet ya\u015f\u0131yor demektir. (N. Ats\u0131z)<\/p>\n

    S\u0131ral\u0131 c\u00fcmleler aras\u0131nda ancak, fakat, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc vb. c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yazar, araya nokta, virg\u00fcl, noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl koymakta serbesttir. Bu husus, yazar\u0131n \u00fcsl\u00fbptaki tercihiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

    D. \u0130K\u0130 NOKTA ( : ) – \u00dc\u00c7 NOKTA ( … )<\/p>\n

    1. Kendisinden sonra \u00f6rnek verilecek c\u00fcmlenin sonuna konur: Mill\u00ee Edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temsilcilerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ralayal\u0131m: \u00d6mer Seyfettin, Halide Edip Ad\u0131var, Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Ali Canip Y\u00f6ntem.<\/p>\n

    Yeni harfler al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra eski yaz\u0131 ile bir tek kelime bile yazmayan iki ki\u015fi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr: Atat\u00fcrk ve \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc! (Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay, \u00c7ankaya)<\/p>\n

    2. Kendisinden sonra a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lacak c\u00fcmlenin sonuna konur:
    \nBu karar\u0131n istinat etti\u011fi en kuvvetli muhakeme ve mant\u0131k \u015fu idi: Esas, T\u00fcrk milletinin haysiyetli ve \u015ferefli bir millet olarak ya\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. (Atat\u00fcrk)
    \nDerler: \u0130nsanda derin bir yarad\u0131r k\u00f6ks\u00fczl\u00fck;
    \nBudur \u00e2lemde hudutsuz ve hazin \u00f6ks\u00fczl\u00fck (Yahya Kemal)<\/p>\n

    3. K\u00fct\u00fcphanecilik alan\u0131nda yazar ad\u0131 ile eser ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131na konur: Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131: Kendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz.<\/p>\n

    4. Ses biliminde uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r: a:ile, i:cat.<\/p>\n

    5. Edeb\u00ee eserlerdeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda, konu\u015fan ki\u015finin ad\u0131ndan sonra konur:
    \nBilge Ka\u011fan: T\u00fcrklerim, i\u015fitin!
    \n\u00dcstten g\u00f6k \u00e7\u00f6kmedik\u00e7e
    \nAlttan yer delinmedik\u00e7e
    \n\u00dclkenizi, t\u00f6renizi kim bozabilir sizin?<\/p>\n

    Koro : G\u00f6\u011fe erer ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z
    \nBa\u015f\u0131nla senin!<\/p>\n

    Bilge Ka\u011fan: Ulusum birle\u015fip y\u00fccelsin diye
    \nGece uyumad\u0131m, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz oturmad\u0131m. (A. Turan Oflazo\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    6. Matematikte b\u00f6lme i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r: 56:8=7.<\/p>\n

    E. \u00dc\u00c7 NOKTA ( … )<\/p>\n

    1. Tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f c\u00fcmlelerin sonuna konur:
    \nNe \u00e7are ki, \u00e7irkinli\u011fi hemencecik ve herkes taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcveriyordu da, bu yan\u0131…
    \n(Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, D\u00f6neme\u00e7te)<\/p>\n

    2. Kaba say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in veya bir ba\u015fka sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klanmak istenmeyen kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine konur:
    \nK\u0131lavuzu karga olan\u0131n burnu b…tan \u00e7\u0131kmaz.<\/p>\n

    3. Al\u0131nt\u0131larda; ba\u015fta, ortada ve sonda al\u0131nmayan kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine konur:
    \nM\u00fcmtaz, bu d\u00fckk\u00e2na bakarken hi\u00e7 fark\u0131nda olmadan Mallarm\u00e9\u2019nin m\u0131sra\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlad\u0131: \u201cMe\u00e7hul bir fel\u00e2ketten buraya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f…\u201d (A. Hamdi Tanp\u0131nar, Huzur)<\/p>\n

    Al\u0131nmayan kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine parantez i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 nokta konmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    4. S\u00f6z\u00fcn bir yerde kesilerek geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn okuyucunun muhayyilesine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek veya ifadeye g\u00fc\u00e7 katmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nKar\u015f\u0131 sahilde mor, fark olunmaz sisler alt\u0131ndaki da\u011flar, korular, beyaz yal\u0131lar… Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir esatir r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131n hava\u00ee hakikati gibi u\u00e7an mart\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcleri… (\u00d6mer Seyfettin, Bahar ve Kelebekler)
    \nG\u00f6k sar\u0131, toprak sar\u0131, \u00e7\u0131plak a\u011fa\u00e7lar sar\u0131… (Faruk Nafiz \u00c7aml\u0131bel, Sanat)<\/p>\n

    5. \u00dcnlem ve seslenmelerde anlat\u0131m\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nG\u00f6lgeler yakla\u015ft\u0131lar. Bir ad\u0131m kal\u0131nca onu k\u0131yafetinden tan\u0131d\u0131lar:
    \n-Koca Ali… Koca Ali, be!.. (\u00d6mer Seyfettin, Diyet)<\/p>\n

    6. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda, yeterli olmayan, eksik b\u0131rak\u0131lan cevaplarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u2015 Yabanc\u0131 yok!
    \n\u2015 Kimsin?
    \n\u2015 Ali…
    \n\u2015 Hangi Ali?
    \n\u2015 …
    \n\u2015 Sen misin, Ali usta?
    \n\u2015 Benim!… (\u00d6mer Seyfettin, Diyet)<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk iml\u00e2s\u0131nda iki nokta yan yana kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: \u0130ki nokta \u00fcst \u00fcste \u015feklinde bir adland\u0131rma yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    F. SORU \u0130\u015eARETI (?)<\/p>\n

    1. Soru bildiren c\u00fcmle veya s\u00f6zlerin sonuna konur:
    \nNe zaman t\u00fckenecek bu yollar, arabac\u0131? (Faruk Nafiz \u00c7aml\u0131bel)
    \nSular m\u0131 yand\u0131? Neden tunca benziyor mermer? (Ahmet Ha\u015fim)<\/p>\n

    2. Bilinmeyen yer, tarih vb. durumlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYunus Emre (1240?-1320), (Do\u011fum yeri:?).<\/p>\n

    3. Bir bilginin \u015f\u00fcpheyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kesin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda yay ayra\u00e7 (parantez) i\u00e7inde soru i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAnkara\u2019dan Konya\u2019ya 1,5 (?) saatte gitmi\u015f.
    \n1496 (?) y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fan Fuzul\u00ee …
    \nSoru ifadesi ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131ral\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerde soru i\u015fareti en sona konur:
    \n\u00c7ok yak\u0131ndan m\u0131 bu sesler, \u00e7ok uzaklardan m\u0131?
    \n\u00dcsk\u00fcdar’dan m\u0131, Hisar’dan m\u0131, Kavaklar’dan m\u0131? (Yahya Kemal)
    \nRuhunu karatan neydi, ya\u011fmur mu ya\u011f\u0131yordu; yoksa \u015fim\u015fekler mi \u00e7ak\u0131yordu?<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: m\u0131 \/ mi eki -\u0131nca \/ -ince anlam\u0131nda zarf-fiil i\u015fleviyle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman soru i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nAk\u015fam oldu mu s\u00fcr\u00fcler d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Soru ifadesi ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131ral\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerde soru i\u015fareti en sona konur:
    \n\u00c7ok yak\u0131ndan m\u0131 bu sesler, \u00e7ok uzaklardan m\u0131?
    \n\u00dcsk\u00fcdar’dan m\u0131, Hisar’dan m\u0131, Kavaklar’dan m\u0131? (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    G. \u00dcNLEM \u0130\u015eARETI (!)<\/p>\n

    1. Sevin\u00e7, k\u0131van\u00e7, ac\u0131, korku, \u015fa\u015fma gibi duygular\u0131 anlatan c\u00fcmlelerin sonuna konur:
    \nNe mutlu T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm diyene! (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    Gurbet o kadar ac\u0131
    \nKi ne varsa i\u00e7imde
    \nHepsi bana yabanc\u0131
    \nHepsi ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imde! (Kemalettin Kamu)<\/p>\n

    Hava ne kadar da s\u0131cak!
    \nA\u015fk olsun!
    \nNe kadar ak\u0131ll\u0131 adamlar var!<\/p>\n

    2. Seslenme,hitap ve uyar\u0131 s\u00f6zlerinden sonra konur:
    \nOrdular! \u0130lk hedefiniz Akdeniz\u2019dir, ileri! (Atat\u00fcrk)
    \nAk tolgal\u0131 beylerbeyi hayk\u0131rd\u0131: \u0130lerle! (Yahya Kemal)
    \nDur yolcu! Bilmeden gelip bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n
    \nBu toprak bir devrin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. (Necmettin Halil Onan)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00dcnlem i\u015fareti, seslenme ve hitap s\u00f6zlerinden hemen sonra konulabilece\u011fi gibi c\u00fcmlenin sonuna da konabilir:
    \nArkada\u015f, biz bu yolda t\u00fcrk\u00fcler tuttururken
    \nSana u\u011furlar olsun… Ayr\u0131l\u0131yor yolumuz! (Faruk Nafiz \u00c7aml\u0131bel)<\/p>\n

    3. Bir s\u00f6ze alay, kinaye veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme anlam\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u00fcnlem i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130steseymi\u015f bir g\u00fcnde bitirirmi\u015f (!) ama ne yaz\u0131k ki vakti yokmu\u015f(!)
    \nAdam, ak\u0131ll\u0131 (!) oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    H. KISA \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130 (- )<\/p>\n

    1. Sat\u0131ra s\u0131\u011fmayan kelimeler b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrken sat\u0131r sonuna konur:
    \nSo\u011fuktan m\u0131 titriyordum, yoksa heyecandan, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcden mi bil-
    \nmem. (Sait Faik)<\/p>\n

    2. Ara s\u00f6zleri ve ara c\u00fcmleleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00d6rnek olsun diye -\u00f6rnek istemez ya- s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

    3. Dil bilgisinde k\u00f6kleri ve ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nal-\u0131\u015f, dur-ak.<\/p>\n

    4. Dil bilgisinde fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nal-, oku-, yazd\u0131r-, okut-, bil-, sevdir-, anla-…<\/p>\n

    5. Dil bilgisinde eklerin ba\u015f\u0131na konur:
    \n-den, -l\u0131k, -\u0131\u015f, -t, -m, -s\u0131, -ak…<\/p>\n

    6. Dil bilgisinde heceleri g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na-ra\u015f-t\u0131r-ma.
    \n7. Kelimeler aras\u0131nda \u201c-den… \u2013a, ve, ile, il\u00e2, aras\u0131nda\u201d anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 vermek \u00fczere kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e-Frans\u0131zca S\u00f6zl\u00fck, Ayd\u0131n-\u0130zmir yolu, Ankara-\u0130stanbul u\u00e7ak seferleri, T\u00fcrk-Alman ili\u015fkileri, 10.30-11.30, 2000-2001 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131.<\/p>\n

    8. Baz\u0131 terim ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131nda kelimeler aras\u0131na konur:
    \ns\u0131fat-fiil, zarf-fiil, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi.<\/p>\n

    9. Adres yazarken semt ile \u015fehir aras\u0131na konur:
    \nKurtulu\u015f-ANKARA<\/p>\n

    10. Matematikte \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n50-30=20<\/p>\n

    \u0130. UZUN \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130 ( – )
    \nYaz\u0131da sat\u0131r ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131nan konu\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Buna konu\u015fma \u00e7izgisi de denir.
    \n-Yoo, g\u00fcvercinlerime dokunmay\u0131n\u0131z, dedi. (Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Konu\u015fmalar t\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde verildi\u011fi zaman uzun \u00e7izgi kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    J. E\u011eIK \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130 ( \/ )<\/p>\n

    1. \u015eiirlerden yap\u0131lan al\u0131nt\u0131larda, m\u0131sralar\u0131n yan yana yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken durumlarda m\u0131sralar\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:Ne sen ,ne ben \/ Ne de h\u00fcsn\u00fcnde toplanan bu mes\u00e2 \/ Ne de \u00e2l\u00e2m-\u0131 fikre bir mers\u00e2 \/ Olan bu m\u00e2\u00ee deniz. (Ahmet Ha\u015fim)<\/p>\n

    2. Adres yazarken apartman numaras\u0131 ile daire numaras\u0131 aras\u0131na konur: Altay Soka\u011f\u0131, Nu:21\/6<\/p>\n

    3. Adres yazarken semt ile \u015fehir aras\u0131na konur: Altay Soka\u011f\u0131, Nu:21\/6 Kurtulu\u015f\/ANKARA<\/p>\n

    4. Dil bilgisinde eklerin farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:-a \/-e, -an \/-en, -madan \/ -meden.<\/p>\n

    5. Matematikte b\u00f6lme i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r: 70 \/ 2=35<\/p>\n

    K. TIRNAK \u0130\u015eARET\u0130 (” “)<\/p>\n

    1. Ba\u015fka bir kimseden veya yaz\u0131dan oldu\u011fu gibi aktar\u0131lan s\u00f6zler t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nBak\u0131n\u0131z, \u015fair vatan\u0131 ne g\u00fczel tarif ediyor:
    \n\u201cBayraklar\u0131 bayrak yapan \u00fcst\u00fcndeki kand\u0131r.
    \nToprak e\u011fer u\u011frunda \u00f6len varsa vatand\u0131r.\u201d
    \nAynen al\u0131nmayan s\u00f6z ve yaz\u0131lar t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmaz.<\/p>\n

    2. \u00d6zel olarak belirtilmek istenen s\u00f6zler t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nBug\u00fcnlerde \u201ciyi bir i\u015f\u201d ar\u0131yordu.
    \n\u00d6zel olarak belirtilmek istenen s\u00f6zler t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmadan koyu yaz\u0131larak veya alt\u0131 \u00e7izilerek de g\u00f6sterilebilir:
    \nH\u00f6y\u00fck s\u00f6z\u00fc Anadolu’da tepe olarak ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

    3. Kitaplar\u0131n ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131n adlar\u0131 ve ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r: Yahya Kemal\u2019in baz\u0131 \u015fiirleri \u201cKendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. (A.H. Tanp\u0131nar)
    \n\u201c\u0130ml\u00e2 Kurallar\u0131\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde baz\u0131 uyar\u0131lara yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131:T\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan s\u00f6zlerden sonra kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    L. TEK TIRNAK I\u015eARETI ( \u2018 \u2019 )<\/p>\n

    1. T\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde verilen ve yeniden t\u0131rna\u011fa al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir s\u00f6z\u00fc belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Edebiyat \u00f6\u011fretmeni \u201c\u015eiirler i\u00e7inde \u2018Han Duvarlar\u0131\u2019 gibisi var m\u0131\u201d dedi ve Faruk Nafiz\u2019in bu g\u00fczel \u015fiirini okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : T\u0131rnak i\u00e7indeki al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n sonunda bulunan i\u015faret (nokta, soru i\u015fareti, \u00fcnlem i\u015fareti vb.) t\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r:
    \n\u201cAk\u0131l ya\u015fta de\u011fil ba\u015ftad\u0131r.\u201d atas\u00f6z\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n tecr\u00fcbesinden s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi ifade etmiyor mu?
    \n\u201c\u0130zmir \u00fczerine d\u00fcnyada bir \u015fehir daha yoktur!\u201d diyorlar. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Uzun al\u0131nt\u0131larda her paragraf ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    2. Dil yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda verilen \u00f6rne\u011fin anlam\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nG\u00f6kt\u00fcrk An\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda ge\u00e7en, fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmayan baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler: bodun \u2018millet, kavim\u2019, sab \u2018s\u00f6z\u2019, e\u00e7\u00fc apa \u2018ecdat, atalar\u2019, t\u00fcketi \u2018tamamen, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle\u2019<\/p>\n

    UYARI : T\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan s\u00f6zlerden sonra kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nYahya Kemal\u2019in \u201cAziz \u0130stanbul\u201dunu okudunuz mu?<\/p>\n

    M. DENDEN \u0130\u015eARETI ( ” )<\/p>\n

    1. Bir yaz\u0131daki maddelerin s\u0131ralanmas\u0131nda veya bir \u00e7izelgede alt alta yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gelen ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zlerin veya s\u00f6z gruplar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na. Etken fiil
    \nb. Edilgen \u2033
    \nc. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u2033
    \nd. \u0130\u015fte\u015f \u2033<\/p>\n

    N. YAY VE K\u00d6\u015eELI AYRA\u00c7 ( [ ] )YAY AYRA\u00c7 (())<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00fcmlenin yap\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ilgili olmayan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAnadolu kentlerini, k\u00f6ylerini (K\u00f6y s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00e7ekinerek yaz\u0131yorum.) gezsek bile g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendimizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geziyoruz. (N. Ata\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lan s\u00f6ze ait ek, ayra\u00e7 kapand\u0131ktan sonra yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYunus Emre (1240-1320)\u2019nin…<\/p>\n

    2. Tiyatro eserlerinde konu\u015fan\u0131n hareketlerini, durumunu a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130htiyar \u2500 (Yava\u015f yava\u015f Kaymakama yakla\u015f\u0131r.) Ne oluyor beyefendi? Allah r\u0131zas\u0131 i\u00e7in bana da anlat\u0131n…
    \nKaymakam \u2500 (hiddetle) Ne olacak baba… (Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin, \u0130stikl\u00e2l)<\/p>\n

    3. Al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 eseri veya yazar\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nE\u015fin var, \u00e2\u015fiy\u00e2n\u0131n var, bahar\u0131n var ki beklerdin
    \nK\u0131yametler koparmak neydi ey b\u00fclb\u00fcl, nedir derdin? (Safahat)<\/p>\n

    4. Al\u0131nt\u0131larda, ba\u015fta, ortada ve sonda al\u0131nmayan kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine konulan \u00fc\u00e7 nokta, yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

    5. Bir s\u00f6ze alay, kinaye veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme anlam\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00fcnlem i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    6. Bir bilginin \u015f\u00fcpheyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya kesin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan soru i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    7. Bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n maddelerini g\u00f6steren rakam ve harflerden sonra kapama ayrac\u0131 konur:
    \nI) 1) A) a) II) 2) B) b)
    \nO. K\u00d6\u015eELI AYRA\u00c7 ( [ ] )<\/p>\n

    1. Ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ayra\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken durumlarda yay ayra\u00e7tan \u00f6nce k\u00f6\u015feli ayra\u00e7 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    2. Bibliyografik k\u00fcnyelere ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Re\u015fat Nuri [ G\u00fcntekin], \u00c7al\u0131ku\u015fu, Dersaadet 1922.<\/p>\n

    3. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, metinde bulunmayan veya silinmi\u015f olan,fakat ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler k\u00f6\u015feli ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nBabam ka\u011fan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fim K\u00fcl-tegin ye[di ya\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131…]<\/p>\n

    P. KESME \u0130\u015eARETI ( ‘ )<\/p>\n

    1. \u00d6zel adlara getirilen iyelik ve h\u00e2l eklerini ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nFatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019e, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm, Yunus Emre\u2019yi, T\u00fcrk\u2019e, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019m, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir\u2019i, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Anadolu\u2019dan, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131\u2019nda, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc\u2019ne, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndan, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ;Kiral\u0131k Konak\u2019ta, Sinekli Bakkal\u2019\u0131…<\/p>\n

    Ancak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen \u00f6zel adlardan sonra kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \na) Kurum ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131: T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumundan, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne.
    \nb) Ak\u0131m, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131: Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n, Mill\u00ee Edebiyat Ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n.
    \nc) Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan sonra kullan\u0131lan unvanlar: Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015faya, Zeynep Han\u0131ma, Ayhan Beyden, Ahmet Mithat Efendinin.
    \n\u00e7) Ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131: 29 Ekime…, 30 A\u011fustos \u00c7ar\u015fambadan sonra.
    \nd) Deyimlerde ge\u00e7en \u00f6zel adlar: Allaha emanet, Alinin k\u00fcl\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Veliye, Velinin k\u00fcl\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Aliye.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz ve kendisinden sonra gelen ekler kesme i\u015faretiyle ayr\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Yabanc\u0131 \u00f6zel adlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel adlara getirilen yap\u0131m ekleri ve \u00e7okluk eki kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: T\u00fcrkl\u00fck, Ahmetler, Avrupal\u0131, Konyal\u0131, Kayserili.<\/p>\n

    Bu eklerden sonra da kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nT\u00fcrkle\u015fmekte, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta, Hr\u0131stiyanl\u0131ktan.<\/p>\n

    2. K\u0131saltmalara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:
    \nTBMM\u2019nin, TDK\u2019nin, BM\u2019de, TV\u2019ye.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde kelimenin okunu\u015fu; b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde k\u0131saltman\u0131n son harfinin okunu\u015fu esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nkg\u2019dan, cm\u2019yi, mm\u2019den ; BDT\u2019ye, THY\u2019de, TRT\u2019den.<\/p>\n

    Ancak k\u0131saltmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde bir kelime gibi okunan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde bu okunu\u015f esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nASELSAN\u2019da, BOTA\u015e\u2019\u0131n, NATO\u2019dan, UNESCO\u2019ya.<\/p>\n

    Sonunda nokta bulunan k\u0131saltmalar kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz. Bu t\u00fcr k\u0131saltmalarda ek noktadan sonra ve kelimenin okunu\u015funa uygun olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: vb.leri, mad.si, Alm.dan.<\/p>\n

    3. Say\u0131lara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n1985\u2019te, 8\u2019inci madde, 2\u2019nci kat, 7,65\u2019lik.<\/p>\n

    4. Seslerin vezin dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fiirde veya konu\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nN\u2019oldu, n\u2019apal\u0131m, n\u2019eylesin.<\/p>\n

    5. Bir ek veya harften sonra gelen ekleri g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nA\u2019dan Z\u2019ye kadar, b\u2019nin m\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi; -s\u0131z, -siz\u2019le yap\u0131lan yeni isimler.<\/p>\n

    6. \u00d6zel isimlerden sonra yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 taktirde kesme i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7tan sonra konur:
    \nYunus Emre (1240-1320)\u2019nin, Yakup Kadri (Karaosmano\u011flu)\u2019nin.<\/p>\n

    7. Baz\u0131 al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerde T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye ayk\u0131r\u0131 ses ve hece yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kesme i\u015fareti konur: an\u2019ane, sun\u2019i, kur\u2019a, c\u00fcr\u2019et, kat\u2019iyet, mel\u2019un, me\u015f\u2019ale, mes\u2019ul, cem\u2019i, nev\u2019i.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: \u201c&\u201d i\u015fareti \u0130ngilizceye \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede “ve” i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir i\u015faret kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

    1. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan \u00f6zel adlara getirilen iyelik, durum ve bildirme ekleri kesme i\u015faretiyle ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131, soyadlar\u0131 ve takma adlar:
    \nAtat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm, Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019e, Muhibbi\u2019nin, G\u00fcl Baba\u2019ya, Sultan Ana\u2019n\u0131n, Yurdakul\u2019dan, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir\u2019i, Yunus Emre\u2019yi, Ziya G\u00f6kalp\u2019tan, Refik Halit Karay\u2019m\u0131\u015f, Ahmet Cevat Emre\u2019dir, Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019se.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Sonunda p, \u00e7, t, k \u00fcns\u00fczlerinden biri bulunan Ahmet, \u00c7elik, \u00c7i\u00e7ek, Halit, Mehmet, Mesut, Murat, \u00d6zbek, Recep, Yi\u011fit, Bosna-Hersek, Gaziantep, Kerk\u00fck, Sinop, Tokat, Zonguldak gibi \u00f6zel adlara \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan ek getirildi\u011finde kesme i\u015faretine ra\u011fmen Ahmedi, \u00c7eli\u011fi, \u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fi, Halidi, Mehmedi, Mesudu, Murad\u0131, \u00d6zbe\u011fi, Recebi, Yi\u011fidi, Bosna-Herse\u011fi, Gaziantebi, Kerk\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Sinobu, Tokad\u0131, Zongulda\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde son ses yumu\u015fat\u0131larak s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel adlar i\u00e7in yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kesme i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7tan sonra konur: Yunus Emre (1240?-1320)’nin, Yakup Kadri (Karaosmano\u011flu)’nin.<\/p>\n

    Ancak cins isimler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda yay ayra\u00e7tan sonra do\u011fal olarak kesme i\u015faretine gerek yoktur:
    \n\u0130mek fiili (ek fiil)nin geni\u015f zaman\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s ekleriyle \u00e7ekilir.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz ve kendisinden sonra gelen ekler kesme i\u015faretiyle ayr\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    b. Millet, boy, oymak adlar\u0131:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm, Alman\u2019s\u0131n\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz\u2019den, Rus\u2019mu\u015f, O\u011fuz\u2019un, Kazak\u2019a, K\u0131rg\u0131z\u2019\u0131m, \u00d6zbek\u2019e, Karake\u00e7ili\u2019nin, Hac\u0131musal\u0131\u2019ya.<\/p>\n

    c. Devlet adlar\u0131:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nden.<\/p>\n

    d. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili \u00f6zel adlar:
    \nAllah\u2019\u0131n, Tanr\u0131\u2019ya, Cebrail\u2019den, Zeus\u2019u.<\/p>\n

    e. K\u0131ta, deniz, nehir, g\u00f6l, da\u011f, bo\u011faz, ge\u00e7it, yayla; \u00fclke, b\u00f6lge, il, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y, semt, bulvar, cadde, sokak vb. co\u011frafyayla ilgili yer adlar\u0131:
    \nAsya\u2019n\u0131n, Marmara Denizi\u2019nden, Akdeniz\u2019i, Meri\u00e7 Nehri\u2019ne, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Zigana Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nden, Uzunyayla\u2019ya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya, Ankara\u2019ym\u0131\u015f, Sungurlu\u2019ya, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131\u2019ndan, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahallesi\u2019ne, Taksim Meydan\u0131\u2019ndan, Re\u015fat Nuri Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019na.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Yer bildiren \u00f6zel isimlerde k\u0131saltmal\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman ekten \u00f6nce kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Hisar\u2019dan, Bo\u011faz\u2019dan.<\/p>\n

    f. G\u00f6k bilimiyle ilgili adlar:
    \nJ\u00fcpiter\u2019den, Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc, Halley\u2019in, Merih\u2019e, B\u00fcy\u00fckay\u0131\u2019da, Yedikarde\u015f\u2019ten, Samanyolu\u2019nda.<\/p>\n

    g. Saray, k\u00f6\u015fk, han, kale, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, an\u0131t vb. adlar\u0131:
    \nDolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc\u2019ne, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndan, Ankara Kalesi\u2019nden, Horozlu Han\u2019\u0131n, Galata K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn, Bilge Ka\u011fan Abidesi\u2019nde, \u00c7anakkale \u015eehitleri An\u0131t\u0131\u2019na.<\/p>\n

    h. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eseri (tablo, heykel, m\u00fczik vb.) adlar\u0131:
    \nNutuk\u2019ta, Safahat\u2019tan, Kiral\u0131k Konak\u2019ta, Sinekli Bakkal\u2019\u0131, H\u00fcrriyet\u2019te, Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de, Onuncu Y\u0131l Mar\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131, Yunus Emre Oratoryosu\u2019nu, Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    i. Kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik, y\u00f6nerge ve genelge adlar\u0131:
    \nMill\u00ee E\u011fitim Temel Kanunu\u2019na, Medeni Kanun\u2019un, Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde, Telif Hakk\u0131 Yay\u0131n ve Sat\u0131\u015f Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019nin.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Belli bir kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik kastedildi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lan kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik s\u00f6zlerinin ek almas\u0131 durumunda kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Bu Kanun\u2019un 17. maddesinin c bendi… Yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Y\u00f6netmelik\u2019in 2\u2019nci maddesine g\u00f6re… vb.<\/p>\n

    j. Hayvanlara verilen \u00f6zel adlar:
    \nSar\u0131k\u0131z\u2019\u0131n, Karaba\u015f\u2019a, Pamuk\u2019u, Minno\u015f\u2019tan.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Kurum, kurulu\u015f, kurul ve i\u015f yeri adlar\u0131na gelen ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumundan, T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi Dekanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n; Bakanlar Kurulunun, Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulundan, Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kuruluna; Mavi K\u00f6\u015fe Bakkaliyesinden, Giman\u0131n.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : \u00d6zel adlara getirilen yap\u0131m ekleri, \u00e7okluk eki ve bunlardan sonra gelen di\u011fer ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: T\u00fcrkl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, Hristiyanl\u0131k, Avrupal\u0131, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmak, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, Konyal\u0131, Bursal\u0131, Ahmetler, Mehmetler, Yakup Kadriler, T\u00fcrklerin, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmekte, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta, Hollandal\u0131dan, Hristiyanl\u0131ktan, Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

    2. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan sonra gelen sayg\u0131 s\u00f6zlerine getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nNihat Bey\u2019e, Ay\u015fe Han\u0131m\u2019dan, Mahmut Efendi\u2019ye, Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019ya vb.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Unvanlardan sonra gelen ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca, Ba\u015fbakanca, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Ba\u015fkan\u0131na g\u00f6re vb.<\/p>\n

    3. K\u0131saltmalara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nTBMM’nin, TDK’nin, BM’de, ABD’de, TV’ye.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Sonunda nokta bulunan k\u0131saltmalarla \u00fcs i\u015faretli k\u0131saltmalar kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz. Bu t\u00fcr k\u0131saltmalarda ek noktadan ve \u00fcs i\u015faretinden sonra, kelimenin ve \u00fcs i\u015faretinin okunu\u015funa uygun olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: vb.leri, Alm.dan, \u0130ng.yi; cm\u00b3e (santimetre k\u00fcpe), m\u00b2ye (metre kareye), 64ten (alt\u0131 \u00fcss\u00fc d\u00f6rtten).<\/p>\n

    4. Say\u0131lara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n1985’te, 8’inci madde, 2’nci kat; 7,65\u2019lik, 9,65\u2019lik.
    \n1919 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu g\u00fcn\u00fc Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. (Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    5. \u015eiirde seslerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBir ok att\u0131m karl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131na
    \nD\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc n’ola sevdi\u011fimin yurduna
    \n\u0130l yanmazken ben yanar\u0131m derdine
    \nEngel aram\u0131z\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131 n’eyleyim (Karacao\u011flan)<\/p>\n

    6. Bir ek veya harften sonra gelen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur: a’dan z’ye kadar, b’nin m’ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede -l\u0131k’la yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zler.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Ak\u0131m, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131ndan sonra gelen ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n, Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6neminin, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131na
    \nKISALTMALAR<\/p>\n

    K\u0131saltmalarda herkes\u00e7e uyulan, genel bir sistem bulunmamakla birlikte dilimizde baz\u0131 esaslar\u0131n yerle\u015fti\u011fi de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u0131saltmalarla ilgili bu esaslar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz:<\/p>\n

    1. Kurulu\u015f, kitap, dergi ve y\u00f6n adlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 genellikle her kelimenin ilk harfinin b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nTBMM, TDK (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu), TK (T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc), GD (g\u00fcneydo\u011fu).<\/p>\n

    Ancak baz\u0131 k\u0131saltmalarda, k\u0131saltman\u0131n ak\u0131lda kalabilmesi i\u00e7in yeni bir kelime t\u00fcretme amac\u0131yla bazen \u00f6zellikle son kelimenin birka\u00e7 harfinin k\u0131saltmaya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr:
    \n\u0130LESAM (\u0130lim ve Edebiyat Eseri Sahipleri Meslek Birli\u011fi), SEKA (Sel\u00fcloz ve K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t Sanayii Kurumu), T\u00d6MER (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00d6\u011fretim Merkezi.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalarda genellikle nokta kullan\u0131lmaz. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerde nokta konulmas\u0131 gelenekle\u015fmi\u015ftir:
    \nM.\u00d6., P.K.(Posta Kutusu), T.C.(T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti)<\/p>\n

    2. Kurulu\u015f, kitap, dergi ve y\u00f6n adlar\u0131yla element ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kelime veya kelime gruplar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131nda, ilk harfle birlikte kelimeyi olu\u015fturan temel harfler (genellikle \u00fcns\u00fczler) dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131salt\u0131lan kelime veya kelime grubu, \u00f6zel ad, unvan veya r\u00fctbe ise ilk harf b\u00fcy\u00fck; cins ismi ise ilk harf k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olur:
    \n\u0130ng.(\u0130ngilizce), Alb. (Albay), Kocatepe Mah.,kim. (kimya), sf. (s\u0131fat), \u00e7ev. (\u00e7eviren).<\/p>\n

    K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde kelimenin okunu\u015fu; b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde k\u0131saltman\u0131n son harfinin okunu\u015fu esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nkg’dan, cm’yi, THY’de, TV’den.<\/p>\n

    3. Ancak k\u0131saltmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde bir kelime gibi okunan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde bu okunu\u015f esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nASELSAN’da, BOTA\u015e’\u0131n, NATO’dan, UNESCO’ya.<\/p>\n

    ************************************************** *************
    \nYANLI\u015e C\u00dcMLELER :
    \n\u00c7ok g\u00fczel dedi\u011fim k\u0131z d\u00f6nd\u00fc,bana bakt\u0131. (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \n\u00c7ok g\u00fczel dedi\u011fim k\u0131z d\u00f6nd\u00fc , bana bakt\u0131. (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \nArkada\u015flar\u0131mla bulu\u015fmak i\u00e7in moda’da y\u00fcr\u00fcyordum ki, \u00e7ok g\u00fczel 1 k\u0131z g\u00f6rd\u00fcm (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \n\u00c7ok g\u00fczel bir k\u0131zd\u0131, benim girlfriendim olmas\u0131n\u0131 isterdim. (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \nArkada\u015flar\u0131mla bulu\u015fmak yerine o k\u0131zla oturmay\u0131 ve sevgi ile bana bakmas\u0131n\u0131 isterdim. (yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    O k\u0131zda ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri ister miydi acaba? (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \nSan\u0131r\u0131m kap\u0131 da duran k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 araba onun du. (yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    Birden g\u00f6rd\u00fcmki araba asl\u0131nda erkek arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131nd\u0131. (yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    “\u015fey” daima ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nbir \u015fey, her \u015fey<\/p>\n

    bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kelime “her”
    \nherhangi ve herhalde hari\u00e7 di\u011ferleri ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. her zaman, her g\u00fcn, her biri, her dem, her hal\u00fckarda.<\/p>\n

    “\u015fu”
    \n\u015fuara biti\u015fik di\u011ferleri ayr\u0131.<\/p>\n

    “bir” daima ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. yaln\u0131z bir\u00e7ok biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nbir anda, bir ara, bir an, bir elden, herhangi bir.<\/p>\n

    pek \u00e7ok, pek \u00e7o\u011fu diye yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli nokta: herkes<\/p>\n

    haletiruhiye, tebdilimekan biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    ayr\u0131ca birle\u015fik fiillerde e\u011fer ses de\u011fi\u015fmesi(ses d\u00fc\u015fmesi, ses t\u00fcremesi) olursa biti\u015fik di\u011fer hallerde ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nfark etmek, affetmek(ses t\u00fcremesi) gibi.<\/p>\n

    bir di\u011fer kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan kelimeler yanl\u0131\u015f ve yaln\u0131z. bunu ezberleyemiyorum kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorum diyorsan\u0131z:
    \nyanl\u0131\u015f, yan\u0131lmaktan geliyor. yaln\u0131z, yal\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n

    \u015fu halde kimse bizden t\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmeni olmam\u0131z\u0131 beklemiyor ama bunca ya\u015fa gelip de baz\u0131 \u015feyleri bilmemek ger\u00e7ekten ay\u0131p. ben de bilmiyorum, bazen kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorum; ama gidip de herkez yazm\u0131yorum, gidiyomusun da yazm\u0131yorum. bu kadar basit \u015feylerde hata yapan top olsun!<\/p>\n

    A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki c\u00fcmlelerden hangisinin sonundaki
    \nnoktalama i\u015fareti yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n

    A) Gece, ay\u0131 hilal \u015feklinde g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.
    \nB) Bu i\u015f iki ayda zor biter.
    \nC) Ay, ne sevimli bir \u00e7ocuksun.
    \nD) Y\u00fcz\u00fc ay gibi parl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Tatile \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce otel de yerimizi ay\u0131rtt\u0131k.”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Bunun do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sende biliyorsun.”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ge\u00e7 olsunda, g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131n.”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ma\u00e7\u0131 izledimi ki, yorum yap\u0131yor?”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Urfa’da Oxford vard\u0131da bizmi gitmedik?”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Tabii ki de”
    \n“Tabii ki” (burada “de” t\u00fcm\u00fcyle gereksiz ve yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ama ben okula gittim ki!”
    \nDo\u011fru: “Ama ben okula gittim!” (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’de “ki”, anlam\u0131 vurgulamak i\u00e7in ancak olumsuz ifadelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r, olumlularda de\u011fil. “Ama ben okula gitmedim ki!”)<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ne bug\u00fcn ne de ba\u015fka bir zaman, b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemedim.”
    \nDo\u011fru: “Ne bug\u00fcn ne de ba\u015fka bir zaman, b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey s\u00f6yledim.” (Bu kal\u0131pta, olumsuzluk vurgusunu zaten “ne …. ne de ….” \u015fablonu verir. Y\u00fcklemin olumsuz kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ysa yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve anlam\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle tersine \u00e7evirir.)<\/p>\n

    Bir \u00f6rnek daha: “Babam ne liseye ne \u00fcniversiteye gitmedi.”
    \nDo\u011frusu, “Babam ne liseye ne de \u00fcniversiteye gitti” olacak.<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Akdeniz’in doyumsuz g\u00fczellikteki sahilleri”
    \nDo\u011fru: “Akdeniz’in tad\u0131na doyum olmaz g\u00fczellikteki sahilleri” ya da “Akdeniz’in, g\u00fczelli\u011fine doyum olmayan sahilleri” benzeri bir ifade kullan\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. “Doyumsuz” ile “doyum olmayan” b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 anlamlara sahiptir ve “doyumsuz”, “tatminsiz” demektir.<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “D\u00fcnya 1968’li y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131.”
    \nDo\u011fru: “D\u00fcnya 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131”, “D\u00fcnya altm\u0131\u015flarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131” ya da “D\u00fcnya 1968’de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131” bi\u00e7iminde ifade edilmeli. “1968’li y\u0131llar”, “1987’li y\u0131llar” diye bir \u015fey yoktur. “Altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llar” ya da “1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llar” ifadeleri, 1960’dan 1969’a dek uzanan on y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemi (\u0130ngilizce’de “decade”) anlatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1968 ya da 1987, 2 vb ise belli bir y\u0131ld\u0131r ve bir tanedir; “1968’li y\u0131llar” olmaz.<\/p>\n

    Internet marifetiyle yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatalar: “A\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamak” yerine “a\u015f\u015faalamak”; “Hava baya\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cak” yerine “Hava bayaa s\u0131cak” gibi.<\/p>\n

    \u2022 “Yahu” yerine “yaw”, “yow”, “yaa” gibi s\u00f6yleni\u015f bi\u00e7iminden yola \u00e7\u0131karak bi\u00e7imi bozulmu\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fckler.<\/p>\n

    K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck resimlere pek itibar etmemeli. Dilimize zarar veriyor. Afadedeki g\u00fczellikleri silip s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Amerikan filmlerinde insanlar\u0131 \u015fartland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kahkaha efektlerinin yer almas\u0131 gibi bir \u015fey<\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131m Ekleri ve Uygulamas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1) \u0130simden \u0130sim Yap\u0131m Ekleri
    \n2) \u0130simden Fiil Yap\u0131m Ekleri<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ekler, yap\u0131m ekleri ve \u00e7ekim ekleri olmak \u00fczere iki grupta toplan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131m Ekleri<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede, yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretmenin vazge\u00e7ilmez unsurlardan biri yap\u0131m ekleridir. Yap\u0131m ekleri, kelime k\u00f6klerine ve g\u00f6vdelerine gelerek dilin anlat\u0131m yetene\u011fini geni\u015fleten, dili zenginle\u015ftiren yeni kelimelerin t\u00fcretilmesinde g\u00f6rev al\u0131rlar. T\u00fcretme, k\u00f6kteki anlamla ilgi kurularak bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde dilin kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Matematik gibi kurallar\u0131 \u00e7ok sa\u011flam olan dilimizde esasen her k\u00f6ke her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ek getirilebilir. Ancak dil mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 buna izin vermez. Yap\u0131m eklerinin t\u00fcretme g\u00f6revi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kelimeye katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam incelikleri de vard\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden bir ek, ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimelere getirilmez.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcretme g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenen yap\u0131m ekleri, ayn\u0131 derecede i\u015flek de\u011fildir. Mesel\u00e2, fiil k\u00f6klerine gelerek fiil isimleri (mastar) yapan -mak, -mek eki istisnas\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn fiillere gelirken fiilden isim yapan -van eki yay-van gibi bir iki \u00f6rnekte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130\u015flek olmayan ve daha \u00e7ok baz\u0131 kelimelerde kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak bulunan bu tipteki ekler, yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretmeye pek elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

    \u0130sme getirilen yap\u0131m eki, fiile getirilmez. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131, s\u00f6yleni\u015fleri ayn\u0131 olan yap\u0131m eklerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. T\u00fcretilen kelime isme ait bir \u00e7ekim eki al\u0131yorsa kelimeye getirilen son yap\u0131m eki, isim yapma ekidir. Kelime, fiile ait bir \u00e7ekim eki al\u0131yorsa kelimedeki son yap\u0131m eki, fiil yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 c\u00fcmlede kullan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminden de anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: s\u00fcr-\u00fc-den kelimesinde -\u00fc eki fiilden isim yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kelime isme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeseydi ayr\u0131lma (-den) h\u00e2li eki getirilemezdi. s\u00fcr-\u00fc-d\u00fc-k \u00f6rne\u011finde ise -\u00fc eki fiilden fiil yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bir eke ait birden fazla bi\u00e7imin bulunmas\u0131 (baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki eklerin genellikle \u00fcnl\u00fc ve \u00fcns\u00fcz uyumlar\u0131na uymas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r: -d\u0131r, -dir, -dur, -d\u00fcr; -t\u0131r, -tir, -tur, -t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ekim eklerinde (bir-i-si, hep-i-si gibi baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) ayn\u0131 gruptan iki veya daha fazla ek \u00fcst \u00fcste gelemez. Ancak yap\u0131m ekleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama yoktur: yaz-d\u0131r-t-t\u0131r-\u0131-l-an.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Yap\u0131m Ekleri;
    \n1. \u0130simden isim yapma ekleri,
    \n2. \u0130simden fiil yapma ekleri,
    \n3. Fiilden fiil yapma ekleri,
    \n4. Fiilden isim yapma ekleri olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130S\u0130MDEN \u0130S\u0130M YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim tabanlar\u0131ndan yeni anlaml\u0131 ba\u015fka isimler t\u00fcretmede kullan\u0131lan eklerdir. \u0130\u015flek olarak kullan\u0131lanlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    1. -l\u0131k, -lik, -luk, -l\u00fck<\/p>\n

    a. Yer isimleri yapar: orman-l\u0131k, saman-l\u0131k, ta\u015f-l\u0131k, zeytin-lik, kum-luk, odun-luk, \u00e7\u00f6p-l\u00fck, g\u00fcl-l\u00fck, k\u00f6m\u00fcr-l\u00fck vb.
    \nDut-luk, Et-lik, \u0130ncir-lik, Yumurta-l\u0131k. (Burada \u00f6zel isim olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

    b. S\u0131fatlar yapar: ay-l\u0131k (\u00fccret), baklava-l\u0131k (un), bayram-l\u0131k (elbise), dolma-l\u0131k (biber), g\u00f6mlek-lik (kuma\u015f), hediye-lik (e\u015fya), mevsim-lik (i\u015f) vb.<\/p>\n

    c. Alet, ara\u00e7, gere\u00e7 isimleri yapar: ba\u015f-l\u0131k, kulak-l\u0131k, sabah-l\u0131k, diz-lik, gece-lik, gelin-lik, sebze-lik, buz-luk, tuz-luk, ya\u011fmur-luk, \u00f6n-l\u00fck vb. (\u00e7aydan-l\u0131k, i\u011fneden-lik, ya\u011fdan-l\u0131k \u00f6rneklerinde ise \u2013l\u0131k ile ayn\u0131 i\u015flevdeki Fars\u00e7a \u2013dan ekinden sonra gelmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n

    d. Meslek ve meslek a\u015famas\u0131 g\u00f6steren adlar yapar: avukat-l\u0131k, i\u015f\u00e7i-lik, demirci-lik, k\u0131lavuz-luk, g\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc-l\u00fck; asistan-l\u0131k, binba\u015f\u0131-l\u0131k, do\u00e7ent-lik, general-lik vb.<\/p>\n

    e. R\u00fctbe ve makam isimleri yapar: bakan-l\u0131k, ba\u015fkan-l\u0131k, kaymakam-l\u0131k, komutan-l\u0131k, vali-lik, m\u00fcd\u00fcr-l\u00fck, rekt\u00f6r-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    f. Soyut isimler ve durum isimleri yapar: a\u00e7-l\u0131k, arkada\u015f-l\u0131k, ayr\u0131-l\u0131k, \u00e7ocuk-luk, delikanl\u0131-l\u0131k, erkek-lik, gen\u00e7-lik, g\u00fcven-lik, g\u00fczel-lik, ihtiyar-l\u0131k, iyi-lik, kad\u0131n-l\u0131k, karde\u015f-lik, koca-l\u0131k, temiz-lik, vicdans\u0131z-l\u0131k, yolcu-luk vb.<\/p>\n

    g. Say\u0131 isimlerinden sonra o say\u0131n\u0131n toplu olarak bulundu\u011funu bildiren isimler yapar: alt\u0131-l\u0131k, be\u015f-lik, bin-lik, on-luk, d\u00f6rt-l\u00fck, y\u00fcz-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    h. Renk isimlerine getirilince, o rengin yayg\u0131n olarak bulundu\u011funu bildiren isimler yapar: beyaz-l\u0131k, kara-l\u0131k, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-l\u0131k, mavi-lik, mor-luk vb.<\/p>\n

    i. Ana-l\u0131k, baba-l\u0131k, evlat-l\u0131k, o\u011ful-luk gibi kelimelerde \u00fcveylik anlam\u0131 katar.<\/p>\n

    j. Ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00f6zellik anlam\u0131 katan adlar yapar: ak\u0131lc\u0131-l\u0131k, sa\u011fc\u0131-l\u0131k, devrimci-lik, gerici-lik, milliyet\u00e7i-lik, solcu-luk, toplumcu-luk, Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    k. A\u00e7-l\u0131k tok-luk, az-l\u0131k \u00e7ok-luk, ba\u011f-l\u0131k bah\u00e7e-lik, var-l\u0131k yok-luk, bir-lik beraber-lik, dir-lik d\u00fczen-lik, g\u00fcl-l\u00fck g\u00fclistan-l\u0131k \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi ikilemeler yapar.<\/p>\n

    l. Getirildi\u011fi isme, \u00e7okluk veya topluluk anlam\u0131 katar: a\u011fa\u00e7-l\u0131k, \u00e7al\u0131-l\u0131k, \u00e7am-l\u0131k, \u00e7ay\u0131r-l\u0131k, kavak-l\u0131k, orman-l\u0131k, vi\u015fne-lik, s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    2. -l\u0131, -li, -lu, -l\u00fc<\/p>\n

    a. S\u0131fat yapar: anlay\u0131\u015f-l\u0131 (arkada\u015f), say\u0131-l\u0131 (g\u00fcn), bilgi-li (\u00f6\u011fretmen), g\u00f6lge-li (yer), renk-li (k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t), bulut-lu (hava), g\u00fcl-l\u00fc (bah\u00e7e) vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    b. Bir yere aitlik, ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 katar: Asya-l\u0131, bura-l\u0131, Konya-l\u0131, Kayseri-li, lise-li, mahalle-li, do\u011fu-lu, Sel\u00e7uk-lu, k\u00f6y-l\u00fc, \u00fcniversite-li vb.<\/p>\n

    c. Yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmayan k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerle kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak, s\u0131fat g\u00f6revli kelimelerde bulunur: ac\u0131k-l\u0131, al\u0131m-l\u0131, dan\u0131\u015f\u0131k-l\u0131, paha-l\u0131, tutar-l\u0131 giz-li, elveri\u015f-li, sevgi-li, yer-li, top-lu, us-lu, s\u00f6z-l\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    d. \u0130kileme kurar: al-l\u0131 ye\u015fil-li, an-l\u0131 \u015fan-l\u0131, bel-li ba\u015f-l\u0131, sa\u011f-l\u0131 sol-lu, der-li top-lu, gece-li g\u00fcnd\u00fcz-l\u00fc, i\u00e7-li d\u0131\u015f-l\u0131, iri-li ufak-l\u0131 vb.<\/p>\n

    \u0130kilemeler kuran -l\u0131, -li, -lu, -l\u00fc ekinin eski bi\u00e7imi de b\u00f6yledir. Fakat di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerdeki ekin eski \u015fekli -l\u0131g, -lig, -lug, -l\u00fcg olup ba\u015fka bir ektir: tat-l\u0131g > tat-l\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7-l\u00fcg > g\u00fc\u00e7-l\u00fc \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi.<\/p>\n

    3. -s\u0131z -siz, -suz, -s\u00fcz<\/p>\n

    Olumsuz anlam ta\u015f\u0131yan adlar, s\u0131fatlar, zarflar yapar: ahl\u00e2k-s\u0131zl\u0131k, ar-s\u0131z, h\u0131r-s\u0131z, \u00f6k-s\u00fcz (annesiz), tel-siz; ba\u011f\u0131m-s\u0131z (\u00fclke), g\u00f6rg\u00fc-s\u00fcz (adam); kimse-siz (ya\u015f\u0131yor), tutar-s\u0131z (davran\u0131yor) vb.<\/p>\n

    Bu ekle, ikilemeler de yap\u0131l\u0131r: bor\u00e7-suz har\u00e7-s\u0131z, ipsiz sap-s\u0131z, i\u015f-siz g\u00fc\u00e7-s\u00fcz, kay\u0131t-s\u0131z \u015fart-s\u0131z, ses-siz ses-siz, tat-s\u0131z tuz-suz, yer-siz yurt-suz vb.<\/p>\n

    4. -c\u0131, -ci, -cu, -c\u00fc; -\u00e7\u0131, -\u00e7i, -\u00e7u, -\u00e7\u00fc
    \nMeslek, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, taraftarl\u0131k isimleri yapar:
    \naraba-c\u0131, bilgisayar-c\u0131, cam-c\u0131, iz-ci, koru-cu, g\u00f6z-c\u00fc, bal\u0131k-\u00e7\u0131, kitap-\u00e7\u0131, di\u015f-\u00e7i, i\u015f-\u00e7i, simit-\u00e7i, tost-\u00e7u, g\u00f6zl\u00fck-\u00e7\u00fc; \u015faka-c\u0131, yalan-c\u0131, geri-ci, kin-ci, kader-ci, sol-cu, uyku-cu, bar\u0131\u015f-\u00e7\u0131, f\u0131rsat-\u00e7\u0131, halk-\u00e7\u0131, inat-\u00e7\u0131, yaltak-\u00e7\u0131, milliyet-\u00e7i, T\u00fcrk-\u00e7\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    5. -c\u0131k, -cik, -cuk, -c\u00fck; -\u00e7\u0131k, -\u00e7ik, -\u00e7uk, -\u00e7\u00fck<\/p>\n

    a. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme, azl\u0131k, ac\u0131ma, sevgi, \u015fefkat bildiren adlar yapar: ada-c\u0131k, az(\u0131)-c\u0131k, adam-c\u0131k, a\u011fa\u00e7-\u00e7\u0131k, anneci\u011fim (anne-cik-im), Ayhan-c\u0131\u011f\u0131m, boru-cuk, dere-cik, kad\u0131n-c\u0131k, kedi-cik, kimse-cik, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc(k)-c\u00fck, teyzeci\u011fim (teyze-cik-im), yavru-cuk, yumu\u015fa-c\u0131k (yumu\u015fak-\u00e7\u0131k), zavall\u0131-c\u0131k..<\/p>\n

    b. Hastal\u0131k isimleri yapar: arpa-c\u0131k, y\u0131lan-c\u0131k, k\u0131zam\u0131k-\u00e7\u0131k, pamuk-\u00e7uk.<\/p>\n

    c. Bitki isimleri yapar: k\u0131z\u0131l-c\u0131k, dil-cik, gelin-cik…<\/p>\n

    d. Organ isimleri yapar: elma-c\u0131k (kemi\u011fi), kar\u0131n-c\u0131k, badem-cik, kese-cik, k\u00f6pr\u00fc-c\u00fck (kemi\u011fi), kapak-\u00e7\u0131k…<\/p>\n

    e. Hayvan isimleri yapar: s\u0131\u011f\u0131r-c\u0131k, tatar-c\u0131k…<\/p>\n

    f. Alet isimleri yapar: da\u011far-c\u0131k, i\u011fne-cik, maymun-cuk, dip-\u00e7ik…<\/p>\n

    g. Yer isimleri yapar: Ayva-c\u0131k, \u00c7\u0131nar-c\u0131k, Germen-cik, Harman-c\u0131k, Ova-c\u0131k, Yaka-c\u0131k, G\u00f6l-c\u00fck…<\/p>\n

    6. -ca, -ce, -\u00e7a, -\u00e7e<\/p>\n

    a. \u00d6zellikle s\u0131fatlara ve zarflara \u00e7ekim eki gibi gelerek as\u0131l i\u015flevi olan e\u015fitlik, benzerlik, g\u00f6relik, nispet gibi anlamlar\u0131 kazand\u0131r\u0131r: adam-ca, ak\u0131l-ca, ala-ca, bu-n-ca, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n-ca, filan-ca, k\u0131sa-ca, sar\u0131-ca, soy-ca, yak\u0131n-ca, aile-ce, ben-ce, bilgi-ce, b\u00f6l\u00fcm-ce, deli-ce, ek\u015fi-ce, g\u00fczel-ce, iyi-ce, kendi-n-ce, siz-ce, \u00e7ocuk-\u00e7a, ya\u015f-\u00e7a, a\u00e7\u0131k-\u00e7a, ak-\u00e7a, adet-\u00e7e, geni\u015f-\u00e7e, g\u00f6k-\u00e7e…
    \nb. Ayr\u0131-ca, ba\u015fl\u0131-ca, do\u011fru-ca, d\u00fc\u015fman-ca, kolay-ca, b\u00f6yle-ce, erken-ce, gizli-ce, \u00f6n-ce, sert-\u00e7e, \u00e7abuk-\u00e7a, ho\u015f-\u00e7a, yava\u015f-\u00e7a \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi adlardan, s\u0131fatlardan bazen de zamirlerden sonra gelerek zarf yapar.<\/p>\n

    c. Dil ve leh\u00e7e isimleri yapar: Alman-ca, \u0130ngiliz-ce, Arap-\u00e7a, Fars-\u00e7a, Rus-\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk-\u00e7e; \u00c7uva\u015f-\u00e7a, Yakut-\u00e7a…<\/p>\n

    d. Yer isimleri yapar: \u00c7aml\u0131-ca, \u00c7atal-ca, \u00c7ukur-ca, Kozlu-ca, Kumlu-ca, Sapan-ca, Yar\u0131m-ca, Derin-ce, D\u00fcz-ce, S\u00fctl\u00fc-ce, Yeni-ce…<\/p>\n

    e. Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya isimler ve s\u0131fatlar yapar: o-n-ca, \u0131l\u0131-ca, kokar-ca; ala-ca (karga), aptal-ca (s\u00f6z), Kara-ca (Ali) gibi.<\/p>\n

    7. -da\u015f, -de\u015f, -ta\u015f, -te\u015f<\/p>\n

    E\u015flik, ortakl\u0131k, ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, aitlik bildiren isimler yapar: ada\u015f (<ad- da\u015f), anlam-da\u015f, arka-da\u015f, \u00e7a\u011f-da\u015f, g\u00f6n\u00fcl-da\u015f, karde\u015f (<kar\u0131n-da\u015f), s\u0131r-da\u015f, soy-da\u015f, \u00fclk\u00fc-da\u015f, yol-da\u015f, \u00f6z-de\u015f, y\u00f6n-de\u015f, denk-ta\u015f, emek-ta\u015f, yurt-ta\u015f, k\u00f6k-te\u015f, ses-te\u015f.<\/p>\n

    8. -nc\u0131, -nci, -ncu, -nc\u00fc<\/p>\n

    S\u0131ralama ve derece bildiren isimler yapar: alt\u0131-nc\u0131, bir-i-nci, elli-nci, iki-nci, son-u-ncu, \u00fc\u00e7-\u00fc-nc\u00fc, y\u00fcz-\u00fc-nc\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n

    9. -ar, -er; -\u015far, -\u015fer<\/p>\n

    As\u0131l say\u0131 adlar\u0131ndan \u00fcle\u015ftirme say\u0131lar\u0131 yapar. \u00dcns\u00fczle biten say\u0131lara -ar, -er; \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten say\u0131lara -\u015far, -\u015fer bi\u00e7imi getirilir: k\u0131rk-ar, on-ar, be\u015f-er, bir-er, \u00fc\u00e7-er; alt\u0131-\u015far, iki-\u015fer, yedi-\u015fer gibi.<\/p>\n

    10. -sal, -sel<\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131 olarak yanl\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u2013sal, -sel eki bug\u00fcn yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bilim eseri yerine bilimsel eser, kamu alan\u0131 yerine kamusal alan gibi yanl\u0131\u015f kullanmalar tercih edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nispet ifade eden \u00ee ekinin yerine -l ( do\u011fa-l, \u00f6zne-l, yasa-l), -al, -el (ulus-al, s\u00f6z-el) ve \u2013sal, -sel (say\u0131-sal, b\u00f6lge-sel) ekleri de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kelimelerde de nisbet \u00ee\u2019si yerine \u2013k eki de (sosyoloji-k, biyoloji-k) kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    -sal, -sel eki a\u00e7\u0131-sal, an\u0131t-sal, do\u011fru-sal, duygu-sal, hayvan-sal, kal\u0131t-sal, kara-sal, kut-sal, onur-sal, tar\u0131m-sal, yap\u0131-sal, birey-sel, bitki-sel, b\u00f6lge-sel, \u00e7izgi-sel, evren-sel, gelenek-sel \u00f6rneklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak yap\u0131 olarak yanl\u0131\u015f olan bu \u015fekli yayg\u0131n \u00f6rneklerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullanmamaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermek gerekir.<\/p>\n

    Bunlardan ba\u015fka, getirildi\u011fi isme de\u011fi\u015fik anlamlar katan ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00f6rnekte rastlanan isimden isim yapma ekleri de vard\u0131r. \u0130simden t\u00fcremi\u015f isimler hakk\u0131nda fikir vermesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte verilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    -a\u00e7, -e\u00e7 (boz-a\u00e7, k\u0131r-a\u00e7, top-a\u00e7), -ak, -ek (ba\u015f-ak, sol-ak, top-ak, ben-ek),-an, -en (o\u011fulan>o\u011flan k\u0131z-an, er-en), -c\u0131l, -cil, -cul,-c\u00fcl; -\u00e7\u0131l, -\u00e7il, -\u00e7ul, -\u00e7\u00fcl (tav\u015fan-c\u0131l, ben-cil, ev-cil, \u00f6l\u00fcm-c\u00fcl, bal\u0131k-\u00e7\u0131l, k\u0131r-\u00e7\u0131l, et-\u00e7il,ot-\u00e7ul), -cileyin (ben-cileyin, sen-cileyin), -\u00e7 (ana-\u00e7, ata-\u00e7, baba-\u00e7), -g\u0131l, -gil, -g\u00fcl, -k\u0131l, -kil) (Ali-gil, day\u0131m-gil, k\u0131r-k\u0131l, i\u00e7-kil, d\u00f6rt-g\u00fcl), -ka, -ge (ba\u015f-ka, \u00f6z-ge), -kan, -ken (ba\u015f-kan, er-ken), -kek (er-kek), -man, -men (ak-man, ata-man, kara-man, konuk-man, yal-man, dik-men, evci-men, g\u00f6k-men, k\u00f6le-men, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-men> k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc-men, k\u00f6se-men, \u00f6z-men), -la (k\u0131\u015f-la-g>k\u0131\u015f-la, yay-la-g>yay-la), -lak, -lek (av-lak, k\u0131\u015f-lak, ku\u015f-lak, ot-lak, su-lak, ev-lek), -leyin (ak\u015fam-leyin, gece-leyin, sabah-leyin), -ms\u0131, -msi, -msu,-ms\u00fc (ac\u0131-ms\u0131, a\u011fac-\u0131-ms\u0131, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-ms\u0131, sar\u0131-ms\u0131, tatl\u0131-ms\u0131, tepe-msi, ek\u015fi-msi, ye\u015fil-i-msi, mor-u-msu), -mt\u0131rak (ek\u015fi-mt\u0131rak, ac\u0131-mt\u0131rak, sar\u0131-mt\u0131rak, mavi-mt\u0131rak, ye\u015fili-mt\u0131rak), -rak, -rek (ac\u0131-rak, k\u0131sa-rak, tatl\u0131-rak, iri-rek), -sak, -sek (ba\u011f\u0131r-sak, kur-sak, dir-sek, t\u00fcm-sek), -s\u0131, -si, -su, -s\u00fc (kad\u0131n-s\u0131, erkek-si, \u00e7ocuk-su), -\u015f\u0131n, -\u015fin (ak-\u015f\u0131n, kara-\u015f\u0131n, sar\u0131-\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6k-\u015fin), -t (e\u015f-i-t, ya\u015f-\u0131-t), -z (alt\u0131-z, be\u015f-i-z, d\u00f6rd-\u00fc-z, iki-z, \u00fc\u00e7-\u00fc-z)<\/p>\n

    \u0130S\u0130MDEN F\u0130\u0130L YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden fiiller yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bu eklerin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 i\u015flevleri yoktur. Hepsinin ortak i\u015flevi, isimleri fiille\u015ftirmek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u00fcretilen fiilin anlam\u0131n\u0131 ekler de\u011fil k\u00f6k veya g\u00f6vde konumunda olan isimler belirler. Bunlardan \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lanlar\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    1. -la-, -le-<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim soylu kelimelerden fiil g\u00f6vdesi kurar: ak-la-, av-la-, ba\u011f-la-, ba\u015f-la-, nokta-la-, su\u00e7-la-, ucuz-la-, yaz-la, yok-la-, yol-la-, ate\u015f-le-, belge-le-, dem-le-, demir-le-, di\u015f-le-, giz-le-, kilit-le-, mim-le, ter-le-, \u00fct\u00fc-le-; \u00e7at-la-, \u00e7\u0131n-la-, g\u00fcr-le-, hav-la-, \u00fcf-le- vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    Bu ekle yap\u0131lan fiillerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 bug\u00fcn bu \u015fekliyle kullan\u0131lmazlar. -n-, -\u015f-, -t- fiilden fiil yapma ekleriyle geni\u015fletilmi\u015f olarak yeni bir ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131karlar: can-lan-, dik-len-, ya\u015f-lan-, bol-la\u015f-, din\u00e7-le\u015f-, iyi-le\u015f-, makine-le\u015f-, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e-le\u015f-, kir-let- vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 dilciler bu \u00f6zellik sebebiyle eki, -lan-, -len-; -la\u015f-, -le\u015f-; -lat-, -let- bi\u00e7iminde de g\u00f6sterirler.<\/p>\n

    2. -al-, -el-<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim k\u00f6kleri ve g\u00f6vdelerinden genellikle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131da fiiller kurar: az-al-, bo\u015f-al-, bun-al-, dar-al-, k\u00f6r-el-, y\u00f6n-el- gibi<\/p>\n

    3. -l-<\/p>\n

    \u0130\u015flevi, -al- \/ -el- ekiyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r: do\u011fru-l-, duru-l-, ince-l-, k\u0131sa-l-, sivri-l- vb.<\/p>\n

    4. -a-, -e-:<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim soylu kelimelerden fiil g\u00f6vdeleri kurar: ad-a-, benz-e- (<beniz-e-), bo\u015f-a-, kan-a-, oy(u)n-a-, t\u00fcr-e-, t\u00fcn-e- (t\u00fcn: gece), ya\u015f-a- vb.<\/p>\n

    \u0130simden fiil yapan ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 olan di\u011fer ekler (baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle) \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: -ar-, -er- (a\u011f-ar-, ba\u015f-ar-, mor-ar-, on-ar-, ev-er-, g\u00f6\u011f-er-); -da-, -de- (\u00e7at\u0131r-da-, f\u0131s\u0131l-da-, horul-da-, \u0131\u015f\u0131l-da-, k\u00fct\u00fcr-de- ); -k- (a\u00e7-\u0131-k->ac-\u0131-k-, bir-i-k-, ge\u00e7-i-k->gec-i-k-, g\u00f6z-\u00fc-k-); -k\u0131r-, -kir-, -kur-, -k\u00fcr- (f\u0131\u015f-k\u0131r-, h\u0131\u00e7-k\u0131r-, k\u0131\u015f-k\u0131r-t-, p\u00fcs-k\u00fcr-, t\u00fc-k\u00fcr-); -msa-,-mse- (az-\u0131-msa-, ben-i-mse-, k\u00f6t\u00fc-mse, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00fcmse> k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc-mse-); -r- (deli-r-);-sa-, -se- (bu\u011fa-sa-, ayg\u0131r-sa-, su-sa-, umur-sa, m\u00fchim-se-, garip-se-, \u00f6nem-se-).<\/p>\n

    F\u0130\u0130LDEN F\u0130\u0130L YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden, yeni fiiller t\u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, say\u0131ca az fakat i\u015flek eklerdir.
    \n1. -l-<\/p>\n

    D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck, edilgenlik ve bilinmezlik ifade eden fiiller yapar: bo\u011f-u-l-, b\u00fcz-\u00fc-l-, \u00fcz-\u00fc-l-, yor-u-l-; an-\u0131-l-, bas-\u0131-l-, duy-u-l-, g\u00f6nder-i-l-, kaz-\u0131-l-, k\u0131y-\u0131-l-, \u00f6v-\u00fc-l-, sar-\u0131-l-, s\u00f6k-\u00fc-l-, ver-i-l-, yaz-\u0131-l-, y\u00fcz-\u00fc-l- gibi.<\/p>\n

    Sonu \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ve l \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcyle biten fiiller -l- ekini almazlar.<\/p>\n

    2. -ma-, -me-<\/p>\n

    Getirildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerine olumsuzluk anlam\u0131 katar: duy-ma-, ka\u00e7-ma-, sor-ma-, uyu-ma-, yat-ma-, bil-me-, \u00e7ek-me-, g\u00f6r-me- vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    3. -n-
    \nD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck ifade eden fiiller yapar: bak-\u0131-n-, \u00e7ek-i-n-, giy-i-n, yet-i-n-…
    \nD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck ifade eden -n- ile edilgenlik, bilinmezlik yapan \u2013n- birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 fakat i\u015flev bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck Edilgenlik, bilinmezlik
    \nara-n- (\u00c7ok arand\u0131.) ara-n- (Her yer arand\u0131.)
    \nsil-i-n- (Silinmi\u015f, kurulanm\u0131\u015f.) sil-i-n- (Tahta silindi.)
    \ny\u0131ka-n- (Ali y\u0131kand\u0131.) y\u0131ka-n- (Araba y\u0131kand\u0131.)<\/p>\n

    4. -r-<\/p>\n

    Fiillere, yapt\u0131rma ve oldurma anlam\u0131 katan, ge\u00e7i\u015fsiz fiilleri ge\u00e7i\u015fli yapan eklerden biridir. Sonu \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten fiillere gelmez. Daha \u00e7ok, sonu \u00e7, \u011f, p, \u015f, t, y \u00fcns\u00fczleriyle biten tek heceli fiillere gelir: a\u015f-\u0131-r-, bit-i-r-, do\u011f-u-r-, duy-u-r-, ge\u00e7-i-r-, pi\u015f-i-r- vb.<\/p>\n

    5. -\u015f- :<\/p>\n

    Fiil tabanlar\u0131ndan i\u015fte\u015f ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131da * fiiller yapar: at-\u0131-\u015f-, bak-\u0131-\u015f-, d\u00f6n-\u00fc-\u015f-, d\u00f6v-\u00fc-\u015f-, g\u00f6r-\u00fc-\u015f-, g\u00fcl-\u00fc-\u015f-, kalk-\u0131-\u015f-, kok-u-\u015f-, sev-i-\u015f-, s\u0131k-\u0131-\u015f- gibi.<\/p>\n

    6. -t-<\/p>\n

    Ettirgen \u00e7at\u0131 kuran \u00e7ok i\u015flek bir ektir: ac\u0131-t-, az-\u0131-t-, benze-t-, boya-t-, d\u00fczel-t-, kapa-t-, kuru-t-, oku-t-, \u00f6de-t, s\u00fcr-t-, uza-t-, \u00fcrk-\u00fc-t-,y\u00fcksel-t- gibi.<\/p>\n

    7. -d\u0131r-, -dir-, -dur-, -d\u00fcr-; -t\u0131r-, -tir-, -tur-, -t\u00fcr-<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ok i\u015flek eklerden biridir. Ettirgen \u00e7at\u0131l\u0131 fiiller yapar. \u00dcnl\u00fcyle biten tek heceli fiillerle \u00fcns\u00fczle biten b\u00fct\u00fcn fiillere getirilebilir:kay-d\u0131r-, yaz-d\u0131r-, y\u0131l-d\u0131r-, bil-dir-, de-dir-, giy-dir-, sez-dir-, sin-dir-, ver-dir-, ye-dir-, don-dur-, g\u00fcl-d\u00fcr-, y\u00fcz-d\u00fcr-; a\u00e7-t\u0131r-, as-t\u0131r-, b\u0131k-t\u0131r-, tart-t\u0131r-, \u00e7ek-tir-, ko\u015f-tur-, \u00f6p-t\u00fcr-, t\u00fct-t\u00fcr- vb.<\/p>\n

    Yukar\u0131dakilere g\u00f6re az i\u015flek olan, fiilden fiil yapma eklerinin di\u011ferleri ise \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte \u015funlard\u0131r: -a-, -e- (bul-a-, dol-a-, t\u0131k-a-); -ala-, -ele- (dur-ala-, kak-ala-, kov-ala-, \u015fa\u015f-ala-, ov-ala- e\u015f-ele-, gez-ele-, it-ele-, silk-ele-, tep-ele-);-ar-\/-er- (kop-ar-, \u00e7\u0131k-ar-); -\u0131-, -\u00fc- (kaz-\u0131-, s\u00fcr-\u00fc-); -k- (dol-u-k-, kan-\u0131-k-; bur-k-, kal-k-, sil-k-); -p- (k\u0131r-p-, ser-p-)…<\/p>\n

    F\u0130\u0130LDEN \u0130S\u0130M YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden, isimler yapmakta kullan\u0131lan eklerdir. Bu eklerin say\u0131ca \u00e7ok ve i\u015flek olmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin fiilden isim yapmaya elveri\u015fli bir dil oldu\u011funun da g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

    1. -gan, -gen; -kan, -ken<\/p>\n

    Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, \u00f6zellik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 katar: at\u0131l-gan, al\u0131\u015f-kan, kay-gan, s\u0131k\u0131l-gan, s\u00fcr\u00fcn-gen; \u00e7al\u0131\u015f-kan, somurt-kan, yal\u0131t-kan, de\u011fi\u015f-ken, \u00fcret-ken gibi.<\/p>\n

    2. -g\u0131, -gi, -gu, -g\u00fc; -k\u0131, -ki, -ku, -k\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f olan eklerden biridir. Fiilin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi hareketle ilgili t\u00fcrl\u00fc nesneleri, kavramlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar. Alet isimleri de yapar: al-g\u0131, \u00e7al-g\u0131, sar-g\u0131, say-g\u0131, bil-gi, der-gi, ez-gi, ser-gi, ver-gi, kur-gu, sor-gu, vur-gu, g\u00f6r-g\u00fc, \u00f6r-g\u00fc, s\u00fcr-g\u00fc; at-k\u0131, bas-k\u0131, bi\u00e7-ki, bit-ki, se\u00e7-ki, ili\u015f-ki, kes-ki, tut-ku, d\u00fc\u015f-k\u00fc, k\u00fcs-k\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    3. -g\u0131n, -gin, -gun, -g\u00fcn; -k\u0131n, -kin, -kun, -k\u00fcn<\/p>\n

    A\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve genellikle s\u0131fat gibi kullan\u0131lan isimler t\u00fcretir: az-g\u0131n, dal-g\u0131n, bez-gin, bil-gin, boz-gun, ol-gun, yor-gun, \u00fcz-g\u00fcn; yat-k\u0131n, bit-kin, et-kin, ge\u00e7-kin, pi\u015f-kin, se\u00e7-kin, tut-kun, k\u00fcs-k\u00fcn gibi.<\/p>\n

    4. -\u0131, -i, -u, -\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Olan, yapan veya yap\u0131lan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan isimler t\u00fcreten i\u015flek bir ektir: an-\u0131, ba\u015far-\u0131, bat-\u0131, \u00e7arp-\u0131, kaz-\u0131, say-\u0131, s\u0131k-\u0131, yaz-\u0131, be\u011fen-i, bildir-i, diz-i, gez-i, do\u011f-u, dol-u, kork-u, pus-u, sor-u, sun-u, \u00f6l-\u00fc, \u00f6rt-\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n

    5. -\u0131c\u0131, -ici, -ucu, -\u00fcc\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Meslek ya da \u00f6zellik bildiren isimler yapar: ak-\u0131c\u0131, al-\u0131c\u0131, bak-\u0131c\u0131, kurtar-\u0131c\u0131, yaz-\u0131c\u0131, \u00e7ek-ici, gez-ici, t\u00fcket-ici, \u00fcret-ici, ver-ici, bo\u011f-ucu, oku-y-ucu, so\u011fut-ucu, tut-ucu, g\u00fcld\u00fcr-\u00fcc\u00fc, s\u00fcr-\u00fcc\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n

    6. -\u0131\u015f, -i\u015f, -u\u015f, -\u00fc\u015f *<\/p>\n

    Say\u0131l\u0131 birka\u00e7 fiil d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6klerine ve g\u00f6vdelerine gelebilen i\u015flek eklerden biridir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler de yapar: al-\u0131\u015f, anla-y-\u0131\u015f, bak-\u0131\u015f, davran-\u0131\u015f, sat-\u0131\u015f, ya\u011f-\u0131\u015f, yarat\u0131l-\u0131\u015f, gir-i\u015f, s\u00f6yle-y-i\u015f, ver-i\u015f, do\u011f-u\u015f, duy-u\u015f, sun-u\u015f, g\u00f6r-\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

    7. -k<\/p>\n

    Fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden genellikle s\u0131fat g\u00f6revinde kullan\u0131lan kelimeler t\u00fcreten i\u015flek eklerden biridir: a\u00e7-\u0131-k, birle\u015f-i-k, boz-u-k, del-i-k, dile-k, don-u-k, ez-i-k, g\u00f6\u00e7-\u00fc-k, iste-k, kes-i-k, k\u0131r-\u0131-k, s\u00f6k-\u00fc-k, tara-k, uyu\u015f-u-k, yan-\u0131-k, yerle\u015f-i-k. vb.<\/p>\n

    8. -m<\/p>\n

    Kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler yapan i\u015flek eklerdendir: al-\u0131-m, bak-\u0131-m, bas-\u0131-m, bil-i-m, \u00e7ek-i-m, \u00e7iz-i-m, do\u011f-u-m, e\u011fit-i-m, ek-i-m, ge\u00e7-i-m, giy-i-m, i\u00e7-i-m, \u00f6l-\u00fc-m, sar-\u0131-m, sat-\u0131-m, se\u00e7-i-m, sun-u-m, tak-\u0131-m, tan\u0131-m, tad-\u0131-m, t\u00fcket-i-m, u\u00e7ur-u-m, \u00fcret-i-m, ver-i-m, yud-u-m vb.<\/p>\n

    9. -ma, -me<\/p>\n

    B\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerine getirilebilir. As\u0131l g\u00f6revi, i\u015f isimleri yapmakt\u0131r: oku-ma, sula-ma, soru\u015ftur-ma, bekle-me, git-me, gez-me, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f-me.<\/p>\n

    As-ma, ayaklan-ma, bas-ma, dan\u0131\u015f-ma, doku-ma, dol-ma, dondur-ma, kavur-ma, tamla-ma, tonla-ma, yak-ma, yaz-ma, yokla-ma, besle-me, b\u00f6l-me, b\u00fct\u00fcnle-me, dik-me, i\u00e7-me, s\u00fcr-me \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler de yapar.<\/p>\n

    10. -mak, -mek<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki b\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6kleri ve g\u00f6vdelerine gelir. As\u0131l g\u00f6revi, fiil isimleri yapmakt\u0131r: a\u00e7-mak, a\u011fla-mak, kaz-mak, ofla-mak, utan-mak, yalvar-mak, bil-mek, derle-mek, g\u00fcl-mek vb.
    \nAyr\u0131ca \u00e7ak-mak, kay-mak, tok-mak, ek-mek, il-mek, ye-mek \u00f6rneklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi az say\u0131da kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler de yapar.<\/p>\n

    11. -t\u0131, -ti, -tu, -t\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Genellikle yans\u0131ma tabanlar\u0131ndan ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131 kuran eklerden sonra gelerek isimler t\u00fcretir: cay\u0131r-t\u0131, c\u0131z\u0131r-t\u0131, \u00e7at\u0131r-t\u0131, g\u0131c\u0131r-t\u0131, homur-tu, g\u00fcmb\u00fcr-t\u00fc, k\u00fct\u00fcr-t\u00fc; al\u0131n-t\u0131, bunal-t\u0131, \u00e7arp\u0131n-t\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n-t\u0131, kabar-t\u0131, karar-t\u0131, ka\u015f\u0131n-t\u0131, k\u0131zar-t\u0131, s\u0131\u011f\u0131n-t\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131n-t\u0131, uzan-t\u0131, belir-ti, \u00f6den-ti, tiksin-ti, \u00fcrper-ti, do\u011frul-tu, g\u00f6r\u00fcn-t\u00fc, vb. Fiile gelen \u00f6rneklerde bu eki -nt\u0131, -nti, -ntu, -nt\u00fc olarak da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n

    Yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan fiilden isim yapma ekleri, di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7ok olan i\u015flek eklerdir. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00f6rnekte rastlanan ve di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha az i\u015flek olan fiilden isim yapma ekleri de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bunlar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da alfabetik d\u00fczende s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    -a, -e : do\u011f-a, sap-a, oy-a, yar-a, diz-e, ge\u00e7-e, gel-e, s\u00fcr-e…
    \n-a\u011fan, -e\u011fen : dur-a\u011fan, ol-a\u011fan, yat-a\u011fan, gez-e\u011fen..
    \n-ak, -ek : bar\u0131n-ak, bat-ak, b\u0131\u00e7-ak, dur-ak, ka\u00e7-ak, kay-ak, kon-ak, sap-ak, tut-ak, yat-ak,
    \nd\u00f6n-ek, s\u00fcr-ek, \u00fcrk-ek…
    \n-alak, -elek : as-alak, yat-alak, \u00e7\u00f6k-elek.
    \n-amak, -emek : bas-amak, ka\u00e7-amak, tut-amak…
    \n-anak, -enek: ol-anak, tut-anak, gel-enek, g\u00f6r-enek, kes-enek, se\u00e7-enek.
    \n-ca, -ce: sak\u0131n-ca, dinlen-ce, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn-ce, e\u011flen-ce, g\u00fcven-ce, s\u00f6ylen-ce…
    \n-\u00e7: g\u00fcl\u00fcn-\u00e7, i\u011fren-\u00e7, inan-\u00e7, k\u0131l\u0131n-\u00e7, k\u0131skan-\u00e7, korkun-\u00e7, sevin-\u00e7, usan-\u00e7. Eskiden sadece \u2013n-\u2019li
    \n\u00e7at\u0131lara gelen bu ek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten fiillere de getirilmektedir: ba\u011fla-\u00e7, imle-\u00e7,
    \nt\u00fcmle-\u00e7.
    \n-a\u00e7, -e\u00e7: kald\u0131r-a\u00e7, sark-a\u00e7, say-a\u00e7, b\u00fcy\u00fct-e\u00e7, g\u00fcl-e\u00e7, s\u00fcr-e\u00e7…
    \n-d\u0131, -di, -du, -d\u00fc; -t\u0131, -ti, -tu, -t\u00fc: imambay\u0131l-d\u0131, h\u00fcnkarbe\u011fen-di, \u015f\u0131psev-di, gecekon-du,
    \nayakbas-t\u0131, k\u00fclbas-t\u0131, pi\u015f-ti, eltieltiyek\u00fcs-t\u00fc…
    \n-ga, -ge: dal-ga, yon-ga, bil-ge, b\u00f6l-ge, diz-ge, g\u00f6ster-ge, s\u00f6m\u00fcr-ge, s\u00fcp\u00fcr-ge, \u00f6ner-ge…
    \n-ga\u00e7, -ge\u00e7; -ka\u00e7, -ke\u00e7: solun-ga\u00e7, utan-ga\u00e7, il-ge\u00e7, s\u00fcz-ge\u00e7, \u00fc\u015fen-ge\u00e7, y\u00fcz-ge\u00e7, k\u0131s-ka\u00e7…
    \n-g\u0131\u00e7, -gi\u00e7, -gu\u00e7, -g\u00fc\u00e7: ba\u015flan-g\u0131\u00e7, dal-g\u0131\u00e7, bil-gi\u00e7, sor-gu\u00e7…
    \n-maca, -mece : at-ma-ca, bul-ma-ca, ko\u015f-ma-ca, bil-me-ce, \u00e7ek-me-ce, d\u00fcz-me-ce, kes-me-
    \nce, se\u00e7-me-ce…
    \n-ma\u00e7, -me\u00e7: al-ma\u00e7, bula-ma\u00e7, \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rt-ma\u00e7, kar-ma\u00e7, kurut-ma\u00e7, s\u0131k-ma\u00e7, yak-ma\u00e7,yan\u0131lt-
    \nma\u00e7, y\u0131rt-ma\u00e7, b\u00f6l-me\u00e7, de-me\u00e7…
    \n-man, -men: az-man, dan\u0131\u015f-man, okut-man, \u00f6\u011fret-men, say-man, se\u00e7-men, yaz-man,
    \ny\u00f6net-men…
    \n-m\u0131k, -mik, -muk, -m\u00fck: k\u0131y-m\u0131k, il-mik, kus-muk, soy-muk…
    \n-n: ak-\u0131-n, bas-\u0131-n, diz-i-n, gel-i-n, say-\u0131-n, t\u00fct-\u00fc-n, yay-\u0131-n, y\u0131\u011f-\u0131-n…
    \n-t : an-\u0131-t, bin-i-t, dik-i-t, ge\u00e7-i-t, kes-i-t, \u00f6\u011f-\u00fc-t, um-u-t, kon-u-t, ta\u015f\u0131-t, yak-\u0131-t, yap-\u0131-t, yaz-\u0131-t…<\/p>\n

    Buram, tutam, \u00e7atal, dolanba\u00e7>dolamba\u00e7, saklanba\u00e7>saklamba\u00e7, g\u00f6\u00e7eri, u\u00e7ar\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131l, kaypak,
    \ns\u00fcr\u00fcnceme, tutsak, ya\u011fmur, yayvan kelimelerinde koyu yaz\u0131lan ekler ise (neredeyse) bu
    \n\u00f6rneklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1. Ek, K\u00f6k, g\u00f6vde nedir?<\/p>\n

    2. -mak\/-mek her yere, van eki bazen (yayvan)<\/p>\n

    3. \u0130sme getirilen yap\u0131m eki, fiile getirilmez.<\/p>\n

    4. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131 ama kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
    \nS\u00fcrmek \u2013 s\u00fcr\u00fcmek
    \nS\u00fcr\u00fcden – s\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcm T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 DERS\u0130NE<\/p>\n

    HO\u015e GELD\u0130N\u0130Z
    \n\u0130S\u0130MDEN \u0130S\u0130M YAPMA EKLER\u0130
    \nLIK
    \nsaman-l\u0131k
    \nbayraml\u0131k
    \nbuzluk
    \ndemircilik
    \nrekt\u00f6rl\u00fck
    \ntemizlik
    \ny\u00fczl\u00fck
    \nbabal\u0131k, evlatl\u0131k
    \na\u00e7l\u0131k, tokluk<\/p>\n

    LI
    \nBilgili, renkli
    \nKonyal\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc
    \nYerli, s\u00f6zl\u00fc
    \nSa\u011fl\u0131-sollu<\/p>\n

    SIZ
    \nAhlaks\u0131z<\/p>\n

    CI
    \nBilgisayarc\u0131, camc\u0131<\/p>\n

    CIK
    \nKedicik,
    \nK\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131k, pamuk\u00e7uk
    \nGelincik, k\u0131z\u0131lc\u0131k
    \nK\u00f6pr\u00fcc\u00fck, bademcik<\/p>\n

    CA
    \nAdamca, g\u00fczelce \u2013 nispet katar
    \nD\u00fc\u015fmanca, yava\u015f\u00e7a \u2013 zarf yapt\u0131.
    \nRomence, \u0130ngilizce
    \n\u00c7ukurca, \u00c7aml\u0131ca<\/p>\n

    DA\u015e
    \n\u00d6zde\u015f, soyda\u015f<\/p>\n

    NCI
    \n\u0130kinci, yirminci<\/p>\n

    AR
    \n\u0130ki\u015fer, yirmi\u015fer<\/p>\n

    SAL
    \nBitkisel,<\/p>\n

    \u0130S\u0130MDEN F\u0130\u0130L YAPMA EKLER\u0130
    \nLA
    \nTerle, \u00fct\u00fcle<\/p>\n

    AL
    \nBo\u015fal
    \nAzal<\/p>\n

    L
    \nDo\u011frul, incel<\/p>\n

    A
    \nBo\u015fa, kana<\/p>\n

    AR
    \nK\u0131zar, ba\u015far<\/p>\n

    YAZIM YANLI\u015eLARI<\/p>\n

    \u00d8 \u0130nsano\u011flu ana dilini konu\u015fmay\u0131 \u00e7evresinde duydu\u011fu seslere anlam vererek \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/p>\n

    \u00d8 Yaz\u0131m yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131na dikkat etmek sadece T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin i\u015fi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

    ana dili
    \ndil bilgisi
    \ndiz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar
    \nbirka\u00e7
    \nbir \u00e7ok
    \nher \u015fey \u2013 bir \u015fey     \u015fey\u2018 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.
    \nya da
    \n\u015farj
    \nkatliam \u2013 katliyam
    \niri yar\u0131 \u2013 iriyar\u0131
    \nhi\u00e7bir<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131 Do\u011frusu (!)<\/p>\n

    neden olmak
    \n(Bu ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmama o neden oldu) Neden olmak olumsuzluk i\u00e7erir.
    \n(Bu ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmam\u0131 o sa\u011flad\u0131.)
    \n(Bu duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeme o neden oldu.)
    \ntekrardan tekrar veya yeniden<\/p>\n

    MERAK ETME ATA\u2019M, D\u0130L\u0130N VE TAR\u0130H\u0130N \u00d6NEM\u0130N\u0130 ANLADIK. ONLARA MUTLAKA SAH\u0130P \u00c7IKACA\u011eIZ.<\/p>\n

    RES\u0130MLER
    \nEfendim, art\u0131k d\u00fckkanlar\u0131m\u0131za koyacak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e isim bulam\u0131yoruz
    \nGel vatanda\u015f gel\u2026 Al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015f megaym\u0131\u015f. O ne demekse?\u2026<\/p>\n

    Sormakta bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorum. Outlet ne demek?… Kendi memleketimizde yabanc\u0131 olduk!…
    \nAfedersiniz. Acaba buras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye mi???<\/p>\n

    KAYNAK:<\/p>\n

    TDK Sitesi<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.edubilim.com\/forum\/turk_dili_ders_notlari-t15037 <\/span><\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 DERS NOTLARI<\/span><\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 <\/span><\/span>MET\u0130N HAKVERD\u0130O\u011eLU<\/span><\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yabanc\u0131 dillerin boyunduru\u011fundan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemesinin en \u00f6nemli nedeni Dilin, bir toplumda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce birli\u011fini yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve o toplumun ulusal benli\u011fini kazanmas\u0131nda en etkili ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu bilmesidir.<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131 dilinin Kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikimlerini ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Leh\u00e7e ya da a\u011f\u0131z denilen dil birliklerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131 dilin \u015fu temel \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir: Dilin geli\u015fen ve de\u011fi\u015fen canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131k olmas\u0131yla<\/p>\n

    Genel dilin toplumsal \u00e7evreye, ya\u015fa ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fczeyine, mesleklere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zel dillerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Konu\u015fma dili ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterir, sese dayanan bir eylemdir, El y\u00fcz hareketleri konu\u015fmaya do\u011fall\u0131k katar, dilin geli\u015fimine temel olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131l\u0131 ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bi\u00e7imsel \u00f6zellikler: Yal\u0131nl\u0131k, Dengelik, Akla uygunluk, Bir\u00f6rneklik<\/p>\n

    Ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131ndaki \u015fekil \u00e7e\u015fitleri: \u00c7izgi grafi\u011fi, Harita, \u00d6rg\u00fct \u015femas\u0131, S\u00fctun grafi\u011fi<\/p>\n

    Ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Problem, S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar, Ama\u00e7, \u00d6nem yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bilim dili ile argo aras\u0131nda, \u00f6zel dil olmalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir benzerlik vard\u0131r.
    \nBireylerin toplumla olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren \u00f6\u011felerden biri de anadilidir.
    \nKonu\u015fma organlar\u0131, anadilin ses \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tacak bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fir.
    \nLeh\u00e7e ve a\u011f\u0131z, bir dilin de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrleridir.<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri: Yaz\u0131m kurallar\u0131na uyma gereklili\u011fi, Yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131m\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131, Bilimin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn gelecek ku\u015faklara aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamas\u0131, Her dilin genel yazma kurallar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131<\/p>\n

    Yarat\u0131c\u0131 yazman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi alanlar: \u015eiir, Roman, \u00d6yk\u00fc, Destan<\/p>\n

    Bir duygunun ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin, zihinde tasarlanan bir konunun s\u00f6zle ya da yaz\u0131yla bildirilmesine Anlat\u0131m denir.<\/p>\n

    Anadilin \u00f6zellikleri: Bireylerin toplumla en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur, Bilin\u00e7alt\u0131na inen “d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme dili”dir, Her ulusun dili o ulusa ait ki\u015filerin ana dilidir, Anadil ulusal niteliktedir.<\/p>\n

    Uzun \u00e7izgi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bir \u00e7izelgede bulunan \u00f6\u011feler: \u00c7izelge dipnotlar\u0131, \u0130\u00e7erik, \u00c7er\u00e7eve, Numara ve ba\u015fl\u0131k<\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    A.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>Dilin \u00d6zellikleri
    \nB. Dilin Millet Hayat\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \nC. D\u0130L\u0130N \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

    Dil, insanlar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan tabi\u00ee bir vas\u0131ta; kendisine mahsus kanunlar\u0131 olan ve ancak bu kanunlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde geli\u015fen canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131k, temeli bilinmeyen zamanlarda at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir gizli antla\u015fmalar sistemi, seslerden \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7tima\u00ee bir m\u00fcessesedir.\u201d (Muharrem Ergin)<\/p>\n

    Dil, bir anda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyece\u011fimiz kadar \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc, de\u011fi\u015fik a\u00e7\u0131lardan bak\u0131nca ba\u015fka ba\u015fka nitelikleri beliren, kimi s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn de \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fimiz b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d (Do\u011fan Aksan)<\/p>\n

    \u201cBir toplumu olu\u015fturan ki\u015filerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve duygular\u0131n\u0131n o toplumda ses ve anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ortak \u00f6geler ve kurallardan yararlanarak ba\u015fkalar\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bir sistem.\u201d (Zeynep Korkmaz)<\/p>\n

    \u201cDil, insanlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda haberle\u015fmelerini, duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, arzular\u0131n\u0131, isteklerini bir tak\u0131m mesajlarla birbirlerine nakletmelerini temin eden her \u00e7e\u015fit i\u015faretler toplulu\u011funa verilen isimdir.\u201d(Ayhan Songar)<\/p>\n

    1. Anla\u015fma Arac\u0131d\u0131r :<\/p>\n

    Dilin birinci ve as\u0131l i\u015flevi anla\u015fma arac\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cAncak onun vas\u0131tal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f anlamamak l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r. Zira dil, tabi\u00ee bir vas\u0131tad\u0131r. Geli\u015fig\u00fczel bir vas\u0131ta, madd\u00ee bir vas\u0131ta, gelip ge\u00e7ici i\u011freti bir vas\u0131ta, bir alet de\u011fildir. Dil, canl\u0131 bir vas\u0131ta gibidir. \u0130nsanlara, fertlere hizmet eder; fakat insanlar\u0131n, fertlerin keyfine t\u00e2bi de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar, onu istedikleri bi\u00e7ime sokamazlar, ona de\u011fi\u015fik bir \u015fekil veremezler. Onu oldu\u011fu gibi kabul etme\u011fe, onun hususiyetlerine dikkat etme\u011fe, onun tabiat\u0131na uyma\u011fa, onun kanunlar\u0131na boyun e\u011fme\u011fe mecburdurlar.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

    \u0130nsanlar ayn\u0131 mek\u00e2nda saatlerce, g\u00fcnlerce, aylarca, hatta y\u0131llarca birlikte kalsalar bile duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini belirtmedikleri zaman aralar\u0131nda ileti\u015fim sa\u011flanamaz. Duygular, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, istekler ancak a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmak suretiyle ba\u015fkalar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. \u0130\u015fte insanlar aras\u0131ndaki bu ileti\u015fimi en kolay ve do\u011fal \u015fekliyle sa\u011flayan, dildir.<\/p>\n

    2. Do\u011fall\u0131k:<\/p>\n

    Dilin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de do\u011fal olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7evremizde do\u011fal olarak nitelendirdi\u011fimiz (a\u011fa\u00e7, su, toprak, g\u00fcne\u015f, deniz, at… gibi) varl\u0131klar\u0131n tabiat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6z itibariyle dilin tabiat\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirilmez. Nitekim dil yapay olsayd\u0131, insanlar farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 dillerle konu\u015fmak ve yazmak yerine ortak bir dil yaparlar, onu kullan\u0131rlard\u0131.[2]<\/p>\n

    3. Kurallar\u0131 Vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Her dilin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc kurallar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu kurallar dilin tabiat\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifadeyle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse biz \u00f6nce kurallar\u0131 koyup bu kurallara g\u00f6re konu\u015fmuyoruz. Mevcut kurallar\u0131, dilin do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131ndan tespit ediyoruz. Mesel\u00e2; T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde fiilin, gelecek zamanda yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in \u2013acak, -ecek ekini kullan\u0131yoruz. Bu eki de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, yeni bir ek kural ortaya atmak gibi bir tasarrufumuz olamaz.<\/p>\n

    4. Canl\u0131d\u0131r :<\/p>\n

    Dil, kendi kanunlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131 bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelliklerinden olan do\u011fma, b\u00fcy\u00fcme, geli\u015fme gibi \u00f6zellikler dil i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Ahmet Ha\u015fim, dilin kelimelerini yapraklara benzetiyor. Yapraklar ilkbaharda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor; yaz\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 dallardad\u0131r; sonbaharda sararmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve k\u0131\u015f gelirken d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcyor; bir anlamda \u00f6l\u00fcyor. Bunun gibi dilde de bir kelime ihtiya\u00e7tan ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor bir s\u00fcre kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ve belli bir zaman sonra kullan\u0131mdan kalk\u0131yor. Mesel\u00e2; ka\u011fn\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kullan\u0131mdan kalkmas\u0131yla birlikte ka\u011fn\u0131 kelimesi ve ka\u011fn\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar\u0131n her birine verilen adlar da kullan\u0131mdan kalkmaktad\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z bu demek de\u011fildir ki \u015fimdi kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kelimelerin hepsi de bir g\u00fcn tamamen unutulacak. Dil, geli\u015fmesini do\u011fal olarak g\u00f6sterecektir. \u00d6l\u00fc bir kelimeyi zorla g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile sokmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak bir \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc diriltmeye benzer ve bir netice vermez. Mesel\u00e2, asl\u0131 Arap\u00e7a olan kitab kelimesini biz kitap \u015feklinde kullan\u0131yoruz. \u201cEski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kitab\u0131 ifade eden betik kelimesi varsa, biz bu kelimeyi ni\u00e7in<\/span><\/span> kullanm\u0131yoruz\u201d demek, dilin canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011fine uymaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

    5. Gizli Anla\u015fmalar Sistemidir:<\/p>\n

    Dilin do\u011fu\u015fu konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli teoriler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu teorilerle ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar bug\u00fcn de devam etmektedir: Acaba ilk insanlar nas\u0131l anla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131? Ni\u00e7in milletlerin dilleri farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r? gibi sorular\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu sorulara verilecek cevaplar da birbirinden farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u015euras\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir ki bir dildeki kelimeler ve kelime dizileri konusunda o milletin b\u00fct\u00fcn fertleri tarihin bilinmeyen d\u00f6neminde gizli bir anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015f gibi; kavramlar\u0131n, nesnelerin, eylemlerin… anlat\u0131m\u0131nda ayn\u0131 kelimeleri kullan\u0131rlar. Ayn\u0131 nesneler farkl\u0131 milletlerin dilinde farkl\u0131 kelimelerle ifade edilir: T\u00fcrklerin ta\u015f; Araplar\u0131n hacer; Farslar\u0131n seng; Ruslar\u0131n kamen, \u0130ngilizlerin stone demesi gibi.<\/p>\n

    6. Milletin Ortak Mal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Milleti millet yapan unsurlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda dil yer al\u0131r. Her milletin konu\u015ftu\u011fu dil kendi milletinin ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r: T\u00fcrk-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Rus- Rus\u00e7a gibi. \u201cDil baz\u0131 insanlar\u0131n veya z\u00fcmrelerin de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir milletin ortak mal\u0131d\u0131r…O yaln\u0131z, ya\u015fayan neslin de\u011fil, ecdad\u0131n da torunlar\u0131n da \u00fczerinde hakk\u0131 olan derinli\u011fine ve geni\u015fli\u011fine b\u00fct\u00fcn bir millet mal\u0131d\u0131r, millet emanetidir, millet miras\u0131d\u0131r, millet istikb\u00e2lidir.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

    7. Sosyal Bir Varl\u0131kt\u0131r :<\/p>\n

    Dilin kurallar\u0131 ve s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, onun sosyalli\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00f6zelliklerdendir. Dil, b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle toplumdan topluma de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. Dilin yap\u0131s\u0131, kurallar\u0131 ve kelime hazinesi; milletin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve felsefesiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Bir anlamda milletin karakteri, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafya… diline yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u201cS\u00f6z geli\u015fi T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede devenin rengini g\u00f6steren bir tek deve t\u00fcy\u00fc kelimesi bulundu\u011fu h\u00e2lde, Arap\u00e7ada bu rengin ton farklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren y\u00fcze yak\u0131n kelimenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmesi; Aymara K\u0131z\u0131lderililerinin patates \u00e7e\u015fitlerini anlatmak i\u00e7in 200 ayr\u0131 kelime kullanmas\u0131; Eskimolar\u0131n kar\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u015fekillerinden her birini ayr\u0131 kelimelerle anlatmas\u0131 dilin; toplumlar\u0131n duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131na, sosyal durumlar\u0131na, oturduklar\u0131 yerlere ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131na, tarihteki ge\u00e7mi\u015flerine, zaman i\u00e7inde u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fime ve geli\u015fmelere g\u00f6re, \u015fekil ve i\u015fleyi\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirinden ayr\u0131 bi\u00e7imlenmeye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.\u201d[2]<\/p>\n

    D. D\u0130L\u0130N M\u0130LLET HAYATINDAK\u0130 YER\u0130 VE \u00d6NEM\u0130<\/p>\n

    Bir millet ayakta tutan, onun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan, mill\u00ee \u015fuuru besleyen, bir millet mensubu olma hazz\u0131n\u0131 veren ve bireylerini birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131rarak, onlar aras\u0131nda birlik yaratan millet olarak, dil \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6yle ki milletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, dilin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
    \n\u0130nsan\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u00f6\u011frenmesinde, g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015famas\u0131nda, gelece\u011fine y\u00f6n vermesinde, ki\u015fili\u011fini kazanmas\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fan di\u011fer insanlarla ileti\u015fim kurmas\u0131nda ve kendisini ifade etmesinde dilin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011fu muhakkakt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan dil bir anlamda bireye hizmet eder. Ancak, ore tabiat\u0131 gere\u011fi toplu h\u00e2lde ya\u015famaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. \u00c7evresinde kendiyle ayn\u0131 de\u011ferleri payla\u015fan insanlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu ortak de\u011ferlerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda, payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda, nesilden nesile aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda, milletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmesinde dil, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6revi yerine getirir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc millet olman\u0131n birinci \u015fart\u0131, ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Dil, milletin ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle yol alarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirir. Milleti olu\u015fturan bireyler aras\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici bir rol \u00fcstlenen dil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ortak \u015fuurun, mill\u00ee \u015fuurun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na hizmet eder. Mill\u00ee birli\u011fi ve beraberli\u011fi sa\u011flar. Dilin bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetini kuran; T\u00fcrk halk\u0131, T\u00fcrk milletidir. T\u00fcrk ore demek, T\u00fcrk dili demektir. T\u00fcrk dili T\u00fcrk ore i\u00e7in kutsal bir hazinedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk ore , ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi nihayetsiz fel\u00e2ketler i\u00e7inde ahl\u00e2k\u0131n\u0131n, an\u2019anelerinin, hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n, menfaatlerinin, k\u0131sacas\u0131, bug\u00fcn kendi milliyetini yapan her \u015feyinin dili sayesinde muhafaza olundu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. T\u00fcrk dili, T\u00fcrk milletinin kalbidir, zihnidir.\u201d S\u00f6zlerinde veciz ifadesini bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131yla dilin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir ilgi vard\u0131r. Dilini unutmayan fakat ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden bir toplum milliyetini koruyor demektir. Bu toplum, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131p bir devlet kurarak, bir millet olarak yeniden tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla T\u00fcrklerin ve di\u011fer milletlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birer devlet olarak yeniden tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 bunun en yeni \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Tarihte bunun ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fi vard\u0131r. Ancak dilini kaybeden milletlerin tarih sahnesinden silindikleri de bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Bir milletin dili bozulursa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ve edebiyat alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ba\u015flar. Dil as\u0131l i\u015flevini (insanlar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fma arac\u0131 olma) yerine getiremez. Kitleler birbirlerini anlayamaz ore gelir ve yava\u015f yava\u015f kopmalar ba\u015flar. Bu ger\u00e7ek, tecr\u00fcbeyle sabit oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bir ore i\u00e7ten y\u0131kma y\u00f6nteminde i\u015fe ore dilden ba\u015flan\u0131r.Yeni neslin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferleri \u00f6\u011frenmemesi ve bireylerin, ku\u015faklar\u0131n birbiriyle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ileti\u015fim kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in ne gerekiyorsa yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden dil \u00fczerinde oynanan oyunlara kar\u015f\u0131 her zaman uyan\u0131k olmak gerekir. Adres bulmada kolayl\u0131k olsun gibi bir bahaneyle mesel\u00e2; Yunus Emre Caddesi\u2019ni 4. Cadde \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirmek bile k\u00fclt\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, cadde ad\u0131n\u0131 rakamla ifade etti\u011finiz zaman bu tabelay\u0131 okuyan kimsenin buradan caddenin numaras\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenebilece\u011fi bir \u015fey yoktur. Fakat Yunus Emre ad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde en az\u0131ndan yeti\u015fen nesil Yunus Emre\u2019nin kim oldu\u011funu, bu caddeye neden bu ismin verildi\u011fini merak edecektir, \u00f6\u011frenmek isteyecektir ve sonu\u00e7ta kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir\u015feyler bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bir milletin ruhu, karakteri, anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131… \u00e7o\u011funlukla sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n ortaya koyduklar\u0131 eserlere yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de dil, sosyal yap\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn aynas\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu eserlerin dikkatle incelenmesi o milletin karakteri hakk\u0131nda sa\u011flam ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verecektir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ve ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131, bunlar i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00e7elerinden \u00f6nemli paylar ay\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 yabana atmamak l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r. Her milletin kendine ore birtak\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zellikleri oldu\u011fu gibi milletlerin zay\u0131f ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu y\u00f6nler de vard\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla bunlar\u0131n tespiti m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130zlenecek politikalar\u0131n belirlenmesine bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan elde edilen veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkeler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde stratejik ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir taraf\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda o \u00fclkenin veya b\u00f6lgenin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de yerel dilleri g\u00fcndeme getirmektedirler. Tarihte ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bunun pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u00d6zetlemek gerekirse dil, milletin manev\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn aynas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir milletin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerini olu\u015fturan ve o ore ayakta tutan; edebiyat\u0131, sanat\u0131, bilim ve tekni\u011fi, d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ahl\u00e2k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, m\u00fczi\u011fi… ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ancak dil sayesinde aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dilin korunmas\u0131yla mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 seviyede alg\u0131lamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

    E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M VE D\u0130L<\/p>\n

    Bireyler d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011fi anda sosyal olmayan varl\u0131klard\u0131r. Fakat toplum \u00f6yle bir \u00e7evredir ki, bu sosyal olmayan varl\u0131klar\u0131, i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi andan itibaren kendisine benzetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bireylerin toplumu benimsemesi yani sosyalle\u015fmesi toplumun bekas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklidir. Bir toplum, bireylerine lisan\u0131n\u0131, ahlak\u0131n\u0131, estetik zevkini, ilmi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, teknik vetirelerini a\u015f\u0131lamazsa ya\u015fayamaz.(19) Bunlar\u0131n bireylere aktar\u0131m\u0131nda ise en etkin kurumlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Dil, \u00e7evremizdeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ileti\u015fim arac\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha belirgin olarak zihniyetimizin s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bu nedenle de onun belirleyici bir konumu vard\u0131r. Bilim, felsefe ve sanat eserlerinde de yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve bir \u00e7ok i\u015flevi birden g\u00f6ren dilin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.(20) En s\u0131radan bir haberi dinlerken, en s\u0131radan bir yaz\u0131y\u0131, gazeteyi vb. okurken insanlar\u0131n elinde s\u00f6zl\u00fck bulundurma zorunlulu\u011funu hisseder hale gelmesi \u00f6nemli \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir. \u00d6yle ki, insanlar kimi zaman kendilerinin \u00e7ok bildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak, komplekslerini tatmin etmek, kimi zaman kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak dilde tahribata yol a\u00e7mak, kimi zaman da fark\u0131nda olmadan insanlar\u0131n anlayamayaca\u011f\u0131, ne oldu\u011fu belli olmayan \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik c\u00fcmleler ya da kelimeler kullanabilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle bu t\u00fcr tav\u0131rlar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetlerinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok olumsuz etki yapmaktad\u0131r. Zaten bilmedi\u011fi bir \u015feyleri \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan birey, \u00fcst\u00fcne birde bilmedi\u011fi kelimelerle ya da anla\u015f\u0131lmayan c\u00fcmlelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca \u00f6\u011fretilenlere tamamen yabanc\u0131 kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Doktorun hastas\u0131na hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, siyaset\u00e7inin se\u00e7menini bilin\u00e7lendirirken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n-ayd\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131rken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil ve de e\u011fitimcinin kitlesini e\u011fitirken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil kitlelere yabanc\u0131 olursa yap\u0131lan gayretler bo\u015fa gitmekte, konu\u015fanla dinleyenin birbirine yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle olunca da hakl\u0131n kendini yeti\u015ftirmesi ve geli\u015ftirmesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememektedir. \u0130\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn bu nedenler, toplumun \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yakalamas\u0131nda olumsuz etkenler olabilmektedir. Ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131ndan sapm\u0131\u015f kelimeler, yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131lan, anlam\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak ifade edilen s\u00f6zc\u00fckler anlat\u0131lmak istenilenin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Hem sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in, hem de Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerine titredi\u011fi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in dil en temel \u00f6ge olma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz mill\u00ee bir e\u011fitim i\u00e7in mill\u00ee bir dil gereklidir. Bu nedenle de dilin mill\u00eele\u015fmesi, halka yakla\u015fmas\u0131 amac\u0131 \u00f6nde gelmelidir. Mill\u00ee bir his ile dil aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ba\u011f vard\u0131r. Dilin mill\u00eeli\u011fi, mill\u00ee hissin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.<\/p>\n

    \u00dclkemizde ilkokuldan \u00fcniversiteye kadar e\u011fitimin her kademesinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/span><\/span> e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimi verilmektedir. Buna ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019yi do\u011fru ve g\u00fczel kullananlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ters durum, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimindeki eksikli\u011fin, yetersizli\u011fin, metotsuzlu\u011fun bir sonucu oldu\u011fu kadar; k\u00fclt\u00fcr politikalar\u0131n\u0131n, insanlar\u0131m\u0131zdaki mill\u00ee \u015fuur ve dil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc eksikli\u011finin, yabanc\u0131 dil hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bir sonucudur. Bu sonu\u00e7ta, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimi ile g\u00f6revli olanlar\u0131n, dil ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konusunda yeterli e\u011fitimi alamam\u0131\u015f televizyon programc\u0131 ve sunucular\u0131n\u0131n, bas\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu herkesten fazlad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk \u201cMill\u00ee his ile dil aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f \u00e7ok kuvvetlidir.\u201d Diyor. Ger\u00e7ekten dil, mill\u00ee varl\u0131k, mill\u00ee birlik, mill\u00ee duygu, bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Dil meselesi, mill\u00ee \u015fuur meselesidir. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Cumhuriyet rejimini yerle\u015ftirdikten sonra ilk i\u015f olarak T\u00fcrk tarihi ile birlikte T\u00fcrk\u00e7e meselesine e\u011filmesi k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve dilin millet varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini iyi anlayan bir devlet adam\u0131 olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Dil, mill\u00ee varl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha \u00f6nemlidir. Onun i\u00e7in mill\u00ee vicdan ve sorumluluk sahibi her T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerine titremesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

    \u201cVatan\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d fikir ve inanc\u0131 gibi, \u201cdilin bozulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00fczerinde de ittifak etmeliyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Yahya Kemal\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin \u00e7ekilmedi\u011fi yerler vatand\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7ekildi\u011fi yerler vatanl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar.(…) Vatan\u0131n g\u00f6vde ve ruhu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019dir.\u201d
    \n\u0130smail ACAR
    \nBal\u0131kesir \u00dcniversitesi<\/p>\n

    TARIK BU\u011eRA’NIN T\u00dcRK\u00c7E SEVDASI
    \nOsman D\u00d6NMEZ<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerinden biri olan Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, hik\u00e2ye, roman ve tiyatroda kendine sa\u011flam bir yer edinirken, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu alanlar\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerinde de d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli fikirler ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, gazete ve dergilerde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131larda, belirli aral\u0131klarla T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \u00f6nemine, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerinde oynanmak istenen oyunlara ve bunlar\u0131n g\u00e2yesine y\u00f6nelik, d\u00f6nemin ilim adamlar\u0131na, e\u011fitimcilerine, siyaset\u00e7ilerine \u00f6nemli ikazlarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, edebiyat ve sanatta soylu bir duru\u015f sahibi olabilmenin ilk ve b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kafaya sahip olmaktan, yani h\u00e2diselere, meselelere, insana ve insanlar aras\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetlere pe\u015fin h\u00fck\u00fcmlere saplanmadan bakabilmekten ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu tavr\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile ilgili yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalelerinde de sergiledi\u011finden, \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7eciler\u2019 ve dilde \u2018ar\u0131la\u015fma\u2019y\u0131 savunanlar taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Gen\u00e7 Kalemler dergisiyle birlikte do\u011fru yola girdi\u011fini, bu yolda halk\u0131n edebiyat ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hayat\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Tek Parti d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan dil \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son derece tahrip edici neticeler do\u011furdu\u011fu kanaatindedir. Bunun i\u00e7in kendi neslinden bir\u00e7ok yazar\u0131 da pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ve k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131ran \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019 maceras\u0131ndan uzak durmu\u015f, \u00f6zellikle \u2018k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimeleri\u2019 dedi\u011fi, bug\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ba\u011flayan kelimelerden yazarl\u0131k hayat\u0131 boyunca vazge\u00e7memi\u015ftir.\u201d1 Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re yaln\u0131z edebiyatta de\u011fil, di\u011fer sanat dallar\u0131nda, teknikte, bilimde k\u0131saca \u2018kafa\u2019 ile ilgili faaliyetlerin hepsinde insan\u0131n seviyesi ve kaderi dile ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilk \u00e7a\u011flardan beri \u2018insan\u0131n kelimelerle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ortak bir hakikat olarak kabul g\u00f6rmektedir. Yakas\u0131n\u0131 \u2018kelime anar\u015fisine\u2019 kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bir e\u011fitimle, matematikte ve fizikte bile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 iki de bir de\u011fi\u015fen kavramlarla ilim, felsefe ve tefekk\u00fcr yap\u0131lamaz. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, dil \u015fuurunun kayboldu\u011funu haber vermektedir.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyle ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u00f6z d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6nemin dil kurumuna gelir. Bu kurumu bir \u00e7iftli\u011fe, kurumda g\u00f6rev yapanlar\u0131 da \u00e7iftlik a\u011falar\u0131na benzeten Bu\u011fra, bu ki\u015filerin birbirlerini \u00e7ok tuttuklar\u0131n\u0131, kendi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re m\u00fcessesele\u015ftiklerini, dergilerinde kendi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bilgin, sanatk\u00e2r ve m\u00fcnekkit yeti\u015ftirdiklerini belirtir. Bu kurumun yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi hik\u00e2yeci, romanc\u0131 ve \u015fairlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da dilimizi bozduklar\u0131, fakirle\u015ftirdikleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bir \u00fclkenin anadili \u00fczerinde oynanan k\u00f6t\u00fc emelli oyunlar\u0131, o \u00fclkenin kendi kendine harp a\u00e7mas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendiren Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi korumaya y\u00f6nelik faaliyetlere acilen ba\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin nerede ise jest, mimik ve tek heceli nidalardan, birtak\u0131m i\u015faretlerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil kaba bir anla\u015fma vas\u0131tas\u0131 h\u00e2line gelece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra ar\u0131 bir dil meydana getirmek iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u2018dil \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 ve tasfiyecilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz kelimelik Orta Afrika ve Avustralya\u2019daki kabile dilleri hari\u00e7, \u2018ar\u0131 dil\u2019 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Bu\u011fra, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in son d\u00f6nemlerindeki dil anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerin\u2019 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ilgi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu\u011fra, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in dilde girilen \u00e7\u0131kmaz\u0131n fark\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Falih R\u0131fk\u0131\u2019ya s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fu s\u00f6zle hat\u0131rlat\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7ocuk, \u00e7\u0131kmaza girilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi bu \u00e7\u0131kmazda b\u0131rakamay\u0131z, tabi\u00ee yola girece\u011fiz.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u2018Atat\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 10 Kas\u0131m 1974 tarihli Terc\u00fcman gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, kurulu\u015f y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 1934 ve 1937 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u2018T\u00fcrk Dili Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi iki mesaj\u0131na yer verir. Ayn\u0131 kuruma, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l arayla, ayn\u0131 g\u00e2ye i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilen bu iki farkl\u0131 mesajda, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn dil konusuna bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde okumak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1934 tarihli mesaj\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cDil bayram\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, T\u00fcrk Dili Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu Genel \u00d6zeli\u011finden, ulusal kurumlardan kutunbilikler ald\u0131m. G\u00f6sterilen g\u00fczel duygulardan k\u0131van\u00e7 duydum. Ben de kamuyu kutlular\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1937 tarihli mesaj\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cDil bayram\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019nun hakk\u0131mdaki duygular\u0131n\u0131 bildiren telgraf\u0131n\u0131zdan \u00e7ok m\u00fctehassis oldum. Te\u015fekk\u00fcr eder, de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131zda muvaffakiyetlerinizin temadisini dilerim.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n dilde yapt\u0131klar\u0131yla \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerin\u2019 dilde yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine benzetir. Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re her iki grup da iktidara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini devleti ve devletin temellerini y\u0131kacak \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerin\u2019 dilin ne oldu\u011funu bilmediklerini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dili bir kelimeler ambar\u0131 sand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu \u015fu c\u00fcmlelerle ortaya koyar Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra: \u201c\u00d6yle bir c\u00fcmle yazars\u0131n\u0131z ki, i\u00e7inde bir tek T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelime bulunmaz, ama T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir, gene \u00f6yle bir c\u00fcmle yazars\u0131n\u0131z ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeleri aba en ced T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir, ama kendisi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmaz; \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7eciler i\u015fte bunu bilmiyorlar. Daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc aralar\u0131nda bilmek, anlamak istemeyenler de var. Bu y\u00fczden de yapmak istedikleri veya yapacaklar\u0131 \u015fey -d\u00fcped\u00fcz- T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve sanat hayat\u0131n\u0131, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015fe vermekten, yani Timur veya H\u00fcl\u00e2g\u00fb barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Vandall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan (eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat eserlerini yak\u0131p y\u0131kma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131) ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmuyor.\u201d Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u00f6rnekle anlatmak ister Bu\u011fra: \u201cDe\u011fi\u015ftirin \u2018a\u015fk\u2019 kelimesini -veya unutturun- Yunus Emre\u2019den, Karacao\u011flan\u2019dan bug\u00fcne kadar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u0131sra\u0131, yazarlar\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcn\u00fcz demektir. Romanlar, hik\u00e2yeler, ilim eserleri ve piyesler de caba.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbncular\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinde \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecilerden\u2019 daha samimi bulur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Servet-i F\u00fcnuncular bu m\u00fccadeleyi kaybettiklerinde, kaybedecekleri bir \u2018Sis\u2019 bir \u2018A\u015fk-\u0131 Memn\u00fb\u2019lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ise kaybedece\u011fi bir \u015fey yoktur. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 zaten mirasyedidir, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da s\u0131rf kitaplar\u0131 baltalamak i\u00e7in kitap \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, 4 Nisan 1969 tarihli Terc\u00fcman gazetesindeki yaz\u0131s\u0131na \u2018\u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7ecileri\u2019 kastederek \u201cKiral\u0131k K\u00e2tiller\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koyar ve yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle bitirir: \u201cS\u00f6z\u00fcn k\u0131sas\u0131 bu ar\u0131c\u0131lar, bu \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7eciler ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fil, kiral\u0131k k\u00e2tillerdir: kitaplar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kundaklamak i\u00e7in tutulmu\u015f – veya kand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f- kiral\u0131k k\u00e2tiller. Ne kadar usta ve \u00fcst\u00fcn sanat\u00e7\u0131m\u0131z varsa arkadan b\u0131\u00e7aklamak, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015flemek i\u00e7in tutulmu\u015f – veya kand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f- k\u00e2tiller. (\u2026) Yuf olsun bu oyunu -oynayanlara ve oynatanlara de\u011fil- uykulu g\u00f6zlerle seyreden sanat\u00e7\u0131lara ve devlet sorumlular\u0131na. Onlar bu \u2018yuf\u2019tan yakalar\u0131n\u0131 kurturamayacaklard\u0131r. \u015eimdi ve yar\u0131n. Tarih de yap\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r yakalar\u0131na onlar\u0131n.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra kelimeler \u00fczerinden toplumu par\u00e7alama gayretlerine de dikkatleri \u00e7eker. Baz\u0131 odaklar\u0131n baz\u0131 kelimeler \u00fczerinden nas\u0131l b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Bu\u011fra \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201c\u015eehir mi diyeceksiniz, kent mi? \u015eehir dediniz mi, gericisiniz, Osmanl\u0131cay\u0131 tutuyorsunuz, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Kent deyince de ilerici olursunuz, devrimci olursunuz, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den yana olursunuz.\u201d Bu s\u00f6zlerin insan\u0131 \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler Bu\u011fra; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ortada k\u00f6t\u00fc ve sarsak bir e\u011fitimin av h\u00e2line getirdi\u011fi milyonlarca gen\u00e7 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yar\u0131nlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u2018\u015eehir\u2019 kelimesini at\u0131p onun yerine \u2018kent\u2019i koyarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi yabanc\u0131 dillerin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131p ar\u0131 bir dil yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6yleyenleri \u2018zibidi\u2019 olarak niteleyen Bu\u011fra, \u2018kent\u2019 kelimesinin ar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek as\u0131l \u2018\u015fehir\u2019in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. \u015eehir kelimesini unutmakla ne kaybedece\u011fimize d\u00e2ir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir zihin yolculu\u011fu yapt\u0131r\u0131r: \u201cBiz de biliyoruz \u2018\u015fehir\u2019 yerine \u2018kent\u2019 dersek k\u0131yamet kopmaz; hatta k\u00f6y evinden bir s\u0131va par\u00e7as\u0131 bile d\u00f6k\u00fclmez. Ama \u2018\u015fehir\u2019 kelimesini bir kere g\u00f6md\u00fck m\u00fc Tanp\u0131nar\u2019\u0131n bir b\u00fcy\u00fck eseri yani T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn o e\u015fsiz \u2018Be\u015f \u015eehir\u2019i Varto y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda (1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mu\u015f\u2019un Varto il\u00e7esinde meydana gelen depremi kastediyor) kaybolup gitmi\u015fe d\u00f6ner. Siz \u015fimdi \u2018Hayal \u015eehir\u2019den tutun da \u2018\u015eehir K\u00e2hya\u2019s\u0131ndan Eski\u015fehir\u2019e kadar neler yitirece\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Viran\u015fehir bile kalmaz elimizde.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019ya g\u00f6re \u201cbir kelimenin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc beklemeden f\u0131r\u0131na atmak, o kelime ile kurulmu\u015f on binlerce T\u00fcrk m\u0131sra\u0131ndan, duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden gelecek nesilleri mahrum b\u0131rakmak\u201d demektir. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, kelimelerin temsilciliklerini yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hakikatlere de dikkatleri \u00e7eker ve tarihine, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, medeniyet ve sanat\u0131na yabanc\u0131 olanlar\u0131n bu hakikatleri y\u0131kmaya kalk\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cB\u00f6yleleri i\u00e7in Malazgirt herhangi bir ova, Rumelihisar\u0131 herhangi bir duvar, Bursa \u015fehirlerden bir \u015fehir, Sakarya da rastgele bir \u0131rmakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczl\u00fck, bu soysuzluktur ki, kelimeleri kravatlara, mendillere d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyor, onlar, b\u00f6ylece de \u2018kent\u2019i \u015fehir, \u2018ko\u015ful\u2019u \u015fart, Fars\u00e7a \u2018zor\u2019dan zorlama \u2018zorunluk\u2019 uc\u00fbbesini mecburiyet yerine koymaktan \u00e7ekinmiyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u201cAnadil bile kavga sebebi, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme sebebi yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra mill\u00ee birlik dedi\u011fimiz ya\u015fama ve geli\u015fme \u015fans\u0131na \u00fcrpermeden bakmak elden gelir mi?\u201d diye sorar. Dildeki par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mill\u00ee birlikteki par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011fa sebep olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret eder. Ona g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcn ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbeler, yar\u0131n\u0131n yaralar\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra dilde oynanan oyunlar\u0131n belirli bir g\u00e2yeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu i\u015fi yapanlar; \u2018sebep, b\u00fct\u00fcn, \u015fiir, hik\u00e2ye, millet, \u015fehir, h\u00fcrriyet, kitap, fikir, hakikat\u2026\u2019 gibi aralar\u0131nda \u00f6zbe\u00f6z T\u00fcrk\u00e7eleri de bulunan binlerce k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimesi \u00fczerinden bu emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. As\u0131l maksat k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet miras\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 dinamitleyerek halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6ks\u00fcz b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r. Kelimelerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc demek, o kelimeyi kullanm\u0131\u015f olan nesillerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc demektir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ile dil aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir m\u00fcnasebet vard\u0131r: \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc dilden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, bu iki kavrama birden ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ile dil i\u00e7 i\u00e7edir; kaderleri ikizdir: birbirinin seviyelerini, zenginliklerini, soyluluklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlarlar. Dil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yeti\u015ftirir, k\u00fclt\u00fcr de onu geli\u015ftirir, sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, mill\u00eele\u015ftirir.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Dilde ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindekilerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimelerine sald\u0131rmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, geli\u015fen teknolojinin bir neticesi olarak dile giren yabanc\u0131 kelimelere gecikmi\u015f olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 bir samimiyetsizlik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 kelimeler \u2018otob\u00fcs\u2019 kelimesinde oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00f6ylere kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00f6yle veya b\u00f6yle binlerce yaz\u0131ya girmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr teknolojinin getirdi\u011fi kelimelere hemen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirten Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, bu hususta Fransa Dil Akademisi\u2019nin bir faaliyetine dikkatleri \u00e7eker: \u201cAmerika ilk atom denemesini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, haberi alan Frans\u0131z Dil Akademisi, vaktin gece olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen topland\u0131 ve bu h\u00e2disenin getirece\u011fi ve getirdi\u011fi terimlerin Frans\u0131zca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak, bu i\u015fi de onlar halka intikal etmeden yapmak karar\u0131 ald\u0131.\u201d Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra yabanc\u0131 kelimelerin al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k h\u00e2line gelmeden T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Dilin korunmas\u0131 ve kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bu \u00f6nemlidir. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u2018b\u00fct\u00fcn, hep, hepsi, her\u2019 kelimelerinin hepsinin \u2018t\u00fcm\u2019le kar\u015f\u0131lanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek dildeki n\u00fcanslar\u0131n yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. N\u00fcanslar\u0131n ve deyim ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kaybolmas\u0131yla kafan\u0131n yozla\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Dille ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, bir televizyon program\u0131nda kendisine y\u00f6neltilen, \u2018Hakikatin yerine ger\u00e7e\u011fi koysak ne kaybederiz?\u2019 sorusunu s\u0131k s\u0131k hat\u0131rlatan Bu\u011fra, bu soruya verdi\u011fi \u2018Hakikati kaybederiz!\u2019 cevab\u0131n\u0131 tekrarlamaktan zevk duyar gibidir. Ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, \u2018hakikat\u2019 ile \u2018ger\u00e7ek\u2019 kelimeleri aras\u0131ndaki n\u00fcans\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00e7izer: \u201cBir dil \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 psikozu i\u00e7inde, ger\u00e7e\u011fe s\u0131rt \u00e7eviren bir e\u011fitim, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle, hakikat ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor insanlar yeti\u015ftirmeye mahk\u00fbm d\u00fc\u015fecektir; yani insan \u00f6\u011f\u00fctecektir.\u2019<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, elbette her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ve do\u011fru yol tutulana kadar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e. \u0130nsanlar\u0131m\u0131zdan bilgi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve seviye beklemeye ancak ondan sonra hakk\u0131m\u0131z olabilir.\u201d diyen Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, dilin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak mecburiyetinde oldu\u011fumuzu belirtir. Bu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a akademi ve \u00fcniversitelerin unvan da\u011f\u0131tmaktan ba\u015fka bir fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bozuk dil, bozuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fcretilmesi demektir. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin kullan\u0131m\u0131 hususunda d\u00f6nemin TRT\u2019sini de tenkit eder. Ona g\u00f6re bu kurum, dili bozmaya u\u011fra\u015fanlarla ortak hareket etmektedir. TRT\u2019nin \u2018Anayasa\u2019 dilini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmektedir. Bu iddiay\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrenlere g\u00f6re, anayasa diline uymak sadece TRT\u2019nin de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn herkesin boyun borcudur. H\u00e2lbuki Bu\u011fra bunun bir samimiyetsizlik oldu\u011funu belirtir. Bu iddias\u0131na baz\u0131 misaller getirir: \u201cBa\u015fta \u2018ne\u015fir ve il\u00e2n\u2019 tarihi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Sonra \u2018ne\u015fir\u2019 birden bakars\u0131n\u0131z \u2018yay\u0131n\u2019 olmu\u015f. Demek ki, TRT ne\u015fir dese de, il\u00e2n veya kanun dese de Anayasa diline ayk\u0131r\u0131 konu\u015fmu\u015f olmayacak.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, dilde oynanan oyunlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, d\u00fcn\u00fcn hik\u00e2yecilerinin, \u015f\u00e2irlerinin ve ilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bize \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yazarlar\u0131 gibi yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in sadele\u015ftirme faaliyetlerinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, h\u00e2lbuki Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n d\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n eserlerini bug\u00fcn hi\u00e7 sadele\u015ftirmeye gitmeden anlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu t\u00fcr oyunlarla nesillerin birbirine yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na ve bunun neticesinde k\u00fclt\u00fcr kopuklu\u011fu meydana geldi\u011fine i\u015faret eder. Ayr\u0131ca Bu\u011fra, \u00fc\u00e7-be\u015f y\u0131lda bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi, lisan sahibi olmamakla e\u015fde\u011fer bulur ve bu \u015fekildeki bir hareketi, ihanet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin al\u0131nyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n soylu edebiyat\u00e7\u0131larla, s\u00f6zde edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, yani \u00fc\u00e7k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki gizli sava\u015f\u0131n neticesine g\u00f6re \u00e7izilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Bu\u011fra, dilin korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde baz\u0131 tekliflerde bulunur. Mesel\u00e2 dil \u015fuurunun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli eserler, okullarda okutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Alfabeden kaynaklanan tel\u00e2ffuz hatalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi g\u00fczel kullananlar\u0131n konu\u015fmalar\u0131 kaydedilerek okullara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi koruma kanunu acilen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece yabanc\u0131 isimlerle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015fyerlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olur. Dil ile ilgileri bulunmayanlar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle siyaset\u00e7ilerin, dile el atmalar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, \u00fcniversitelerin dilin bozulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tepkisiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131, dil idraksizli\u011fi olarak yorumlar ve bu idraksizli\u011fin i\u00e7inde seviyesizli\u011fin, iptid\u00e2\u00eeli\u011fin, barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131yla medeniyet idraksizli\u011finin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra kendisinin de \u2018h\u00e2kim\u2019 yerine \u2018yarg\u0131\u00e7\u2019 gibi uyduruk\u00e7a kelimeler kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde gelen tepkilere ise, \u2018S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k zamanlarda o veya bu \u015fekilde kontrol g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kaybedebiliyoruz.\u2019 diye cevap verir. Bunun asl\u0131nda vahim bir durum oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu i\u015fin a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya gelmeyece\u011fini belirtir. Dilin as\u0131l de\u011ferinin ve medeniyet birimi say\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u2018yaz\u0131\u2019 sayesinde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Bu\u011fra, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat adamlar\u0131n\u0131n dili nas\u0131l zenginle\u015ftirdi\u011fini Montaigne\u2019den yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iktibasla anlat\u0131r: \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve sanat adamlar\u0131 s\u00f6zleri ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla dile de\u011fer kazand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu i\u015fi, dile yenilik getirmekten \u00e7ok, onu b\u00fckmek, imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltmak, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak yoluyla yaparlar. Yeni \u2018s\u00f6zc\u00fckler\u2019 getirmezler. Onlar\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirirler, anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, derinle\u015ftirir; onlara al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7e\u015fni verirler; ama bunu da d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, ustal\u0131kla yaparlar.\u201d Bu\u011fra, Montaigne\u2019in yeni yazarlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan c\u00fcmlelerine de yer verir yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde: \u201cZaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yazarlar\u0131na bak\u0131nca, bu i\u015fin herkesin harc\u0131 olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor (\u2026) Yenilik oldu mu bay\u0131l\u0131yorlar; i\u015fe yaray\u0131p yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 umurlar\u0131nda de\u011fil: yeni bir kelime kullanabilmek hevesiyle eskisini at\u0131yorlar. \u00c7o\u011funda da att\u0131klar\u0131 kelime yenisinden daha kuvvetli, daha diri oluyor.\u201d Dilini kaybeden bir milletin ayakta duramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, devletlerin sa\u011flaml\u0131k derecesinin mill\u00ee dilin sa\u011flaml\u0131k derecesine g\u00f6re anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, kendinden as\u0131rlar \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019le ayn\u0131 noktada birle\u015fir. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs dil ile bir milletin gelece\u011fi aras\u0131nda ne g\u00fczel m\u00fcnasebet kurar: \u201cBir memleketin idaresini ele alsayd\u0131m, yapaca\u011f\u0131m ilk i\u015f, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz dilini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek olurdu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc dil kusurlu ise, kelimeler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi iyi ifade edemez. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce iyi ifade edilmezse, vazife ve hizmetler gerekti\u011fi gibi yap\u0131lamaz. Vazife ve hizmetin gerekti\u011fi \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde \u00e2det, kaide ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bozulur. \u00c2det, kaide ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bozulursa adalet yanl\u0131\u015f yollara sapar. Adalet yoldan \u00e7\u0131karsa, \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fen halk ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fin nereye varaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmez. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey dil kadar m\u00fchim de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra\u2019n\u0131n bir zamanlar korunmas\u0131 ve sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumu nedir? Bu mesele \u00e7ok ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar isteyen bir husustur. Ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcnen odur ki, durum pek de i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcn, 40-50 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserleri anlamakta olduk\u00e7a zorlanan bir lise ve \u00fcniversite gen\u00e7li\u011fi var. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde tekrar s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131, milletimizin bilimde ve teknikte ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolla e\u015fde\u011fer olacakt\u0131r. Bir milletin yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde var olmas\u0131yla dili aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcnasebeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek olursak, dilimizin d\u00fcnyada hak etti\u011fi yere gelebilmesi ve geni\u015f bir alanda konu\u015fulabilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00f6nce sa\u011flam bir dil \u015fuuruna sahip olmam\u0131z, ard\u0131ndan da dilimizi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ilm\u00ee ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ifade edebilecek \u015fekilde zenginle\u015ftirmemiz ve i\u015flememiz gerekiyor. Bunun i\u00e7in de hakiki \u015f\u00e2irlere, hik\u00e2yecilere, romanc\u0131lara ve ilim adamlar\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var.
    \n_______________<\/p>\n

    Dipnot
    \n1- Be\u015fir Ayvazo\u011flu, Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra G\u00fcne\u015f Rengi Bir Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yaprak, s.88, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul. 1995.<\/p>\n

    Kaynaklar
    \n1- Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, D\u00fc\u015fman Kazanmak Sanat\u0131, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul, 2002.
    \n2- Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Politika D\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul, 1992.
    \n3- Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, Bu \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n Ad\u0131, \u00d6t\u00fcken yay., \u0130stanbul, 1990<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk Dilinin D\u00fcnya Dilleri Aras\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \n1) T\u00fcrk Dilinin D\u00fcnya Dilleri Aras\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \n2) T\u00fcrk Dilinin Geli\u015fmesi ve Tarihi Devirleri.
    \n3) T\u00fcrk Dilinin Tarihi D\u00f6nemleri
    \n– Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n– Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n– Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n– Modern T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \n4) T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dilinin Tarihi Geli\u015fimiT\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N D\u00dcNYA D\u0130LLER\u0130 ARASINDAK\u0130 YER\u0130 VE \u00d6NEM\u0130
    \n1. T\u00fcrk Dilinin D\u00fcnya Dilleri Aras\u0131ndaki Yeri ve \u00d6nemi
    \n2. T\u00fcrk Dilinin Geli\u015fmesi ve Tarihi Devirleri.
    \na. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \nb. Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \nc. Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi
    \nd. Modern T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi<\/p>\n

    3. T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dilinin Tarihi Geli\u015fimi<\/p>\n

    A. YAPILARINA G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER
    \nB. K\u00d6KENLER\u0130NE G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER<\/p>\n

    A. YAPILARINA G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER<\/p>\n

    a. Tek Heceli Diller<\/p>\n

    Bu gruptaki dillerde, kelimeler, bir heceden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. C\u00fcmleyi meydana getiren kelimeler, ek almazlar ve \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011framazlar. Bu dillerde kelimenin g\u00f6revi c\u00fcmle i\u00e7indeki s\u0131ras\u0131ndan ve vurgusundan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok zengin bir vurgu ve tonlama sistemi vard\u0131r. Kelime \u00e7e\u015fitleri \u00f6zel seslerle ay\u0131rt edilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 kelime yerine g\u00f6re hem isim , hem s\u0131fat, hem fiil, hem edat,… olabilmektedir. \u00c7ince, Tibet\u00e7e, Baz\u0131 Himalaya, Afrika dilleriyle Endenozya dilleri ve Vietnam dili gibi.<\/p>\n

    b. Eklemeli Diller<\/p>\n

    Bu gruptaki dillerde tek veya \u00e7ok heceli kelime k\u00f6kleriyle ekler vard\u0131r. Bu dillerde, kelime k\u00f6klerinden yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretilirken veya kelimelerin ge\u00e7ici durumlar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken kelime k\u00f6klerine ekler getirilir. T\u00fcretme veya \u00e7ekim s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00f6kte bir de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. K\u00f6klerle ekler birbirinden kolayl\u0131kla ayr\u0131labilir. Anlam ve g\u00f6rev de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapan ekler kelime sonuna getirildi\u011fi gibi kelime ba\u015f\u0131na getirilen ekler de vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7emiz bu grubun en belirgin \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Dilimizde \u00f6n ekler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde kelime sonuna getirilen eklerde bir zenginlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle dilimiz, sondan eklemeli bir dildir. Mo\u011folca, Man\u00e7uca, Tunguzca, Macarca, Fince ve Samoyet\u00e7e gibi.<\/p>\n

    c. \u00c7ekimli Diller<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ekimli dillerde de kelime k\u00f6kleriyle ekler vard\u0131r. Fakat yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretilirken veya \u00e7ekim yap\u0131l\u0131rken kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olur. Hint-Avrupa dillerinde kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fclen de\u011fi\u015fiklik k\u00f6k\u00fc tan\u0131nmayacak bir \u015fekle sokar, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni kelimede k\u00f6k\u00fc hat\u0131rlatacak bir ses, bir i\u015faret bulunmaz.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ngilizce\u2019deki Almanca\u2019daki
    \nUzanmak : lie \/ lay \/ lain,
    \nYapmak : fiilinin do \/ did \/ done,
    \nGitmek : go \/ went \/ gone; atmak, f\u0131rlatmak : werfen \/ warf \/ geworfen;<\/p>\n

    Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiil (sein) : bin, ist, sind, war, waren<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7a gibi \u00e7ekimli dillerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise k\u00f6kteki \u00fcnl\u00fcler de\u011fi\u015firken t\u00fcretilen yeni kelimeyle k\u00f6k aras\u0131ndaki ilgiyi koruyan bir ba\u011f, kendisini hissettirir. \u00c7ekimli dillerin tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olan Arap\u00e7ada, kelimenin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturan \u00fcns\u00fczler de\u011fi\u015fmezken belli kal\u0131plarla yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretilir. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten olan ders, medrese, m\u00fcderris, tedrisat kelimelerinde d, r, s \u00fcns\u00fczleri sabit kal\u0131rken \u00fcnl\u00fcler ve baz\u0131 gramer unsurlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    B. K\u00d6KENLER\u0130NE G\u00d6RE D\u0130LLER<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirine yak\u0131n, ayn\u0131 kaynaktan \u00e7\u0131kan akraba diller dil ailelerini olu\u015ftururlar. Dillerin birbirleriyle bir dil ailesi olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde akrabal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131nda o dillerin ses yap\u0131s\u0131, \u015fekil yap\u0131s\u0131, c\u00fcmle yap\u0131s\u0131, k\u00f6ken bilgisi ve ortak kelimeleri bak\u0131mlar\u0131ndan benzerlikleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bir dil ailesindeki dillerin k\u00f6kenini olu\u015fturan ana dile ait metinler pek bulunmasa da gruptaki diller aras\u0131nda yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan noktalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzerliklerin bulunmas\u0131, zamanla birbirinden uzakla\u015fan dillerin, bilinmeyen bir yerde ve zamanda konu\u015fulan ana dilden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bir ana dile ait metinler olmasa bile, bu ana dilin bir \u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011fini, kendisinden t\u00fcreyen, ailedeki dilleri birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Dil ailesi ifadesi, dillerin k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeye yarar. Bu terim, akraba dilleri konu\u015fan milletlerin ayn\u0131 soydan geldikleri anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maz. \u201cAyn\u0131 soydan gelen ve dilleri akraba olan milletler bulundu\u011fu gibi, \u0131rk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirleri ile hi\u00e7bir ili\u015fkisi bulunmayan fakat aralar\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr ili\u015fkisi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen milletler de vard\u0131r. Nitekim, Hint \u2013 Avrupa dil ailesi i\u00e7inde yer alan diller, birbirleri ile soy ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan bir\u00e7ok millet taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. Bu diller herhangi bir soy ve \u0131rk birli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, temelde ortak bir ana dile dayanan, birbirinden t\u00fcremi\u015f; fakat zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fip ba\u015fkala\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan dillerdir. Frans\u0131z ve Rumen dillerinin L\u00e2tinceden t\u00fcremi\u015f olmalar\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

    Ayn\u0131 dil ailesinden gelen diller aras\u0131ndaki akrabal\u0131k da derece derecedir. Bir ana dilin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kollar\u0131ndan gelen diller, \u0130ngilizce ile Fars\u00e7ada oldu\u011fu gibi uzak akrabalard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ana dilin ayn\u0131 dal\u0131ndan gelen kollar ise Almanca ve \u0130ngilizcede oldu\u011fu gibi yak\u0131n akrabalard\u0131r.\u201d7[2]<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6ken Akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na Dayanan Belli Ba\u015fl\u0131 Dil Aileleri \u015eunlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    A. H\u0130NT \u2013 AVRUPA D\u0130LLERI A\u0130LES\u0130:<\/p>\n

    1. Avrupa Kolu:<\/p>\n

    a. Germen Dilleri: \u0130ngilizce, Almanca, Felemenk\u00e7e, \u0130skandinav dilleri.
    \nb. Roman Dilleri: Frans\u0131zca, \u0130spanyolca, \u0130talyanca, Portekizce, Rumence. Bu kolun ana dili, L\u00e2tincedir.
    \nc. \u0130sl\u00e2v Dilleri: Rus\u00e7a, S\u0131rp\u00e7a, Leh\u00e7e, Bulgarca.
    \nd. Yunanca, Litvanca, Arnavut\u00e7a ve Kelt\u00e7e, Hint- Avrupa dil ailesinin Avrupa kolundaki di\u011fer dillerdendir.<\/p>\n

    2. Asya Kolu:<\/p>\n

    Bu kolda Hint \u2013 \u0130ran dilleri yer almaktad\u0131r: Tarih\u00ee Sanskrit\u00e7e ile ba\u015fl\u0131ca Hint dilleri; eski, orta ve yeni Fars\u00e7a, Ermenicedir.
    \nB. HAM\u0130 – SAM\u0130 D\u0130LLER\u0130 A\u0130LES\u0130:<\/p>\n

    a. Sami dilleri: Arap\u00e7a, \u0130branice, Aramca, eski Suriye, eski Tunus dilleri, Habe\u015f \u2013 Zenci dilleri ve \u00f6l\u00fc bir dil olan Akadca.
    \nb. M\u0131s\u0131r dilleri: Eski M\u0131s\u0131r dili, K\u0131pt\u00ee dili
    \nc. Libya ve Berber dilleri: Libya\u2019da konu\u015fulan dil, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Berber leh\u00e7esi.<\/p>\n

    C. \u00c7in \u2013 Tibet Dilleri Ailesi: \u00c7in ve Tibet dilleri bu dil ailesini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    D. Bantu Dil Ailesi : Orta ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da konu\u015fulan Bantu dilleri.<\/p>\n

    E. Kafkas Dilleri : Abaza, \u00c7erkez, \u00c7e\u00e7en, Lezgi, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, L\u00e2z dilleri. Bu dillerde ses sistemleri ve i\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6teki dil ailelerine g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    F. URAL \u2013 ALTAY D\u0130L A\u0130LES\u0130:<\/p>\n

    Ural kolunu olu\u015fturan bu dil ailesi kendi i\u00e7inde iki kola ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na. Fin \u2013 Ugur kolu: Fince, Lap\u00e7a, Macarca, Ugurca.
    \nb. Samoyet kolu: Samoyet dilleri.<\/p>\n

    Altay Dil Ailesi: Bu dil ailesinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Mo\u011folca, Man\u00e7uca ve Tunguzca, vard\u0131r. Altayistik \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Korece ve Japoncan\u0131n da bu dil ailesinden oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Korecenin Altay dilleriyle akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kesinle\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lmakla birlikte Japoncan\u0131n akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz kesinle\u015fmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Altay dil ailesinin ortak \u00f6zellikleri \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir:<\/p>\n

    1. Bu gruptaki dillerin hepsi yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle eklemeli dildir.
    \n2. \u00d6n ekler (artikeller) yoktur.
    \n3. Kelime t\u00fcretme ve \u00e7ekim son eklerle yap\u0131l\u0131rken k\u00f6klerde de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. Eklerdeki zenginlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.
    \n4. S\u00f6z diziminde yard\u0131mc\u0131 unsurlar (tamlayanlar, belirtenler) \u00f6nce, as\u0131l unsurlar (tamlananlar, belirtilenler) sonra gelir: insanl\u0131k h\u00e2li, s\u00f6z\u00fcn do\u011frusu. Mustafa, t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6ylerken kendinden ge\u00e7iyordu.<\/p>\n

    S\u0131fatlar isimlerden \u00f6nce kullan\u0131l\u0131r. ye\u015fil \u00f6rdek, anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci, kahraman ordu. Say\u0131 bildiren kelimelerden sonra \u00e7okluk eki kullan\u0131lmaz:, be\u015f karde\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7 kafadar, bin konut.<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmleler, c\u00fcmleyi olu\u015fturan unsurlar\u0131n ilgisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, geli\u015fmekte olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin akla geli\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin d\u00fczenli bir hiyerar\u015fisi \u015feklinde kurulur.<\/p>\n

    5. Bu dillerde gramatik cinsiyet yoktur. Bu sebeple c\u00fcmlelerde cinsiyet fark\u0131ndan kaynaklanan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmaz: M\u00fcd\u00fcr \u2013 m\u00fcdire, memur \u2013 memure, Halit \u2013 Halide; he \u2013 she gibi.
    \n6. Soru eki vard\u0131r.
    \n7. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanan ortak ekler vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile Mo\u011folca aras\u0131nda bu ortakl\u0131k daha belirgindir.
    \n8. Altay dilleri ses \u00f6zeliklerine g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman birtak\u0131m ortakl\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunlardan en belirgin olan\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumudur. Kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda l, r ve \u00f1 \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin bulunmamas\u0131 di\u011fer bir ortakl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, d\u00fcnya dilleri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle sondan eklemeli diller grubunda; k\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da Ural \u2013 Altay dil grubunun Altay dilleri ailesinde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ural \u2013 Altay dilleri, di\u011fer dil aileleri gibi sa\u011flam bir aile olu\u015fturmazlar. Bu gruptaki diller aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131nl\u0131k, k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle benzerlik \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n dil ailesi yerine dil grubu olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsenmektedir.
    \nUral grubu dilleri konusunda derinlemesine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu gruptaki dillerin akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesinle\u015ftirmektedir. Doerfer, Nemeth, Bang, Clauson gibi bilginler, Altay dil ailesine giren dillerin k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade k\u00fclt\u00fcr akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde dururken Menges, Poppe, R\u00e4s\u00e4nen ve Ramstedt gibi bilginler ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na dayanarak bu diller aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6ken akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlanm\u0131\u015f sayarlar.<\/p>\n

    Bir dilin konu\u015fma dili ve yaz\u0131 dili olmak \u00fczere iki y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00d6zel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile ait konu\u015fma metinleri tespit edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece konu\u015fma dilinin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimi, inceleme alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn teknik imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla video kasetlerine, ses bantlar\u0131na, CD, VCD ve DVD\u2019lere kaydedilen konu\u015fmalar, ileri bir tarihte konu\u015fma diliyle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara malzeme olu\u015fturabilir. Yaz\u0131 dilinin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimi ise, ancak o dile ait yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerle takip edilebilir. Metinlerle takip edilemeyen d\u00f6nemden \u00f6ncesi i\u00e7in birtak\u0131m tahminlerde bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmakla birlikte kesin bilgi vermek zordur.<\/p>\n

    Konu\u015fma Dili
    \nKonu\u015fma dili, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta di\u011fer insanlarla ileti\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in konu\u015furken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dildir. Bu dil, do\u011fal oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in konu\u015furken c\u00fcmlemizin kurall\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kelimelerin do\u011fru s\u0131ralan\u0131p s\u0131ralanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, s\u00f6yleyi\u015fin do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na pek dikkat etmeyiz. Bu sebeple zaman i\u00e7inde, b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye de\u011fi\u015fen birtak\u0131m s\u00f6yleyi\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve kelime farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde, b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi maceradan o dilin leh\u00e7eleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

    Leh\u00e7e
    \nBir dilin de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerde, ayn\u0131 dil grubuna dahil ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imidir. Leh\u00e7ede kelime farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, ses ve yap\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ayr\u0131l\u0131klar bulunur. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, di\u011fer dillere g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir alanda \u00e7ok hareketli bir macera ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yirmi civar\u0131nda leh\u00e7esi vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin tarih\u00ee leh\u00e7eleri olan Yakut\u00e7a ve \u00c7uva\u015f\u00e7a bug\u00fcnk\u00fc leh\u00e7elerle -ayr\u0131 bir dil olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrecek kadar- \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterirler. T\u00fcrkmence, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, Gagavuzca, Kazak\u00e7a, vb. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc leh\u00e7elerindendir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk dili, leh\u00e7elerine g\u00f6re;
    \na. O\u011fuz \u2013 T\u00fcrkmen grubu (G\u00fcney \u2013 Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi)
    \nb. K\u0131p\u00e7ak grubu (Kuzey \u2013 Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi)
    \nc. Karluk grubu (Kuzey \u2013 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ana grup olu\u015fturur. Bu ana gruplara dahil leh\u00e7eler birbirlerinin yak\u0131n dallar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in anla\u015fmada \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ayn\u0131 grupta yer alan T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi buna \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir.
    \nA\u011f\u0131z<\/p>\n

    Bir dil veya leh\u00e7enin yak\u0131n zamanda ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye veya \u015fehirden \u015fehire sadece s\u00f6yleyi\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6steren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kollar\u0131d\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131zlardaki ayr\u0131l\u0131klar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman s\u00f6yleyi\u015ften \u00f6teye gitmez. B\u00f6lge a\u011fz\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc kelimelerin say\u0131s\u0131, dilin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman fazla bir yer tutmaz. Konu\u015fmada g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu durum, zaten yaz\u0131 diline de yans\u0131t\u0131lmaz.
    \nKonya \u015fivesi, Erzurum leh\u00e7esi, Urfa \u015fivesi gibi adland\u0131rmalar yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
    \nDo\u011frusu; Konya a\u011fz\u0131, Erzurum a\u011fz\u0131, Urfa a\u011fz\u0131 \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131 Dili<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131 dili, ad\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere yaz\u0131da kullan\u0131lan dildir. Dilde birli\u011fi, anla\u015fma kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kitap dilidir, k\u00fclt\u00fcr dilidir, edeb\u00ee dildir. Konu\u015fma dilinin her b\u00f6lgenin do\u011fal, g\u00fcnl\u00fck dili olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yaz\u0131 dili, okuma yazmada kullan\u0131lan ortak dildir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130 D\u00d6NEMLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Dil tarihi uzmanlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk dilinin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimini d\u00f6nemlere ay\u0131r\u0131rken metinlerle takip edilen d\u00f6nemden \u00f6ncesi i\u00e7in birbirinden az \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ayr\u0131mlar ve adland\u0131rmalar yaparlar. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakarak T\u00fcrk dilinin tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nemlerini \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz:
    \n1. Altay Dil Birli\u011fi D\u00f6nemi: T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Altay dillerinden (Mo\u011folca, Man\u00e7uca, Tunguzca, Korece, Japonca) hen\u00fcz ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karanl\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.
    \n2. En Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi: T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir dil olarak ana Altaycadan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olarak kabul edilmektedir.
    \n3. \u0130lk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi: Hun, Avar, Hazar, Bulgar dillerinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden hen\u00fcz ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olarak g\u00f6sterilir.
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7enin karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131na ait d\u00f6nemleri ana hatlar\u0131yla bu \u015fekildedir. Bundan sonraki d\u00f6nemlere ait metinler, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in dilimizin tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimi sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde izlenebilmektedir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin metinlerle takip edilebilen bu d\u00f6nemleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

    ESK\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (6.\u201313. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin belgelerle takip edilen ilk d\u00f6nemi olup 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar olan zaman\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6nemleri hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem ses ve bi\u00e7im bilgisi hem de s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en saf ve duru d\u00f6nemidir. Dilin gramer \u00f6zelliklerini, tarih\u00ee geli\u015fimini tespit i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli ve bol metinlerin oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkler, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bu ilk yaz\u0131 dilini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6nemine ait metinler; K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 metinleri olarak \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a) K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk metinleri
    \nK\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin kendi icad\u0131 olan K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk alfabesiyle ta\u015flar (beng\u00fc ta\u015flar*) \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan metinlerdir. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli alb\u00fcm ve dergilerde tan\u0131t\u0131lan, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f irili ufakl\u0131 bu metinlerin say\u0131s\u0131 250\u2019den fazlad\u0131r. Beng\u00fc ta\u015flar\u0131n en me\u015fhurlar\u0131 K\u00fcl Tigin, Bilge Ka\u011fan, Tonyukuk ad\u0131na diktirilen ve K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 (Orhun Abideleri) ad\u0131yla bilinenlerdir. Metin itibariyle daha uzun ve kapsaml\u0131 olan bu yaz\u0131tlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ait di\u011fer beng\u00fc ta\u015flar \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00c7oyr\u0131n, Hoytu Tamir, Nalayha, Talas, Hangiday, \u0130he-N\u00fbr, K\u00f6l \u0130\u00e7 \u00c7or (\u0130he-Hu\u015fotu), \u0130\u015fbara Tamgan Tarkan (Ongin), Altun Tamgan Tarkan (\u0130he-A\u015fete), Mahan Ka\u011fan (Bugut).
    \nBunlardan \u201c\u00c7oyr\u0131n beng\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 687-692 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dikildi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. E\u011fer bu tahmin do\u011fruysa, alt\u0131 sat\u0131rl\u0131k bu ta\u015f, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk harflerinin kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu ilk metin olmaktad\u0131r.\u201d [1] Ancak son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar dikkatlerin yeni bir malzeme \u00fczerinde toplanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur: Kazakistanda Esik kurgan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bak\u0131r tas \u00fczerindeki K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk i\u015faretli k\u0131sa yaz\u0131n\u0131n okunu\u015fu do\u011frulan\u0131rsa T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin belgeleri \u00c7oyr\u0131n beng\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131ndan 1200 y\u0131l kadar daha \u00f6nceye gidecek demektir.
    \n\u0130leri bir tarihte belki yeni malzemeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Ancak bug\u00fcn itibariyle bu d\u00f6neme ait en \u00f6nemli belgeler hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1893\u2019te Danimarkal\u0131 V. Thomsen taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclerek okunmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    b) Uygur metinleri
    \nK\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra tarih sahnesinde Uygurlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Yeni bir din aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Budizm\u2019i benimseyen Uygurlar, Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve Mani, Brahmi yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla ta\u015f ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli metinlerle k\u00fct\u00fck basmas\u0131 eserler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki kaz\u0131larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan y\u00fczlerce sand\u0131k eserin \u00e7o\u011fu, din\u00ee nitelikli olmakla beraber aralar\u0131nda t\u0131p, falc\u0131l\u0131k, astronomi ve \u015fiirle ilgili olanlar da vard\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlileri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Sekiz Y\u00fckmek (Sekiz Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n): \u00c7inceden \u00e7evrilen Sekiz Y\u00fckmek\u2019te Burkanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ait din\u00ee-ahl\u00e2k\u00ee inan\u0131\u015flar ve baz\u0131 pratik bilgiler vard\u0131r. Uygurlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok yay\u0131lan bu eser; k\u0131sa c\u00fcmleleriyle, i\u00e7ten anlat\u0131m\u0131 ve zengin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dikkati \u00e7eker.
    \nAltun Yaruk (Alt\u0131n I\u015f\u0131k): S\u0131ngku Seli Tutung taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7inceden Uygurcaya \u00e7evrilen en hacimli sudurdur.* Burkanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temellerini, felsefesini ve Buda\u2019n\u0131n menk\u0131belerini i\u00e7erir. Bunlardan en me\u015fhurlar\u0131 \u015eehzade ile A\u00e7 Pars Hik\u00e2yesi (A\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan pars\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in kendini feda eden \u015fehzadenin hik\u00e2yesi), Dantipali Be\u011f hik\u00e2yesi (Maiyetindeki geyikleri kurtarmak i\u00e7in kendini feda eden geyikler be\u011fini Dantipali Be\u011f \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve korkun\u00e7 alevler de Dantipali Be\u011f\u2019i yutar.) ve \u00c7a\u015ftani Be\u011f hik\u00e2yesi (\u00dclkesindeki insanlara hastal\u0131k ve bela getiren \u015feytanlarla \u00c7a\u015ftani Be\u011f\u2019in m\u00fccadelesi)dir.<\/p>\n

    Irk Bitig (Fal Kitab\u0131): K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir fal kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Her biri ayr\u0131 fal olarak yaz\u0131lan 65 paragraftan olu\u015fur. \u00c7e\u015fitli inan\u0131\u015flar ve masal unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kitapta g\u00fcnl\u00fck dile ait pek \u00e7ok kelime de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kalyanamkara ve Papamkara Hik\u00e2yesi (\u0130yi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli \u015eehzade ile K\u00f6t\u00fc D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli \u015eehzade): Burkanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ait bir menk\u0131benin hik\u00e2yesidir: \u0130yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli \u015fehzadenin b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lara yard\u0131m etmek ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n birbirlerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmelerini engellemek i\u00e7in bir m\u00fccevheri elde etmek \u00fczere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 maceral\u0131 yolculuk anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    c) Karahanl\u0131 metinleri<\/p>\n

    Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ait ba\u015fl\u0131ca eserleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Kutadgu Bilig (Mutluluk Bilgisi): Yusuf Has H\u00e2cib, 1069-1070 y\u0131l\u0131nda 6645 beyit olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserinde devlet, adalet, insan ve akl\u0131 temsil eden d\u00f6rt sembolik ki\u015fiyi birbirleriyle konu\u015fturarak insanlara iki cihanda mesut olman\u0131n yolunu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Siyasetname niteli\u011findeki eserde, ideal bireylerden olu\u015fan bir toplum ve devlet g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcrle \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ustal\u0131kla birle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bu eser Tabga\u00e7 Bu\u011fra Karahan\u2019\u0131n iltifat\u0131na mazhar olmu\u015f ve yazar\u0131na da Has H\u00e2ciplik* unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutadgu Bilig, \u0130sl\u00e2ml\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisindeki T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Dil ve edebiyat tarihi yan\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da en \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan biridir.<\/p>\n

    D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk : Araplara T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi \u00f6\u011fretmek ve T\u00fcrk dilinin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud taraf\u0131ndan 1072\u2019de yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan ve 1077 y\u0131l\u0131nda halife Eb\u00fc\u2019l Kas\u0131m Abdullah\u2019a sunulan bu eser, ansiklopedik bir T\u00fcrk dili s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden Arap\u00e7aya s\u00f6zl\u00fck tertibinde haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserinde madde ba\u015f\u0131 kelimeleri a\u00e7\u0131klarken kendi derledi\u011fi deyimlerden, savlardan (atas\u00f6zleri), ko\u015fuklardan (ko\u015fmalar) \u00f6rnekler de vermi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, halk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de ilk defa b\u00f6yle bir eserde derlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk toplum hayat\u0131ndan \u00f6rneklerin de bulundu\u011fu D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk, 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l Orta Asya T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en sa\u011flam dil miras\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve medeniyetinin e\u015fsiz kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n

    Atabet\u00fc\u2019l-Hakay\u0131k : (Ger\u00e7eklerin E\u015fi\u011fi): Din\u00ee ve tasavvuf\u00ee konular\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserin Edib Ahmet taraf\u0131ndan 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Kitapta; bilginin yarar\u0131, cahilli\u011fin zarar\u0131, dili tutman\u0131n \u00f6nemi, cimrili\u011fin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, c\u00f6mertli\u011fin iyili\u011fi, al\u00e7ak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fczelli\u011fi, kibrin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi konular i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Eser bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6\u011fretici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n

    Div\u00e2n-\u0131 Hikmet : Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee\u2019nin \u015fiirlerine hikmet, bu \u015fiirlerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 defterlere Div\u00e2n-\u0131 Hikmet denmektedir. Bu eserdeki \u015fiirlerin hepsi, Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee\u2019ye ait de\u011fildir. Kitapta, \u00f6\u011fretici y\u00f6n\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r basan manzumeler vard\u0131r. Hoca Ahmet Yesev\u00ee, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130sl\u00e2m\u0131 daha iyi tan\u0131malar\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015f, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde birle\u015ftirci bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015f, Hac\u0131 Bekt\u00e2\u015f\u0131 Velilerin Yunus Emrelerin, Mahdum Kulular\u0131n yeti\u015fmesine vesile olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    ORTA T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (13.\u201315. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyle yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi birbirine ba\u011flayan ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemidir. Bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fct\u00fcn Orta Asya\u2019da kullan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, Ortak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, M\u00fc\u015fterek Orta Asya T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi adlar\u0131 da verilmi\u015ftir. \u201cOrta-Asya T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131, XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan baz\u0131 kayna\u015fma, kar\u0131\u015fma ve ayr\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucu olarak, yava\u015f yava\u015f T\u00fcrk dilinin genel yap\u0131s\u0131nda birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmelere sahne olmu\u015ftur. Bu de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmeler yeni yaz\u0131 dillerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir olu\u015fum ve dallanmaya be\u015fiklik eden as\u0131l b\u00f6lge Harezm b\u00f6lgesidir. Bu b\u00f6lge, dil tarihimizde, bir yandan Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini birbirine ba\u011flayan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc vazifesi g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, bir yandan da Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yeni \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini ba\u015flatan \u00c7a\u011fataycan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edeb\u00ee gelenek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Harezm\u2019in kuzeyindeki Alt\u0131nordu-K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgenin K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin ayr\u0131 bir kol h\u00e2line geli\u015finde de b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. Horasan ve \u0130ran\u2019dan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yol alarak XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda O\u011fuz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi temelinde yeni bir kol olu\u015fturan T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin ilk belirtileri ve filizlenmesi de yine bu b\u00f6lgede ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r denebilir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, Harezm b\u00f6lgesinde kurulup geli\u015fmi\u015f olan Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar biribirinin devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde tek kol h\u00e2linde ilerleyen T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinin \u00c7a\u011fatay, O\u011fuz ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak temelinde yeni dallanmalar\u0131na kaynakl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir. Bu dallanman\u0131n gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fartlara elveri\u015fli bir ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Esasen bu devir T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e denmesinin sebebi de Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile Yeni T\u00fcrk dili kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7i\u015f devresi niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan T\u00fcrk dili tarihindeki yeri \u00f6nemlidir.\u201d [2]<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk dili ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fmelerin oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nem, Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile temsil edilir. Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, 13. ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistandaki yaz\u0131 diline verilen isimdir. Edeb\u00ee gelenekler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine dayanan bu yaz\u0131 dili, O\u011fuz ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak leh\u00e7elerinden de etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinden \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine ge\u00e7i\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirilen bu d\u00f6nemde, dil tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli eserler yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemin dil yadig\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olmak \u00fczere iki grupta de\u011ferlendirmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da k\u0131saca an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin Yadig\u00e2rlari:<\/p>\n

    Mukaddimet\u00fc\u2019l – Edeb: D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u2019ten sonra Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminin en zengin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip bu eser, Zemah\u015fer\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan 1127-1144 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda pratik bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck tertibinde yaz\u0131larak Harizm\u015fah Ats\u0131z\u2019a sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    K\u0131sas\u00fc\u2019l – Enbiy\u00e2: Rabguz\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan bir y\u0131lda yaz\u0131larak 710 (1310)\u2019da Emir Nasr\u00fcddin Tok Bu\u011fa\u2019ya sunulan bu eserde; Kur\u2019an\u0131kerim\u2019de ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en peygamberlere ait k\u0131ssalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Hz. Muhammed, d\u00f6rt halife, Hz. Hasan ve Hz. H\u00fcseyin\u2019e ait menk\u0131beler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Mu\u00een\u00fc\u2019l \u2013 M\u00fcrid: Arap\u00e7a bilmeyen T\u00fcrkmenlere \u0130sl\u00e2m f\u0131kh\u0131n\u0131 ve tasavvufu \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla \u0130sl\u00e2m mahlasl\u0131 bir \u015fair taraf\u0131ndan 1313 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan 900 beyitlik manzum bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

    Muhabbetn\u00e2me: 1353\u2019te Harezm\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan manzum bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

    Nehc\u00fc\u2019l \u2013 Fer\u00e2dis: Kerderli Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan 1358\u2019de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, k\u0131rk hadis terc\u00fcmesi niteli\u011finde din\u00ee, ahl\u00e2k\u00ee bir eserdir. Sade bir dille kaleme al\u0131nan bu eser, Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin nesir alan\u0131ndaki g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.
    \nAnonim Kur\u2019an Tefsiri bu d\u00f6neme ait di\u011fer bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

    Kip\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin Yadig\u00e2rlari:<\/p>\n

    Kodeks Kumanikus (Codex Cumanicus): \u0130talyan t\u00fcccarlar ve Alman rahipler taraf\u0131ndan derlendi\u011fi tahmin edilen, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ait il\u00e2hileri, bilmeceleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u2013 Almanca \u2013 L\u00e2tince \u2013 Fars\u00e7a s\u00f6zl\u00fck par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan ve anonim bir eser olan Kodeks Kumanikus, K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar T\u00fcrk dili tarihi i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131r. Eserdeki 1303 tarihi eserin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi mi yoksa istinsah tarihi mi oldu\u011fu bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

    Terc\u00fcman\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00ee ve Arab\u00ee: Konyal\u0131 Halil b. Muhammed b. Yusuf taraf\u0131ndan 1245\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya istinsah edilmi\u015f bir l\u00fcgat \u2013 gramerdir. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yaz\u0131lan K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a eserler i\u00e7inde \u2013\u015fimdilik- tarihi bilinenlerin en eskisidir.<\/p>\n

    Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-\u0130dr\u00e2k li Lis\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-Etr\u00e2k: T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bilinen ilk grameridir. Esir\u00fc\u2019d-din Eb\u00fb-Hayyan taraf\u0131ndan 1312\u2019de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Husrev \u00fc \u015eirin: Nizam\u00ee\u2019nin ayn\u0131 adl\u0131 eserinin T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131ndaki ilk terc\u00fcmesidir. 1341\u2019de Kutb taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin temel kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fclistan Terc\u00fcmesi: Sad\u00ee\u2019nin G\u00fclistan adl\u0131 Fars\u00e7a eserinden Sarayl\u0131 Seyf\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 terc\u00fcmedir.<\/p>\n

    Et-Tuhfet\u00fc\u2019z-Zekiyye fi\u2019l-L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrkiyye: Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi kesin belli olmayan K\u0131p\u00e7ak gramerlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

    El-Kavanin\u00fc\u2019l-K\u00fclliye li Zabti\u2019l-L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrkiyye: K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7an\u0131n \u00f6nemli gramerlerinden olan bu eserin de yazar\u0131 bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

    YEN\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130 (15.\u201320. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6nemindeki T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinin, edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ferek devam etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemi, dil bilgisi yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olmakla birlikte Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden kesin \u00e7izgilerle ay\u0131rmak pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin d\u0131\u015f etkiler sebebiyle baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilebilir.
    \nBu d\u00f6nemde bir tarafta Orhun, Uygur, Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eleri, Harezm T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve onun devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ses ve yap\u0131 bilgisi \u00f6zelliklerini koruyan \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi geli\u015fmesinini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken di\u011fer tarafta Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131yla birlikte O\u011fuz a\u011fz\u0131 yaz\u0131 dili olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6stererek T\u00fcrk\u00e7eninin ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck, edeb\u00ee yaz\u0131 dili olmu\u015ftur.
    \nMil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Hazar ve Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinden Avrupa i\u00e7lerine kadar uzanan T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri, mil\u00e2ttan sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda da devam ederek 15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7lerle birlikte birtak\u0131m siyas\u00ee geli\u015fmeler de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri kurulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilinde dallanmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Kuzey-Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi denen leh\u00e7eler grubu te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    MODERN T\u00dcRK\u00c7E D\u00d6NEM\u0130<\/p>\n

    20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bug\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7ine alan b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgelerinde devam eden T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alanda olduk\u00e7a hareketli bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz eden T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yirmiye yak\u0131n yaz\u0131 diliyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmektedir. (Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Durumu ve Yay\u0131lma Alanlar\u0131 konusuna bak\u0131n\u0131z.)<\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRK YAZI D\u0130L\u0130N\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u00ee GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkler, 6. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerde, farkl\u0131 alfabelerle yaz\u0131l\u0131 dil yadig\u00e2rlar\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu eserlerde din, alfabe, konu… gibi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan malzemede de \u00e7e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 ta\u015flar \u00fczerine, baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00fct\u00fcklerine, baz\u0131lar\u0131 derilere, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlara yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    ESK\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u00c7E<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler d\u00f6neminden itibaren yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlerle takip edilen ve geli\u015fmesini 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar tek yaz\u0131 dili olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcren T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 ana hatlar\u0131yla kuzeyde Yenisey \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresinden ve Mo\u011folistan\u2019dan ba\u015flay\u0131p Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na; do\u011fuda Man\u00e7urya\u2019dan bat\u0131da Aral g\u00f6l\u00fc ve Hazar denizine kadar olan b\u00f6lgeyi i\u00e7ine alan Orta Asyad\u0131r. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e; K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerini i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Birbirinden ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri kuran b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkler, hangi boydan olurlarsa olsunlar hep bu yaz\u0131 dilini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
    \nDil bilgisi yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi eserleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemsiz bir iki fark d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmamakla birlikte bu d\u00f6nemde birbirinin yerine ge\u00e7en ve birbiri ard\u0131ndan kurulan T\u00fcrk devletlerinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, devletin girdi\u011fi yeni medeniyet dairesinden yabanc\u0131 kelimeler girmi\u015ftir. Mesel\u00e2, K\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden sonra yeni bir medeniyet ve din aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Sanskrit\u00e7e kelimeler, Budizm ve Manihaizme ait T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimeler g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kabul etmelerinden sonra ise T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan yeni kelimeler girmi\u015f, bunun yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kla ilgili yeni kelimeler (yap\u0131 bilgisinde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gitmeden) t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise ortakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    11. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Altaylardan Hazar ve Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyine, hatta Orta Avrupa ve Balkanlara do\u011fru giden T\u00fcrkler, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kabul ettikten sonra ve \u0130ran devletlerinin de ortadan kalkmas\u0131yla 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Azerbaycan, \u0130ran \u00fczerinden Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sonunda 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Azerbaycan ve Anadolu yeni bir T\u00fcrk yurdu h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin bat\u0131da Anadolu\u2019ya, kuzeyde Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyi ve bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar yay\u0131lmalar\u0131, buralarda yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri olu\u015fturmalar\u0131, o b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131 ile eserler yazmalar\u0131 sonucunda T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dili \u00e7e\u015fitlenerek yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re biri Kuzey \u2013 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, di\u011feri Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olmak \u00fczere iki kola ayr\u0131ld\u0131. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ikinci bir yaz\u0131 dili ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak da de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n

    KUZEY \u2013 DO\u011eU T\u00dcRK\u00c7ES\u0130
    \nOrta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminde, Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir devam\u0131 olarak 13. ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Orta Asya ile Hazar denizinin kuzeyindeki T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131 dilidir. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir \u00e7ok izlerini ta\u015f\u0131makla birlikte yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \u00f6zellikleri de yava\u015f yava\u015f \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
    \nKuzey ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131yla bu yaz\u0131 dili, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak iki kolda geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr:
    \na) Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi
    \nK\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve Tatar T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Hazar denizinin kuzeyinden bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yay\u0131lan T\u00fcrklerin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 yaz\u0131 dilidir. Asl\u0131nda bu yaz\u0131 dilinin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi yaz\u0131 dilinden pek de farkl\u0131 bir yan\u0131 yoktur. Ancak Kazan ve \u00e7evresinde bilhassa 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde tarih\u00ee yaz\u0131 dilini kullanan T\u00fcrk gruplar\u0131n\u0131n yava\u015f yava\u015f edeb\u00ee dillerine kendi a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131ndan kelimeler katt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 \u0130smail\u2019in \u201cDilde, fikirde, i\u015fde birlik.\u201d uran\u0131* ile yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Terc\u00fcman gazetesi Kazan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini \u0130stanbul ve Ta\u015fkent T\u00fcrk\u00e7eleriyle birle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kazan Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131n, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n ve Kazaklar\u0131n dilleri Kuzey T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin \u00f6nde gelen kollar\u0131ndand\u0131r.
    \nb) Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi
    \nHarezm-K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin bir devam\u0131 olarak 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren, Orta Asya (yani Do\u011fu) T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yaz\u0131 dilidir. \u00c7a\u011fatayca olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu yaz\u0131 dili, Sekkak\u00ee, L\u00fctf\u00ee, Ged\u00e2\u00ee, Ali \u015eir Nev\u00e2y\u00ee, H\u00fcseyin Baykara, \u015eiban Han, Muhammed Salih; Bab\u00fcr; Ebulgazi Bahad\u0131r Han gibi \u015fair ve yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilir.
    \n\u201cKl\u00e2sik devir \u00c7a\u011fatay edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu kadar, b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n da en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetleri<\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/p>\n

    Dil Bilgisinin B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

    Ses Bilgisi
    \n– T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede Sesler ve S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.
    \n– T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Ses \u00d6zellikleri
    \nA. D\u0130L B\u0130LG\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N B\u00d6L\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Bir dili, seslerinden kelime gruplar\u0131na ve c\u00fcmlelerine var\u0131ncaya kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle inceleyen, bunlar\u0131n kurallar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bilim dal\u0131na dil bilgisi veya gramer denmektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bilim dallar\u0131 gibi geni\u015f bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 olan dil bilgisi de kendi i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dil bilgisinin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden;<\/p>\n

    1. Ses bilgisi (fonetik) : Dilin seslerini, bunlar aras\u0131ndaki ilgileri, ses olaylar\u0131n\u0131;
    \n2. Yap\u0131 bilgisi (morfoloji) : Kelime ve kelime \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin k\u00f6klerini, eklerini, yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6revini;
    \n3. C\u00fcmle bilgisi (sentaks) : Kelimelerin birbirleriyle olan ilgilerini ve c\u00fcmleleri;
    \n4. Anlam bilgisi (semantik) : Kelime ve kelime gruplar\u0131n\u0131n anlamlar\u0131n\u0131, dildeki anlam olaylar\u0131n\u0131;
    \n5. K\u00f6ken bilgisi (etimoloji) : Kelimelerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hangi dilden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, inceler.<\/p>\n

    Dilin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini, kesin \u00e7izgilerle s\u0131n\u0131rlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bunlar\u0131 birbirinden tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011ferlendirmek de imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle anlam bilgisi, k\u00f6ken bilgisi ve yap\u0131 bilgisinin birbiriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e olmas\u0131 sebebiyle; anlam bilgisi ve k\u00f6ken bilgisi, yap\u0131 bilgisinin i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilir. Dil bilgisinin genellikle ses bilgisi, yap\u0131 bilgisi ve c\u00fcmle bilgisi olarak \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelenmesinin sebebi de budur.
    \nDil bilgisi ve dil bilimi terimleri ayr\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 ifade etti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu terimlerini birbirinin yerine kullanmamaya dikkat etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

    B. SES B\u0130LG\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n

    Ses bilgisi (fonetik); bir dilin seslerini, bo\u011fumlanma noktalar\u0131n\u0131, bo\u011fumlanma \u00f6zellikleri vb. bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceleyen dil bilimi koludur.<\/p>\n

    Ses : Bir dil bilgisi terimi olarak ses; dilin par\u00e7alanamayan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimidir, temel ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Dilin, seslerden meydana gelen bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu, dilde as\u0131l olan\u0131n konu\u015fma oldu\u011fu, yaz\u0131n\u0131n sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rlan\u0131rsa sesin dilin temelini olu\u015fturmadaki \u00f6nemi daha kolay kavranacakt\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na anlam\u0131 olmayan sesler birle\u015ferek heceleri, heceler birle\u015ferek kelimeleri, kelimeler de bir araya gelerek c\u00fcmleyi olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    Seslerin olu\u015fumu : Konu\u015fma sesi, akci\u011ferlerden itilen havan\u0131n; nefes borusu, g\u0131rtlak, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu ve burundan ge\u00e7erek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu \u00fczerindeki organlar\u0131n (han\u00e7ere, bo\u011faz, ses telleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil, geniz, damak, dil, di\u015fler, burun kanal\u0131, dudaklar) birbirine yakla\u015f\u0131p uzakla\u015fmas\u0131, daral\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, yat\u0131k veya dik \u015fekiller almas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fur.
    \n\u0130nsan han\u00e7eresi taraf\u0131ndan belli bir kal\u0131ba d\u00f6k\u00fclerek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan konu\u015fma sesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sesler, i\u015flenmemi\u015f, ham seslerdir. \u0130nsan han\u00e7eresinin imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ancak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u015fekilli ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. \u00c7e\u015fitli dillerdeki seslerin birbirine benzerli\u011fi yan\u0131nda baz\u0131 sesler, baz\u0131 diller veya diller grubu i\u00e7in tipiktir: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e i\u00e7in \u0131, \u00f1 (nazal n), \u00f6, \u015f, \u00fc; Arap\u00e7a i\u00e7in ay\u0131n ve dad gibi. \u201c\u00e7, \u0131, \u00f6, \u015f, \u00fc\u201d T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00f6zg\u00fc harfler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in internet ortam\u0131nda bunlara en \u00e7ok benzeyen harfler (c, i, o, s, u) kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e harfleri destekleyen yeni programlar da yava\u015f yava\u015f yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Her dilin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc sesleri vard\u0131r. \u00c7ocukken, dillenme devresinde i\u015fitilen sesler yava\u015f yava\u015f taklit edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r ve han\u00e7ere buna g\u00f6re olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7tikten sonra sesleri \u015fekillendirmek g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fir. Dilsiz veya l\u00e2l dedi\u011fimiz ki\u015filerin konu\u015famama problemi i\u015fitme engelli olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar, duyamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sesleri taklit yoluyla bi\u00e7imlendirme becerisi g\u00f6steremezler. Yabanc\u0131 bir dil, olgunluk d\u00f6neminde \u00f6\u011frenilirken de o dile ait seslerin tam manas\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamamas\u0131ndaki sebep budur.<\/p>\n

    Mahall\u00ee a\u011f\u0131z \u00f6zelliklerini, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda edeb\u00ee dile ve yaz\u0131 diline uydurma i\u015fi tamamlanmazsa sonraki y\u0131llarda bu i\u015f olduk\u00e7a zorla\u015facak ve bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir gayret gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

    SES – HARF ILGISI VE ALFABE :<\/p>\n

    Sesin yaz\u0131daki i\u015fareti, harftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ses ile harf aras\u0131nda birebir ilgi vard\u0131r. Bir ses yaz\u0131da bir harfle g\u00f6sterilirken, bir harfin okunu\u015funda da bir ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Yani a, b, c, d gibi sesler yaz\u0131da birer harfle g\u00f6sterilir. Almanca\u2019daki \u015f sesinin, yaz\u0131da sch harfleriyle g\u00f6sterilmesi gibi bir durum T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede yoktur. Mesel\u00e2, T\u00fcrk kelimesinde T-\u00fc-r-k olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt ses, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00f6rt harf vard\u0131r. Dilde esas olan sestir. Ayn\u0131 ses, farkl\u0131 alfabelerde farkl\u0131 harflerle g\u00f6sterilebilir. De\u011fi\u015fen ses de\u011fil, harftir. K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk alfabesinden bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z alfabeye gelinceye kadar de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz her yaz\u0131 sisteminde ayn\u0131 sesi ba\u015fka ba\u015fka \u015fekillerle yazmam\u0131z, dilin temelinin ses oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

    Bir dile ait seslerin yaz\u0131daki i\u015faretleri olan harflerinin belli bir s\u0131raya konmu\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc alfabe ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Alfabe terimi, \u03b1 (alfa), \u03b2 (beta) harfleriyle ba\u015flayan Yunan alfabesinin ilk iki harfinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arap alfabesinin ilk harfi (elif), ikinci harfi (ba) oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in eski yaz\u0131da elifba terimi tercih edilmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn baz\u0131 dilciler, ayn\u0131 mant\u0131ktan yola \u00e7\u0131karak alfabe yerine abece terimini kullanmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

    Milletlerin \u00f6\u011fretim ve yay\u0131n hayat\u0131nda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ve resmen kabul ettikleri yaz\u0131 sistemi, resm\u00ee alfabe ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Resm\u00ee alfabelerde \u015fekil kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011fu zaman birbirine yak\u0131n sesler birle\u015ftirilerek harf say\u0131s\u0131 en az seviyeye indirilir, kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla resm\u00ee alfabeler, dildeki b\u00fct\u00fcn sesleri g\u00f6stermezler. Dil uzmanlar\u0131, dilin b\u00fct\u00fcn seslerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in resm\u00ee alfabede bulunmayan ilave i\u015faretleri de i\u00e7ine alan zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f alfabe kullan\u0131rlar. Bu alfabeye ilm\u00ee alfabe, \u00e7eviri yaz\u0131 alfabesi veya transkripsiyon alfabesi denir. Transkripsiyon alfabesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn sesleri g\u00f6sterme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle \u00e7evri yaz\u0131da ve a\u011f\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ait metinlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lm\u00ee yaz\u0131lar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise transkripsiyon yerine transliterasyon kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Transliterasyon, yabanc\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131n okunu\u015flar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmadan harf harf aktar\u0131lmas\u0131, harf \u00e7evirisi demektir.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Q, x, w harfleri T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin yaz\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131; \u201cve\u201d yerine & i\u015fareti asla tercih edilmemelidir.<\/p>\n

    C. T\u00dcRK\u0130YE T\u00dcRK\u00c7ES\u0130NDEK\u0130 SES OLAYLARI<\/p>\n

    Kelimelerde zamana ve sahaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmelerin, geli\u015fmelerin olmas\u0131 dilin canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Dil dura\u011fan de\u011fil, dinamik bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Dilin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kelimelerdeki sesler, heceleri ve kelimeleri olu\u015ftururken tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fc\u015ferler, yer de\u011fi\u015ftirirler, t\u00fcrerler, ba\u015fka seslere benzerler. \u0130\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, ses olaylar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda incelenir. Dilde ses olaylar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    Ses Olaylar\u0131n\u0131n Sebepleri :<\/p>\n

    1. Dilin ses \u00f6zellikleri: T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kelime sonunda b, c, d, g sesleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Arap\u00e7a kit\u00e2b kelimesi T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kitap \u015feklinde ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00e2 \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc k\u0131salarak normal a\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    2. Ba\u015fka seslerin etkisi: Baz\u0131 sesler, yanlar\u0131ndaki di\u011fer seslere etki ederek onlar\u0131 kendilerine benzetirler, de\u011fi\u015ftirirler. Mesel\u00e2, anbar kelimesindeki b sesi, yan\u0131ndaki n\u2019ye etki ederek onu, kendisi gibi dudak \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc olan (m) yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kelime, ambar \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Ya\u015f\u0131l kelimesinin ye\u015fil\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin sebebi, y ve \u015f seslerinin inceltici etkisidir.<\/p>\n

    3. Vurgu: T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede orta hece vurgusu genellikle zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu hecedeki \u00fcnl\u00fcler bazen daral\u0131r bazen de d\u00fc\u015ferler: Tasar\u0131la> tasarla, besileme> besleme, yal\u0131n\u0131z > yaln\u0131z vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    4. Zay\u0131f sesler: \u011f, h, \u0131, l, n, r, y, z sesleri zay\u0131f sesler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in baz\u0131 ses olaylar\u0131na sebep olurlar: a\u011fabey > \u00e2bi, hastahane > hastane, pek iyi > peki, bir daha> bi daha, so\u011fan> soan, u\u011fur> uur, \u0131nanmak > inanmak.<\/p>\n

    5. S\u00f6yleyi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kakofoni: Baz\u0131 seslerin yan yana gelmesi s\u00f6yleyi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya kakofoniye sebep olur. Bu durumda baz\u0131 ses olaylar\u0131 olur: b\u00fcy\u00fckcek > b\u00fcy\u00fccek, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7\u00fck > k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck, ufakc\u0131k > ufac\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    Ses olaylar\u0131n\u0131n sebebini, dildeki en az emek yasas\u0131na ba\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    D. T\u00dcRK\u00c7EDE SESLER VE SINIFLANDIRILMASI<\/p>\n

    1 Kas\u0131m 1928\u2019de kabul edilen resm\u00ee alfabede T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin sesleri 29 harfle (a, b, c, \u00e7, d, e, f, g, \u011f, h, i, \u0131, j, k, l, m, n, o, \u00f6, p, r, s, \u015f, t, u, \u00fc, v, y, z) g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Ancak Arap\u00e7adan, Fars\u00e7adan ve bat\u0131 dillerinden T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye girerek T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015fen kelimelerdeki sesler de bu say\u0131ya eklendi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde kullan\u0131lan seslerin say\u0131s\u0131 40\u2019a yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki transkripsiyon alfabesi, bu konuda bir fikir verecektir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede olmayan sesler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu say\u0131n\u0131n azalaca\u011f\u0131 muhakkakt\u0131r.
    \nResm\u00ee alfabede, dilde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flama sebebiyle birbirine yak\u0131n seslerden tek harfle g\u00f6sterilenleri kap\u0131 – kelebek; hay\u00e2\u013a – hal\u0131; gezi – galip – kapa\u011f\u0131 – bebe\u011fe; seni – senin elini gibi kelimelerin s\u00f6yleni\u015finde sezmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rneklerde, koyu yaz\u0131lan seslerin birbirinden farkl\u0131 sesler oldu\u011funa dikkat ediniz.
    \nSesler, ses ge\u00e7idinin a\u00e7\u0131k veya kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcnl\u00fc (sesli, vokal) ve \u00fcns\u00fcz (sessiz, konsonant) olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00dcNL\u00dcLER :
    \nOlu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda herhangi bir tak\u0131nt\u0131ya u\u011framayan, sedalar\u0131n\u0131 sadece ses tellerinin titre\u015fiminden alan seslerdir. a, e, \u0131, i o, \u00f6, u, \u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. Bu sesler, d\u00f6rt \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n1. Olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re: A\u011fz\u0131n gerisinde, dilin arka taraf\u0131nda olu\u015fan a, \u0131, o, u sesleri art (kal\u0131n) \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. Dilin \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle a\u011fz\u0131n \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131nda olu\u015fan e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc sesleri de \u00f6n (ince) \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir.
    \n2. Dudaklar\u0131n durumuna g\u00f6re: Olu\u015fumunda dudaklar\u0131n yuvarlak \u015fekil ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fcz\u00fclmeye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 o, \u00f6, u, \u00fc sesleri yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. Olu\u015fumunda dudaklar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a, e, \u0131, i sesleri d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir.
    \n3. A\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun durumuna g\u00f6re: Olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun geni\u015f oldu\u011fu a, e, o, \u00f6 sesleri geni\u015f; a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011funun dar oldu\u011fu \u0131, i, u, \u00fc sesleri dar \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir.
    \n4. Sesin s\u00fcreklilik derecesine g\u00f6re: S\u00f6yleni\u015fi s\u00fcrekli olan \u00fcnl\u00fcler uzun \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. S\u00f6yleni\u015fi bir anda (k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede) olan \u00fcnl\u00fcler k\u0131sa \u00fcnl\u00fclerdir. T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde uzun \u00fcnl\u00fclere (\u0101, \u00ea, \u00ee, \u016b, \u00fb) Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan dilimize giren kelimelerde rastlan\u0131r. Yakut ve T\u00fcrkmen T\u00fcrk\u00e7elerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcler ise ana T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden kalmad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki \u00fcnl\u00fcler k\u0131sad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcnl\u00fcleri bir tabloda \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz:<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcz Yuvarlak
    \nGeni\u015f Dar Geni\u015f Dar
    \nArt (kal\u0131n) A I O U
    \n\u00d6n (ince) E \u0130 \u00d6 \u00dc
    \n\u00dcNS\u00dcZLER<\/p>\n

    Olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses yolunda (ses telleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dil, dil, damak, di\u015fler ve dudaklarda) bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan, tak\u0131nt\u0131ya u\u011frayan seslerdir. Olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu sebebiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerde \u00fcns\u00fczlerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fclerden fazlad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede de alfabede g\u00f6sterilen 29 sesten 21\u2019i \u00fcns\u00fczd\u00fcr. (b, c, \u00e7, d, f, g, \u011f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, \u015f, t, v, y, z)<\/p>\n

    \u00dcns\u00fczler, tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 sesler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tek ba\u015flar\u0131na s\u00f6ylenemezler, tek ba\u015flar\u0131na hece ve kelime olamazlar. Dillerdeki \u00fcns\u00fcz sesler, tek ba\u015flar\u0131na s\u00f6ylenemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcne veya arkas\u0131na bir \u00fcnl\u00fc getirilerek telaffuz edilirler: ef, el, es, en; ce, de, fe, ge gibi. Dilimizdeki \u00fcns\u00fcz sesler ise, tek tek s\u00f6ylenirken T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ses \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve yap\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak be, ce, \u00e7e, de, fe, ga, ge, ha (he, h\u0131), je, ka (ke), le, me, ne, pe, re, se, \u015fe, te, ve, ye, ze \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylenmelidir. N harfini en, m harfini em, h harfini a\u015f veya ey\u00e7, s\u2019yi es, r\u2019yi ar \u015feklinde okumak yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 okurken buna dikkat etmek gerekir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in BBC k\u0131saltmas\u0131 bi bi si; CNN k\u0131saltmas\u0131 si en en \u015feklinde okunabilir ama Has Bilgi Birikim k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (HBB) ey\u00e7 bi bi; Nergis Televizyonu k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (NTV) en ti vi; T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (TR) ti ar; televizyon k\u0131saltmas\u0131n\u0131 (TV) ti vi \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylemek de yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcns\u00fczler, tonlu – tonsuz olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re, temas derecelerine g\u00f6re ve olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n1. Tonlu – tonsuz olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re: Olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses tellerini titre\u015ftiren b, c, d, g, \u011f, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z sesleri tonlu (sedal\u0131, yumu\u015fak); bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve ses tellerini titre\u015ftirmeyen \u00e7, f, h, k, p, s, \u015f, t sesleri tonsuzdur. Tonlu \u00fcns\u00fczlerin tonsuz \u00fcns\u00fczler i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlar vard\u0131r. Bunlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda alt alta gelecek \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. l m n r y \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin ise tonsuz kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yoktur. Bunlar ayr\u0131 bir grup olu\u015fturlar.
    \n2. Temas derecelerine g\u00f6re: b, c, \u00e7, d, g, k, p, t \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015fleyen organlar birbirine tam temasla hava yolunu kapatarak, ge\u00e7it vermedikleri i\u00e7in bu sesler, akci\u011ferden gelen havan\u0131n, \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan engeli a\u015fmas\u0131yla (patlamayla) olu\u015fur. H\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131 veya f\u0131s\u0131rt\u0131 halinde s\u00fcrekli olarak s\u00f6ylenemeyen bu sesler, s\u00fcreksiz (patlay\u0131c\u0131) \u00fcns\u00fczlerdir.
    \nf, \u011f, h, j, l, m, n, r, s, \u015f, v, y, z \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise ses yolundaki organlar birbirlerine tam temas etmezler. Hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in az \u00e7ok bir aral\u0131k olur. Bu sesler, h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131 veya m\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131 (ssss…, \u015f\u015f\u015f\u015f\u015f…, mmmm…,) \u015feklinde s\u00fcrekli s\u00f6ylenmeye uygun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli \u00fcns\u00fczler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
    \n\u0130\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli \u00fcns\u00fczlerin bulundu\u011fu (pe\u00e7ete, \u00e7aput, ket\u00e7ap, a\u00e7\u0131kta gibi) baz\u0131 s\u00f6zlerde, s\u00f6z \u00f6beklerinde \u00e7\u0131kaklar\u0131 yak\u0131n seslerin art arda gelmesi sonucu s\u00f6yleyi\u015fin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 kula\u011f\u0131 rahats\u0131z eder. Buna kakofoni de denir. Bu tarzdaki kelimeler, bestelenmeye pek uygun de\u011fildir.
    \nTonlu – tonsuz olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re ve temas derecelerine g\u00f6re \u00fcns\u00fczleri bir tabloda \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz:<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcreksiz S\u00fcrekli
    \nTonsuz (sert, sedas\u0131z,) p \u00e7 t k f h s \u015f
    \nTonlu (yumu\u015fak, sedal\u0131) b c d g v \u011f z j l m n r y<\/p>\n

    3. Olu\u015fum noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcns\u00fczler: \u00dcns\u00fczler, ses yolundaki olu\u015fum yerlerine g\u00f6re \u00f6nden arkaya do\u011fru da s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcns\u00fczler, tek tek dikkatli bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylenirse, bunlar\u0131n nerede ve nas\u0131l olu\u015ftuklar\u0131 pratik bir bi\u00e7imde tespit edilebilir.<\/p>\n

    E. T\u00dcRK\u00c7EN\u0130N SES \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    1. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi di\u011fer dillerden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zelliklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ses uyumlar\u0131 gelir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede d\u00f6rt \u00e7e\u015fit ses uyumu vard\u0131r:
    \na. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumu (Kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik, artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck uyumu)<\/p>\n

    Kelimedeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerin, artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck (kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik) bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi uyumdur. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde art (kal\u0131n) \u00fcnl\u00fc (a, \u0131, o, u) ta\u015f\u0131yan heceleri, art \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc; \u00f6n (ince) \u00fcnl\u00fc (e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc) ta\u015f\u0131yan heceleri de \u00f6n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc heceler takip eder: anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131zdan, soyunuz; sevgisiyle, g\u00fczelli\u011finizden.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6rneklere dikkat edilirse T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir kelimedeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerin hepsi ya art ya \u00f6n olmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimeler, art s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimeler ve \u00f6n s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimeler olmak \u00fczere iki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Art s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimelere art \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc; \u00f6n s\u0131radan \u00fcnl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan kelimelere \u00f6n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc ekler gelmesi bu uyum sebebiyledir: ordu-lar, yi\u011fit-ler; sor-gu, bil-gi.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck uyumu her devir ve her sahada \u00e7ok sa\u011flam oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan baz\u0131 istisnalar\u0131 vard\u0131r:
    \n\u00d8<\/span><\/span><\/span> Asl\u00ee \u015fekilleri artl\u0131k-\u00f6nl\u00fck uyumuna uydu\u011fu h\u00e2lde \u00e7e\u015fitli ses olaylar\u0131yla uyum d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kelimeler: elma < alma, anne < ana, dahi <tak\u0131, hani < kan\u0131, hangi < kang\u0131, inanmak < inanmak, karde\u015f < kar\u0131nda\u015f, \u015fi\u015fman < \u015f\u0131\u015fman.
    \n<\/span>\u00d8<\/span><\/span><\/span> -da\u015f, -ken, -ki, -lay\u0131n \/-leyin, -mt\u0131rak, -yor ekleri : dinda\u015f, azken, \u00e7okken, iyiyken, yoldaki, onunki, ak\u015famleyin, sabahleyin, ye\u015filimt\u0131rak, biliyor.
    \nb. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumu (d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumu)<\/span><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerdeki \u00fcnl\u00fclerin d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi uyumdur.
    \nD\u00fczl\u00fck uyumu: Kelimenin ilk hecesindeki d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc (a, \u0131 \/ e, i) sonraki hecede d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fc takip eder: a\u00e7\u0131k, s\u0131cak; sevgi, ince.
    \na \u2192<\/span> a,<\/span> \u0131 e <\/span>\u2192<\/span> e, i \u0131 <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0131, a i <\/span>\u2192<\/span> i, e<\/span>
    \nYuvarlakl\u0131k uyumu: Kelimenin ilk hecesindeki yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcleri (o, u, \u00f6, \u00fc), sonraki hecede dar yuvarlak (u \/ \u00fc) veya d\u00fcz geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc heceler (a \/ e) takip eder: oduncular, unutulmayanlar, g\u00f6zlerin, g\u00fcl\u00fcmse.
    \no <\/span>\u2192<\/span> u, a \u00f6 <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u00fc, e u <\/span>\u2192<\/span> u, a \u00fc <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u00fc, e<\/span>
    \nA\u00e7\u0131klamaya dikkat edilirse o ve \u00f6 \u00fcnl\u00fclerinin kelimenin sadece ilk hecesinde bulunabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
    \n\u00d6zellikle dudak ve di\u015f-dudak \u00fcns\u00fczleri (b, m, p, f, v) avu\u00e7, \u00e7amur, karpuz, kavun, kavurma, ya\u011fmur gibi \u00f6rneklerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi yuvarlakla\u015fmaya sebep olurlar. Bu uyum, kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik uyumu kadar sa\u011flam de\u011fildir. Anadolu a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda bu gibi kelimeler d\u00fczl\u00fck – yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuna uydurulur: av\u0131\u00e7, \u00e7am\u0131r, karp\u0131z, kav\u0131n, kav\u0131rma, ya\u011fm\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde a, \u0131 d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fclerinden sonra e, i d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcleri; o, u yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fclerinden sonra \u00f6, \u00fc yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcleri gelemez. \u201cAnne, elma gibi kelimeler kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik uyumuna uymaz ama d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuna uyar.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131nda bir \u00fcnl\u00fc, kendinden bir \u00f6nceki \u00fcnl\u00fcye uymaktad\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2, sormad\u0131 kelimesinde o\u2019dan sonra a\u2019n\u0131n gelmesi yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuyla; a\u2019dan sonra \u0131\u2019n\u0131n gelmesi d\u00fczl\u00fck uyumuyla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

    Birle\u015fik kelimelerde, \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131 aranmaz:
    \ndelikanl\u0131, gecekondu, Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y, demirba\u015f, han\u0131meli, yelkovan.
    \nc. \u00dcns\u00fcz uyumu
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde tonlu (sedal\u0131) \u00fcns\u00fczler (b, c, d, g, \u011f, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z) tonlu \u00fcns\u00fczlerle; tonsuz (sedas\u0131z) \u00fcns\u00fczler (\u00e7, f, h, k, p, s, \u015f, t) tonsuz \u00fcns\u00fczlerle yan yana gelebilir. Buna \u00fcns\u00fcz uyumu veya \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesi denir.
    \na\u015f-\u00e7\u0131, at-k\u0131, i\u015f-\u00e7i, ta\u015f-tan, T\u00fcrk-\u00e7e.
    \nd. \u00dcnl\u00fc-\u00fcns\u00fcz uyumu
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde art damak \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin art (kal\u0131n) \u00fcnl\u00fclerle (a, \u0131, o, u); \u00f6n damak \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin \u00f6n (ince) \u00fcnl\u00fclerle (e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc) ayn\u0131 hecede bulunmas\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir uyumdur. Yani, a, \u0131, o, u \u00fcnl\u00fcleri g, k, \u013a \u00fcns\u00fczleriyle; e, i, \u00f6, \u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fcleri \u0121, k, l \u00fcns\u00fczleriyle ayn\u0131 hecede bulunmazlar. Bozgun, kuzgun, kap\u0131, k\u0131ra\u011f\u0131, tatl\u0131; g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, gezi, g\u00fcne\u015flik kelimelerinin s\u00f6yleni\u015fine dikkat edilirse g, \u011f, k, l seslerinin buradaki \u00f6rneklerde ayn\u0131 sesler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sezilebilir.<\/p>\n

    2. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede o, \u00f6 \u00fcnl\u00fcleri (-yor eki d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) sadece ilk hecede bulunur. \u0130lk hece d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda o, \u00f6 sesleri olan kelimeler yabanc\u0131 as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r:
    \nbalkon, biyografi, fizyoloji, konsol, kons\u00fcltasyon, monit\u00f6r, otomobil, profes\u00f6r, trakt\u00f6r.<\/p>\n

    3. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc yoktur. \u0130\u00e7inde uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc bulunan kelimeler yabanc\u0131 as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r: c\u00e2hil, m\u00e2vi, mill\u00ee, n\u00e2ho\u015f, per\u00ee\u015f\u00e2n, \u015f\u00e2ir, t\u00e2r\u00eeh, vaz\u00eefe.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 ses olaylar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e2 < a\u011fa, \u00e2bi < a\u011fabey, pek\u00ee < pek iyi, ile v\u00e2rolmak, y\u00e2r\u0131n kelimeleri istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    4. \u0130nce a ve ince l sesleri yoktur: harften, hakikate, saati, s\u0131hhatli, \u015fefk\u00e2tini; alkoll\u00fc, h\u00e2l\u00e2, hay\u00e2l, normalde, pl\u00e2n. \u00d6rneklere dikkat edilirse kelimelere getirilen eklerin \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumuna uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    5. Arap\u00e7adaki ay\u0131n ve hemze sesleri, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar s\u00f6ylenmez, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu seslerden \u00f6nce \u00fcnl\u00fc olmas\u0131 durumunda \u00fcnl\u00fc, uzun okunur: b\u0101zen, m\u0101n\u0101, m\u0113mur, \u015f\u0101ir,t\u0113sir, y\u00e2ni. Arap\u00e7adan al\u0131nan kelimelerdeki ay\u0131n ve hemze kesme i\u015faretiyle g\u00f6sterilir. Ancak anlam kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayacak kelimelerde bunlar\u0131n kesmeyle yaz\u0131lmas\u0131ndan -son zamanlarda- vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir: san\u2019at, ma\u2019n\u00e2, meb\u2019\u00fbs, me\u2019m\u00fbr, ne\u015f\u2019e, te\u2019s\u00eer, te\u2019s\u00ees > sanat, mana, mebus, memur, ne\u015fe, tesir, tesis.<\/p>\n

    6. Dilimizde iki \u00fcnl\u00fc yan yana gelmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten kelimeler, \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan ekler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman araya y koruyucu \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc girer: iki – y – e, soru – y – u, bekle – y – en, s\u00f6yle – y \u2013ecek.<\/p>\n

    Yan yana iki \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu kelimeler al\u0131nmad\u0131r: aile, ait, fail, fiil, muamele, \u015fair, \u015fiir, reis vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    7. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir hecede ancak bir \u00fcnl\u00fc bulunur. Ayn\u0131 hecede iki \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu kelimeler al\u0131nmad\u0131r: kau-\u00e7uk, kua-f\u00f6r, koo-peratif, sua-re.<\/p>\n

    8. Kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde ikiz \u00fcns\u00fcz (\u015fedde) yan yana bulunmaz:
    \ndikkat, himmet, \u015fedde, bakkal, d\u00fckkan, millet, te\u015fekk\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Anne (<ana), belli, bellemek, elli (<elig) kelimeleri istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    9. Kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcnde ikiden fazla \u00fcns\u00fcz yan yana gelmez:
    \nElektrik, kontrol, quartz, sfenks, strateji, thyssen…gibi kelimeler bat\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nmad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, sertlik gibi \u00f6rneklerde yan yana gelen \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcns\u00fczden ikisinin kelime k\u00f6k\u00fcne, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn eke ait oldu\u011funa dikkat ediniz.<\/p>\n

    10. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e heceler ve kelimeler iki \u00fcns\u00fczle ba\u015flamaz: blok, bravo, grup, kl\u00e2sik, kral, kontrat, spor, stop, stres, pl\u00e2j, program, tren,…gibi kelimeler, ba\u015fka dillerden al\u0131nmad\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131zlarda bu iki \u00fcns\u00fcz aras\u0131nda bir \u00fcnl\u00fc t\u00fcretilir:
    \nk\u0131ral, sipor, tiren,…<\/p>\n

    11. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda c, \u011f, l, m, n, \u00f1, r, z sesleri bulunmaz. \u00c7ocuk dili kelimeleriyle (cici, mama, meme, ninni,…) nine ve ne ile ne\u2019den yap\u0131lan kelimeler (nas\u0131l (<ne as\u0131l), ne, neden, nere, nereden, nereye, nice, ni\u00e7in, nine, nitelik kelimeleri istisna olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

    Al\u0131nma kelimelere \u00f6rnekler: cam, can, cehennem, l\u00e2f, limonata, lira, makine, marul, metal, naylon, nohut, numara, re\u00e7el, romantik, rol, vakum, vaziyet, vazo, zaman, zarar, zor, zeytin.<\/p>\n

    12. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin sonunda b, c, d, g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmaz. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerdeki bu sesler sert kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 olan p, \u00e7, t, k \u00fcns\u00fczlerine \u00e7evrilir: Ahenk (< \u00e2heng), fert (< ferd), ihra\u00e7 (< ihr\u00e2c), kitap (< kit\u00e2b), kalp (<kalb), levent (< levend).<\/p>\n

    Kelimenin \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir ek almas\u0131 h\u00e2linde sert \u00fcns\u00fczler yumu\u015fayarak eski \u015fekline d\u00f6ner: ihtiy\u00e2c > ihtiya\u00e7 > ihtiyac\u0131; mekt\u00fbb > mektup > mektuba, reng > renk > rengi gibi.<\/p>\n

    Ad, sac, od, \u00f6d gibi kelimeler istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    13. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede f, h, j, v sesleri bulunmaz: Fal, film, filiz, fizik; hakikat, hamur, havlu, jeton, j\u00fcri, pijama, pl\u00e2j; vicdan, vida gibi kelimeler al\u0131nmad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nan kelimelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen j sesi halk a\u011fz\u0131nda c olarak s\u00f6ylenir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerdeki v sesi, ya b\u2019den, ya g\/\u011f\u2019dan de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir ya da vur- \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi t\u00fcremi\u015ftir: \u00f6fke (<\u00f6bke), yufka (< yubka); dahi (< tak\u0131), han (< kan), hatun (< katun), hani (< kan\u0131); ev (< eb), var- (< bar-), ver- (< bir) d\u00f6v- (< d\u00f6\u011f-) vur- (<ur-), ev (< eb).<\/p>\n

    14. Hece ve kelime sonunda, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fcns\u00fcz \u00e7iftleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcns\u00fcz gruplar\u0131 bulunmaz:
    \n-l\u00e7, -lk, -lp, -lt: \u00f6l\u00e7; ilk, kalk; alp, kulp; alt, bunalt, salt.
    \n-n\u00e7, -nk, -nt: din\u00e7, gen\u00e7, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7, sevin\u00e7; denk; ant, kunt.
    \n-r\u00e7, -rk, -rp, -rs, -rt: s\u00fcr\u00e7, bur\u00e7; bark, g\u00f6rk, T\u00fcrk; sarp, serp; sars, pars, ters;art, kart, kurt, \u00f6rt, y\u0131rt, yurt,yo\u011furt.
    \n-st: ast, \u00fcst.<\/p>\n

    A\u015fk, ar\u015f, \u00e7ift, disk, fel\u00e7, film, f\u00f6tr, harf, l\u00fcks, misk, modernizm, pop\u00fclizm, risk, \u015fevk, tolerans gibi kelimeler, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bu ses \u00f6zelli\u011fine uymayan al\u0131nma kelimelerdir.<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7adan ve bat\u0131 dillerinden al\u0131nan kelimelerden bu ses \u00f6zelli\u011fine uymayanlar, araya bir \u00fcnl\u00fc getirilmek suretiyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uydurulmu\u015ftur. Bunlara \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan bir ek veya kelime gelirse t\u00fcretilen \u00fcnl\u00fcler d\u00fc\u015fer: ak\u0131l (< akl) – akl\u0131, fikir (<fikr) – fikre, \u00f6m\u00fcr (<\u00f6mr) – \u00f6mr\u00fc, seyir (<seyr) – seyret-, \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr (< \u015f\u00fckr) – \u015f\u00fckretmek; film (< film), l\u00fck\u00fcs (< l\u00fcks), moderin (< modern).<\/p>\n

    15. \u201c\u0131\u201d \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bat\u0131 dillerinin pek \u00e7o\u011funda, Arap\u00e7ada ve Fars\u00e7ada \u0131 yoktur: \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, \u0131l\u0131k, s\u0131cak, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, y\u0131ld\u0131z gibi kelimeler T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir.<\/p>\n

    16. Tabiat taklidi kelimeler i\u00e7in ses \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama yoktur. Bunlar hangi sesle ba\u015flarsa ba\u015flas\u0131n, i\u00e7inde hangi ses bulunursa bulunsun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kabul edilir: dank, f\u0131s f\u0131s, fingirti, fiskos, fokurtu, h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131, hoppala, horultu, lak lak, l\u0131k\u0131r l\u0131k\u0131r, melemek, miyavlamak, oh, \u00f6f, p\u00fcf, p\u00fcf\u00fcr p\u00fcf\u00fcr, rap rap, \u015f\u0131r\u0131l \u015f\u0131r\u0131l, v\u0131d\u0131 v\u0131d\u0131, v\u0131z\u0131r v\u0131z\u0131r, z\u0131r\u0131l z\u0131r\u0131l, zonklamak.<\/p>\n

    17. \u00c7ocuk dili kelimelerinde de ses \u00f6zellikleri aranmaz: baba, bibi, cici, dede, lala, kaka, nene, mama, meme,…
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, di\u011fer dillerden giren kelimelerin pek \u00e7o\u011fu bu ses \u00f6zelliklerinden birine veya birka\u00e7\u0131na uymaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ses \u00f6zelliklerini bilenler, s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011fe bakmadan kelimenin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (tesad\u00fcfen uyanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) kolayl\u0131kla anlayabilirler. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kelimeler, kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u0131ralanan sebeplerden dolay\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e de\u011fildir:<\/p>\n

    Vil\u00e2yet : 1. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n2. \u00e2 uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc var.
    \n3. v sesi var.<\/p>\n

    Monit\u00f6r : 1. Ba\u015fta m sesi var.
    \n2. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n3. \u0130lk heceden sonra \u00f6 sesi gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Heyec\u00e2n: 1. h sesi var.
    \n2. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n3. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc var.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI
    \n1. Seslerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n2. Eklerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n3. Kelimelerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n4. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI
    \n\u0130ml\u00e2, kelimelerin ve dil birliklerinin yaz\u0131m\u0131 demektir. T\u00fcrk iml\u00e2s\u0131nda sese (s\u00f6yleyi\u015fe) ba\u011fl\u0131 bir iml\u00e2 d\u00fczeni benimsenmi\u015f olmakla birlikte iml\u00e2 konusundaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar hen\u00fcz bitmi\u015f de\u011fildir. 1929\u2019da Dil Enc\u00fcmeni taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 L\u00fbgati\u2019nden T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019na kadar yaz\u0131mda epeyce de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maceray\u0131 \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun sunu\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131ndan okuyabilirsiniz. Burada, tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmeden, e\u011fitimde birlik olmal\u0131 ilkesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve son bask\u0131s\u0131 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun kurallar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc; ana hatlar\u0131yla, \u00f6\u011fretimde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f ve kurallara uygun birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek il\u00e2ve edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    SESLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR :<\/p>\n

    1. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde k\u00f6keni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olan kelimelerin sonunda tonlu b, c, d, g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmaz: a\u011fa\u00e7, ak, b\u00fcy\u00fck, ip, ot, sa\u00e7, yurt.<\/p>\n

    Dilimizdeki al\u0131nt\u0131lar da hac, \u015fad, yad gibi birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kelime sonunda yumu\u015fama kural\u0131na uymu\u015ftur: kitap (<kitab), muhta\u00e7 (<muhtac), cilt (<cild), ahenk (<aheng). Bu gibi al\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fcnl\u00fc ile ba\u015flayan bir ek ald\u0131klar\u0131nda sert sessizler yumu\u015far:<\/p>\n

    Sebep > sebebi, Kitap > kitaba, Cilt > cildi, Renk > rengi.<\/p>\n

    2. D\u00fcz, geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcyle (a ,e) biten fiiller \u015fimdiki zaman \u00e7ekimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daralmaz.
    \nBeklemek bekliyor,
    \nAnlamak anlam\u0131yor,
    \nsaklamak sakl\u0131yor.
    \nS\u00f6ylemek s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor<\/p>\n

    YANLI\u015e DO\u011eRU
    \nanl\u0131yan anlayan
    \ng\u00f6zl\u00fcyecek g\u00f6zleyecek
    \ngeliyim geleyim
    \ns\u00f6yliyeyim s\u00f6yleyeyim
    \na\u011fl\u0131yay\u0131m a\u011flayay\u0131m
    \nba\u015fl\u0131yay\u0131m ba\u015flayay\u0131m
    \nyat\u0131r\u0131y\u0131m yat\u0131ray\u0131m<\/p>\n

    3. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcler, belli durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmez :
    \nadalet (ada:let),
    \ni\u015faret (i\u015fa:ret),
    \nkaide (ka:ide).
    \nD\u00dcZELTME \u0130\u015eARET\u0130
    \n4. D\u00fczeltme (^) i\u015fareti a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a. Nispet \u00ee\u2019sinin belirtme durumu ve iyelik ekiyle kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk askeri (iyelik eki). Komutan, asker-i \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor. (Belirtme h\u00e2li eki \u2013 kimi\/neyi) Asker\u00ee okul (askere ait, askerle ilgili)<\/p>\n

    \u0130slam dini
    \nDin\u00ee bilgiler<\/p>\n

    Fizik ilmi Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn resmi
    \n\u0130lm\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalar Resm\u00ee kurulu\u015flar<\/p>\n

    resm\u00ee, insan\u00ee, cidd\u00ee, mizah\u00ee, idar\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee, meslek\u00ee, fizik\u00ee.<\/p>\n

    b. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan dilimize giren birtak\u0131m kelime ve eklerde g, k, l \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in, bu \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra gelen \u201ca\u201d ve \u201cu\u201d sesleri \u00fczerine d\u00fczeltme i\u015fareti konur:
    \nmezk\u00fbr, s\u00fck\u00fbn, s\u00fck\u00fbt mek\u00e2n mahk\u00fbm k\u00e2fir hik\u00e2ye tezg\u00e2h g\u00e2vur derg\u00e2h, yadig\u00e2r, ordug\u00e2h, kararg\u00e2h, imk\u00e2n, d\u00fckk\u00e2n, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, s\u00fck\u00fbt, evl\u00e2t, bill\u00fbr, \u00fcsl\u00fbp, ahl\u00e2k, il\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

    Hakk\u00e2ri, El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2hiye L\u00e2dik L\u00e2pseki K\u00e2z\u0131m, Hal\u00fbk, L\u00e2le, Nal\u00e2n, K\u00e2mil<\/p>\n

    Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kelimelerde de \u201cL\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \npl\u00e2k, pl\u00e2j, pl\u00e2n, rekl\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

    c. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131, anlamlar\u0131 ve okunu\u015flar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan kelimeleri ay\u0131rmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    adem (yokluk)
    \n\u00e2dem (insan)<\/p>\n

    adet (say\u0131)
    \n\u00e2det (al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, gelenek)<\/p>\n

    a\u015f\u0131k (ayak bile\u011findeki kemik)
    \n\u00e2\u015f\u0131k (seven,tutkun)<\/p>\n

    dahi (bile)
    \nd\u00e2hi ( deha sahibi,yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc olan)<\/p>\n

    hal (pazar yeri,\u00e7\u00f6zme)
    \nh\u00e2l (durum)<\/p>\n

    hala (baban\u0131n k\u0131z karde\u015fi)
    \nh\u00e2l\u00e2 (hen\u00fcz)<\/p>\n

    kar (bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u015fekli)
    \nk\u00e2r (kazan\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    nar (bir meyve)
    \nn\u00e2r (ate\u015f)<\/p>\n

    \u015fura (\u015fu yer)
    \n\u015f\u00fbra (dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu)<\/p>\n

    yar (u\u00e7urum)
    \ny\u00e2r (sevgili)<\/p>\n

    5. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerde \u201cs\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcnden sonra gelen \u201cb\u201d sesi \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201cp\u201dye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve \u201cp\u201d ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nispat, kispet, m\u00fcspet, nispet, tespih, tespit.<\/p>\n

    6. Dilimize Fars\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en \u201c\u2013dar\u201d ekindeki \u201cd\u201d sesi sert \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201ct\u201d olur:
    \nminnettar, sil\u00e2htar, taraftar.<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en Hayrettin, Seyfettin, Necmettin gibi \u00f6zel adlarda da \u201cd\u201d sesi \u201ct\u201dye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    EKLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    1. Soru eki her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00d6\u011freniyor musunuz? \u00d6l\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn? Kalem mi? \u0130nsanl\u0131k \u00f6ld\u00fc m\u00fc?<\/p>\n

    2. \u201c-ki\u201d aitlik eki \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz ve daima biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYar\u0131nki, ak\u015famki, yoldaki, yaz\u0131daki, Turgut\u2019unki.<\/p>\n

    Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uyar: bug\u00fcnk\u00fc, d\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00f6b\u00fcrk\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    3. \u201c-ma \/-me\u201d fiilden isim yapma eki ile biten kelimeler -a, -e, -\u0131, -i ekleriyle geni\u015fletildi\u011finde araya y koruyucu \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc girer:
    \nkazanma-y-a, okuma-y-a, sevme-y-i.<\/p>\n

    -mak \/ -mek ile bitenlere ise -a, -e, -\u0131, -i eklerinden biri gelirse -k \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc yumu\u015far: yazmak-a > yazma\u011fa, okumak-a > okuma\u011fa. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u2019li yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir e\u011filim vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    4. \u201c-ken\u201d (<iken) eki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumuna uymaz. Getirildi\u011fi kelimenin \u00fcnl\u00fcleri kal\u0131n da olsa, ekin \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ince kal\u0131r :
    \nokurken, yazarken, durgunken, ba\u015flarken.<\/p>\n

    5. \u201ci\u201d- ek-fiili ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz :
    \nokuyor idik, \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak imi\u015fiz, yorgun ise.<\/p>\n

    Ancak, imek fiili bug\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok ekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak kullan\u0131lmakta ve \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaktad\u0131r: bak\u0131yordu, s\u00fcslenecekmi\u015f, neyse, g\u00fczelmi\u015f, al\u0131rsa.<\/p>\n

    6. \u201cki\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131 her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r :
    \nDemek ki, bilmem ki,
    \nGe\u00e7mi\u015f zaman olur ki hayali cihan de\u011fer.
    \nOlmaz ki!
    \nB\u00f6yle de yat\u0131lmaz ki! (Orhan Veli)<\/p>\n

    7. \u2013da\/-de ba\u011flac\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flac\u0131n ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan biliniyor ancak bulunma h\u00e2li ekiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle ay\u0131rt edebiliriz:
    \n\u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ba\u011fla\u00e7 olan -da\/de\u2019nin -ta \/ -te \u015fekli yoktur.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Bir isim, h\u00e2l eklerinden sadece birini alabilir. Kelimede h\u00e2l eklerinden biri varsa bunu takip eden \u2013da\/-de ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r ve ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: Bu soruyu da bildi. Size de sel\u00e2m\u0131 var.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> H\u00e2l eki \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak olursa belirgin bir \u015fekilde, c\u00fcmlede kopukluk olur.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201cya\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kullan\u0131lan \u201cda\u201d mutlaka ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r (ya da). Araba ya da otomobil, ne bulursan tut.<\/span><\/p>\n

    KEL\u0130MELERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    Dilimizde yeni bir kavram\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yollardan biri, kelime birle\u015ftirmesidir. Kelime birle\u015ftirmesi yoluyla kurulan s\u00f6zlere birle\u015fik kelime ad\u0131 verilir. Bu terim i\u00e7in bile\u015fik kelime denilmesi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ml\u00e2m\u0131zla ilgili teredd\u00fctlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, kelimelerin ayr\u0131 m\u0131, biti\u015fik mi yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bahsinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131 ve biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler i\u00e7in uzunca bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmak yerine pratik bir ka\u00e7 kural vererek ana hatlar\u0131yla bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zetleyece\u011fiz:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda anlam kaymas\u0131na u\u011frayan birle\u015fik kelimeler, biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nhan\u0131meli, kaynanadili, dokuzta\u015f (oyun), deveboynu (boru).
    \n<\/span>\u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nkay\u0131n ata > kaynata, s\u00fctl\u00fc a\u015f > s\u00fctla\u00e7, ne i\u00e7in > ni\u00e7in, emir etmek > emretmek, sab\u0131r etmek > sabretmek, kay\u0131p olmak > kaybolmak.
    \nReddetmek, hissetmek, reddolunmak, affetmek, zannetmek, hiss > his, his-etmek >hissetmek.<\/span><\/p>\n

    1. B\u0130T\u0130\u015e\u0130K YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    Birle\u015fik kelimelerden biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlara biti\u015fik kelime diyoruz. Birle\u015fik kelimelerden hangilerinin biti\u015fik yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir :<\/p>\n

    a. Kurall\u0131 birle\u015fik fiiller biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nal\u0131verdi, d\u00fc\u015feyazd\u0131, bakakald\u0131lar, anlayabilirseniz, yazabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

    b. Kelimelerden biri veya ikisi, birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda benzetme yoluyla anlam de\u011fi\u015fmesine u\u011frarsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAslana\u011fz\u0131, ke\u00e7isakal\u0131, ke\u00e7iboynuzu, karag\u00f6z (bal\u0131k), bal\u0131kg\u00f6z\u00fc (halka), s\u0131\u00e7andi\u015fi (diki\u015f), kad\u0131nbudu (k\u00f6fte), dilberduda\u011f\u0131(tatl\u0131), acemborusu (bitki), ku\u015fyemi (bitki), be\u015fta\u015f (oyun), camg\u00fczeli (bitki), yal\u0131\u00e7apk\u0131n\u0131 (ku\u015f), Samanyolu (y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmesi), Demirkaz\u0131k (y\u0131ld\u0131z), ay\u015fekad\u0131n (fasulye), haf\u0131zali (\u00fcz\u00fcm), karafatma (b\u00f6cek).<\/p>\n

    c. \u2013an \/-en, -r \/ -ar \/ -er, ve \u2013maz \/ -mez ekleriyle kurulmu\u015f s\u0131fat-fiil gruplar\u0131ndan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u011fa\u00e7kakan, \u00e7\u00f6p\u00e7atan, oyunbozan, sa\u00e7k\u0131ran, g\u00f6kdelen, ak\u0131mtoplar, betonkarar, \u00e7oksatar, sanatsever, teker\u00e7alar (cd), u\u00e7aksavar, ku\u015fkonmaz, varyemez, t\u00f6retan\u0131maz, de\u011ferbilmez.<\/p>\n

    d. -d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu \/ -t\u00fc ) ekiyle kurulan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalbast\u0131, ci\u011ferdeldi, gecekondu, g\u00fcnindi, kolbast\u0131, imambay\u0131ld\u0131, mirasyedi, z\u0131p\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, toprakbast\u0131, \u015f\u0131psevdi.<\/p>\n

    e. Her iki \u00f6gesi de \u2013d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu\/ -t\u00fc) veya \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er eklerini alm\u0131\u015f ve kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ndedikodu, kapt\u0131ka\u00e7t\u0131, oldubitti, bi\u00e7erd\u00f6ver, uyurgezer, okuryazar, yanard\u00f6ner, y\u00fczergezer.<\/p>\n

    f. Hayvan, bitki, organ ve \u00e7e\u015fitli nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve i\u00e7inde renklerden birinin ad\u0131 veya renk s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen renk adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakla\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, balk\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, camg\u00f6be\u011fi, devet\u00fcy\u00fc, fildi\u015fi, vi\u015fne\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    g. Renk adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve bitki, hayvan veya hastal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinden birini g\u00f6steren birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \naka\u011fa\u00e7, akkavak, akmantar, karadut, kara\u00e7al\u0131, alabal\u0131k, karaku\u015f, bozay\u0131, beyazsinek, sar\u0131\u00e7i\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n

    h. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen \u00fcst ve \u00fczeri s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fc, ayak\u00fcst\u00fc, bayram\u00fcst\u00fc, ikindi\u00fczeri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc, su\u00e7\u00fcst\u00fc, y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    i. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen alt s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nayakalt\u0131, bilin\u00e7alt\u0131, g\u00f6zalt\u0131, \u015fuuralt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    j. \u0130ki veya daha \u00e7ok kelimenin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fmu\u015f ki\u015fi adlar\u0131, soyadlar\u0131, l\u00e2kaplar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yer adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAlper, Birol, G\u00fclseren; Atat\u00fcrk, Ad\u0131var, Tanp\u0131nar;Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa; \u00c7anakkale, P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131, Be\u015fikta\u015f, Yeni\u015fehir, Bat\u0131kent, \u00c7engelk\u00f6y, \u0130ncesu, Ac\u0131g\u00f6l.<\/p>\n

    k. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ve unvanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, meydan, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131ndaki unvan grubu ; unvan kelimesi sonda ise, gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAbidinpa\u015fa, Bayrampa\u015fa, Necatibey (Caddesi), Gaziosmanpa\u015fa (\u00dcniversitesi).<\/p>\n

    l. Ara y\u00f6nleri belirten kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00fcneybat\u0131, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu, kuzeydo\u011fu,kuzeybat\u0131<\/p>\n

    m. Senet, \u00e7ek vb. ticar\u00ee belgelerde ge\u00e7en say\u0131lar biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u201cyediy\u00fczyirmibe\u015fmilyonaltm\u0131\u015fsekizbinsekizy\u00fczo n\u201d lira.<\/p>\n

    n. Her iki \u00f6gesi de asl\u00ee anlam\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu halde yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler de vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ba\u015f s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan s\u0131fat tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nba\u015fkomutan, ba\u015fyazar, ba\u015ffiyat, ba\u015frol, ba\u015fk\u00f6\u015fe, ba\u015fparmak, ba\u015fkent, ba\u015f\u00e7avu\u015f, ba\u015feser.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ba\u015f\u0131 kelimesiyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \na\u015f\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, binba\u015f\u0131, onba\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ark\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, ustaba\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131..<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> O\u011flu, o\u011fullar\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6zleriyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nCafero\u011flu, Topalo\u011flu, Osmano\u011fullar\u0131, \u00e7apano\u011flu, day\u0131o\u011flu, elo\u011flu, hino\u011fluhin, teyzek\u0131z\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> A\u011fa, bey, efendi, han\u0131m, nine vb. s\u00f6zlerle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011fababa, a\u011fabey, beyefendi, efendibaba, han\u0131manne, han\u0131mefendi, hac\u0131a\u011fa.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> A\u00e7\u0131ortay, a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131, akarsu, akaryak\u0131t, anamal, anaokulu, anapara, anayasa, atas\u00f6z\u00fc, ayba\u015f\u0131, babaanne, basmakal\u0131p, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc, birdenbire, bozk\u0131r, bug\u00fcn, buzdolab\u0131, delikanl\u0131, erba\u015f, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, ilkbahar, ilkokul, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim, ipucu, milletvekili, t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m, topyek\u00fbn, vazge\u00e7mek, yar\u0131\u00e7ap, yar\u0131mada, yery\u00fcz\u00fc, y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi kelime ve deyimler de gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Biraz, biraz\u0131, birka\u00e7, birka\u00e7\u0131, birtak\u0131m, bir\u00e7ok, bir\u00e7o\u011fu, hi\u00e7bir, hi\u00e7biri, herhangi kelimeleri de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    o. Hane kelimesiyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00e7ayhane, dershane, eczahane, hastahane, postahane, pastahane, yemekhane. Bu s\u00f6zlerde ge\u00e7en hane kelimesindeki h\u2019nin yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    p. Perver, perest, zade ve name kelimeleriyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nvatanperver, hayalperest, Resulzade, day\u0131zade, beyanname, O\u011fuzname, Battalname.<\/p>\n

    q. Kanunda biti\u015fik ge\u00e7en veya biti\u015fik olarak tescil ettirilen kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri, Genelkurmay, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim.<\/p>\n

    r. oto, tele, matik \u00f6geleriyle kurulan al\u0131nt\u0131lar da biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \notobiyografi, otomobil, otogar, otopark, telekart, telek\u0131z, telefon, bankamatik.<\/p>\n

    2. AYRI YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    a. Deyimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00f6ze girmek, etekleri zil \u00e7almak, a\u011fz\u0131 kulaklar\u0131na varmak.<\/p>\n

    b. \u0130kilemeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbata \u00e7\u0131ka, yava\u015f yava\u015f, g\u00fcle oynaya, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk, ev bark, konu kom\u015fu, e\u015f dost, kitap mitap, s\u00fckl\u00fcm p\u00fckl\u00fcm, soy sop.<\/p>\n

    c. Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerle kurulan birle\u015fik fillerde ses olay\u0131 olmuyorsa ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narz etmek, adam olmak, dans etmek, soracak olmak, not etmek, oyun etmek, sa\u011f\u0131r olmak, yok olmak, yard\u0131m etmek, yar\u0131\u015f etmek.<\/p>\n

    d. Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kelimelerden hi\u00e7biri anlam de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011fram\u0131yorsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Hayvan t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \nada bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ard\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fu, tarla ku\u015fu, bal ar\u0131s\u0131, Pekin \u00f6rde\u011fi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Bitki t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \n\u00e7\u00f6rek otu, ac\u0131 ot, yayla \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, yumru k\u00f6k, ku\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc, da\u011f armudu, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, kuru fasulye, kuru incir, yaban g\u00fcl\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Nesne, e\u015fya ve alet adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbak\u0131r ta\u015f\u0131, dikili ta\u015f, Arap sabunu, el kitab\u0131, alt ge\u00e7it, toplu i\u011fne, dolma kalem, yemek masas\u0131, yapma \u00e7i\u00e7ek. yatak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yol ve ula\u015f\u0131mla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nArnavut kald\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7evre yolu, deniz yolu, kara yolu, ke\u00e7i yolu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Durum, olgu ve olay bildiren s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7\u0131k oturum, ana dili, dil birli\u011fi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu, i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, masa ba\u015f\u0131, sofra ba\u015f\u0131, ses uyumu, yer \u00e7ekimi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Bilim ve bilgi s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \nanlam bilimi, g\u00f6k bilimi, dil bilgisi, halk bilimi, ses bilgisi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yuvar ve k\u00fcre s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \n\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00fcre, yar\u0131 k\u00fcre, a\u011f\u0131r k\u00fcre, hava yuvar\u0131, g\u00f6z yuvar\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 yuvar\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yiyecek, i\u00e7ecek adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131, Urfa kebab\u0131, dil peyniri, tas kebab\u0131, \u0130neg\u00f6l k\u00f6ftesi, havu\u00e7lu kek, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, maden suyu, vi\u015fne suyu, i\u015fkembe \u00e7orbas\u0131, koz helvas\u0131, kesme \u015feker, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, dolma biber, kuru yemi\u015f, s\u00fczme yo\u011furt.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> G\u00f6k cisimleri:
    \n\u00c7oban y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z, g\u00f6k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6k ta\u015f\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Organ veya organ yerine ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7 g\u00f6z, sulu g\u00f6z, bel kemi\u011fi, takma bacak, gaga burun, kuru kafa, karga burun.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Benzetme yoluyla insan\u0131n bir niteli\u011fini anlatmak \u00fczere bitki, hayvan ve nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011f\u0131r top, \u00e7etin ceviz, eksik etek, sa\u011fmal inek, deli balta, \u00e7\u00f6ps\u00fcz \u00fcz\u00fcm, eski toprak.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Zamanla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nba\u011f bozumu, gece yar\u0131s\u0131,g\u00fcn ortas\u0131, hafta ba\u015f\u0131, hafta sonu, ay sonu, y\u0131l sonu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    e. \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er, -maz \/ -mez ve \u2013an \/ -en ekleriyle kurulan s\u0131fat tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakar k\u00f6r, \u00e7alar saat, \u00e7\u0131kar yol, d\u00f6ner kap\u0131, d\u00f6ner kebap, g\u00fcler y\u00fcz, yazar kasa, \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokak, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kaza, t\u00fckenmez kalem, u\u00e7an daire, u\u00e7an top.<\/p>\n

    f. Renk s\u00f6z\u00fc veya renklerden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f isim tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki renk adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbak\u0131r rengi, k\u00fcl rengi, portakal rengi, ten rengi, gece mavisi, limon sar\u0131s\u0131, boncuk mavisi, duman rengi,\u00c7ingene pembesi.<\/p>\n

    g. Yer adlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Bat\u0131, Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney, Kuzey, Kuzeybat\u0131, Kuzeydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneybat\u0131, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131, Orta, Yukar\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, B\u00fcy\u00fck, Eski, Yeni, \u0130\u00e7, Yak\u0131n, Uzak gibi kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nOrta Asya, Uzak Do\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Erenk\u00f6y, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7aml\u0131ca, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Ayranc\u0131, Yeni K\u0131z\u0131lelma.<\/p>\n

    h. Yer adlar\u0131 :
    \nYunus Emre Mahallesi, Bah\u00e7elievler Mahallesi, Sakarya \u0131rma\u011f\u0131,Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Erciyes da\u011f\u0131, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, \u0130zmir K\u00f6rfezi, Nene Hatun Caddesi.<\/p>\n

    i. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, bulvar, cadde, sokak, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131nda sondaki unvanlar hari\u00e7, \u015fah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam \u00dcniversitesi, Koca Mustafapa\u015fa.<\/p>\n

    j. \u015eehirlere sonradan verilen unvanlar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nKahraman Mara\u015f, Gazi Antep, Gazi Magosa, \u015eanl\u0131 Urfa.<\/p>\n

    k. Ev, ocak, yurt kelimeleriyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u015f evi, bak\u0131m evi, radyo evi, ordu evi, \u00f6\u011fretmen evi, yay\u0131n evi, aile oca\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k oca\u011f\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenci yurdu, yeti\u015ftirme yurdu.<\/p>\n

    l. Ara, d\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te, s\u0131ra s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nmilletler aras\u0131, devletler aras\u0131, uluslar aras\u0131, yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131, din d\u0131\u015f\u0131, fizik \u00f6tesi, mor \u00f6tesi, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131, akl\u0131 s\u0131ra, ard\u0131 s\u0131ra.<\/p>\n

    m. Somut olarak yer belirten \u00fcst s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narka \u00fcst\u00fc, b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt \u00fcst\u00fc, tepe \u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    n. Alt, \u00fcst, ana, \u00f6n, art, arka, yan, kar\u015f\u0131, i\u00e7, d\u0131\u015f, orta, b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, sa\u011f, sol, pe\u015fin, bir, iki, tek, \u00e7ok, \u00e7ift s\u00f6zlerinin ba\u015fa getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalt yap\u0131, alt yaz\u0131, ana bilim dal\u0131, ana fikir, ana vatan, \u00f6n lisans, \u00f6n s\u00f6z, art niyet, yan c\u00fcmle, i\u00e7 kulak, d\u0131\u015f gezi, orta \u00f6\u011frenim, b\u00fcy\u00fck anne, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir, pe\u015fin fikir, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli.<\/p>\n

    o. Birden fazla kelimeden olu\u015fan say\u0131lar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbin dokuz y\u00fcz yirmi alt\u0131, yetmi\u015f sekiz, k\u0131rk bir.<\/p>\n

    p. Kanunda biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, Emekli Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    q. T\u00fcrk devlet ve topluluklar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel adlar \u00fcnl\u00fcler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki s\u00f6yleni\u015fine g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAzerbaycan, Bak\u00fb, Semerkant, \u0130sl\u00e2m Kerimov.<\/p>\n

    r. \u00dcns\u00fczlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck korunur:
    \nSaparmurad Niyazov.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler
    \nKAYNAK : TDK
    \nA. C\u00fcmle b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAk ak\u00e7e kara g\u00fcn i\u00e7indir.
    \nHayatta en hakiki m\u00fcr\u015fit ilimdir, fendir. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde t\u0131rnak veya yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar ve sonlar\u0131na uygun noktalama i\u015fareti (nokta, soru, \u00fcnlem) konur:
    \nAtat\u00fcrk, “Muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fun kudret, damarlar\u0131ndaki asil kanda mevcuttur!” diyor.
    \nAnadolu kentlerini, k\u00f6ylerini (K\u00f6y s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00e7ekinerek yaz\u0131yorum.) gezsek bile g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendimizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geziyoruz. (Nurullah Ata\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki \u00e7izgi aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klama c\u00fcmleleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBir zamanlar -bu zamanlar \u00e7ok da uzak de\u011fildir, bundan on, on iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce- T\u00fcrk saltanat\u0131n\u0131n maddi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z denilecek kadar geni\u015fti. (Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    \u0130ki noktadan sonra gelen c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMenfaat sandalyeye benzer: Ba\u015f\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131rsan seni k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcr, aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na al\u0131rsan y\u00fckseltir. (Cenap \u015eahabettin)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki noktadan sonra c\u00fcmle niteli\u011finde olmayan \u00f6rnekler s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu \u00f6rnekler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBu eskili\u011fi siz de \u00e7ok evde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr: duvarlarda \u00e7iviler, \u00e7ivi yerleri, lekeler… (Memduh \u015eevket Esendal)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Rakamla ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlelerde rakamdan sonra gelen kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumunun 73. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6rnek niteli\u011findeki kelimelerle ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlede de ilk harf b\u00fcy\u00fck yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n“Banka, b\u00fct\u00e7e, devlet, f\u0131nd\u0131k, kanepe, menek\u015fe, \u015femsiye” gibi y\u00fczlerce kelime, k\u00f6kenleri yabanc\u0131 olmakla birlikte art\u0131k dilimizin mal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. “Et-, ol-” fiilleri, dilimizde en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerdir.<\/p>\n

    B. Dizeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nHalk i\u00e7inde muteber bir nesne yok devlet gibi;
    \nOlmaya devlet cihanda bir nefes s\u0131hhat gibi. (Muhibbi)<\/p>\n

    Korkma! S\u00f6nmez bu \u015fafaklarda y\u00fczen al sancak
    \nS\u00f6nmeden yurdumun \u00fcst\u00fcnde t\u00fcten en son ocak. (Mehmet Akif Ersoy)<\/p>\n

    Bin atl\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda \u00e7ocuklar gibi \u015fendik;
    \nBin atl\u0131 o g\u00fcn dev gibi bir orduyu yendik. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    C. Levhalar ve a\u00e7\u0131klama yaz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGiri\u015f, \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcd\u00fcr, Vezne, Ba\u015fkan, Doktor, Otob\u00fcs Dura\u011f\u0131, Dolmu\u015f Dura\u011f\u0131, \u015eehirler Aras\u0131 Telefon, III. Kat, IV. S\u0131n\u0131f, I. Blok.<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131lardan sonra gelen kelimeler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    D. Bilim dallar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ilgili dallardaki uygulamaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:
    \nCanis canis, Caris caris, Ardea alba, Populus alba, Prunus domestica, Pinus silvestris.<\/p>\n

    E. Kitap, bildiri, makale vb.nde ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin tamam\u0131, alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin ise yaln\u0131zca ilk harfleri b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nF. Kitap, dergi vb.nde bulunan resim, \u00e7izelge, tablo vb.nin alt\u0131nda yer alan a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar<\/p>\n

    G. Belirli bir tarih bildiren ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 May\u0131s 1453 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 29 Ekim 1923, 28 Aral\u0131k 1982’de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131. Lale festivali 25 Haziranda ba\u015flayacak.
    \n1919 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu g\u00fcn\u00fc Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    Belirli bir tarihi belirtmeyen ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nOkullar genellikle eyl\u00fcl\u00fcn ikinci haftas\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flar. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulu toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 per\u015fembe g\u00fcnleri yapar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    H. \u00d6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:<\/p>\n

    1. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla soyadlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk,<\/p>\n

    Takma adlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMuhibbi (Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman), Demirta\u015f (Ziya G\u00f6kalp), Tarhan (\u00d6mer Seyfettin),<\/p>\n

    2. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra gelen sayg\u0131 s\u00f6zleri, unvanlar, lakaplar, meslek ve r\u00fctbe adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Kaymakam Erol Bey, Say\u0131n Prof. Dr. Hasan Eren, Hamdi Bey, Mustafa Efendi,<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nT\u00fclay abla, Ay\u015fe teyze, Fatma nine, Kemal day\u0131, Saim amca, Ali eni\u015fte.<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler ba\u015fa geldi\u011finde lakap yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar: Nene Hatun, Baba G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, Day\u0131 Kemal, Hala Sultan.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 tarih\u00ee ve menk\u0131bevi \u015fahsiyetlerde ise akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelime sonda oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde unvan de\u011feri kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6zel ada d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nG\u00fcl Baba, Susuz Dede, Adile Hala, G\u00fcls\u00fcm Bac\u0131, Sultan Ana.<\/p>\n

    Resm\u00ee yaz\u0131larda sayg\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zlerden sonra gelen ve makam, mevki, unvan bildiren kelimeler de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSay\u0131n Bakan, Say\u0131n Ba\u015fkan, Say\u0131n Rekt\u00f6r, Say\u0131n Vali,<\/p>\n

    Hitap kelimeleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSevgili Karde\u015fim, Aziz Dostum, De\u011ferli Arkada\u015f\u0131m,<\/p>\n

    3. Hayvanlara verilen \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSar\u0131k\u0131z, Fino, Karaba\u015f, Pamuk, Minno\u015f, Tekir.<\/p>\n

    4. Millet, boy, oymak adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk, Alman, \u0130ngiliz, Rus, Arap, Japon; O\u011fuz, Kazak, K\u0131rg\u0131z, \u00d6zbek, Tatar, Karake\u00e7ili, Hac\u0131musal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    5. Dil ve leh\u00e7e adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Almanca, \u0130ngilizce, Rus\u00e7a, Arap\u00e7a, O\u011fuzca, Kazak\u00e7a, K\u0131rg\u0131zca, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, Tatarca.<\/p>\n

    6. Devlet adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Suudi Arabistan, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti.<\/p>\n

    7. Din ve mezhep adlar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman; Hristiyanl\u0131k, Hristiyan; Musevilik, Musevi; Budizm, Budist; Hanefilik, Hanefi; Malikilik, Maliki; Protestanl\u0131k, Protestan; Katoliklik, Katolik.<\/p>\n

    8. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTanr\u0131, Allah, Cebrail, Zeus, Oziris, Kibele.<\/p>\n

    Ancak tanr\u0131 kelimesi \u00f6zel ad olarak kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nEski Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131. Baz\u0131 din\u00ee terimlerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamas\u0131 gelenekle\u015fmi\u015ftir:
    \ncennet, cehennem, u\u00e7mak, tamu, peygamber, s\u0131rat k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    9. Gezegen ve y\u0131ld\u0131z adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMerk\u00fcr, Nept\u00fcn, Pl\u00fcton, Halley, D\u00fcnya,G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay vb.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: D\u00fcnya, g\u00fcne\u015f, ay kelimeleri gezegen anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    10. Yer adlar\u0131 (k\u0131ta, b\u00f6lge, il, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y, semt, cadde, sokak, semt vb.) b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAsya, Avrupa, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu; Ankara,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 s\u00f6zleri y\u00f6n bildirdi\u011finde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBursa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu. Bu s\u00f6zler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, hayat tarz\u0131, politika vb. anlamlar bildirdi\u011finde ise b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: Bat\u0131 medeniyeti, Do\u011fu mistisizmi vb.<\/p>\n

    Yer adlar\u0131nda ilk isimden sonra gelen deniz, nehir, g\u00f6l, da\u011f, bo\u011faz vb. t\u00fcr bildiren ikinci isimler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nA\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmay\u0131p tamlama kuran \u015fehir, il, il\u00e7e, bucak, belde, k\u00f6y vb. s\u00f6zler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKonya ili, Etimesgut il\u00e7esi, Taflan k\u00f6y\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    Mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak adlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahallesi, Yunus Emre Mahallesi, Karak\u00f6y Meydan\u0131, Zafer Meydan\u0131, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131, Nene Hatun Caddesi, Cemal Nadir Soka\u011f\u0131, Fevzi \u00c7akmak Soka\u011f\u0131, \u0130nk\u0131lap Soka\u011f\u0131, Re\u015fat Nuri Soka\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131 Soka\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Yer bildiren \u00f6zel isimlerde de k\u0131saltmal\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman, kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck harf kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nHisar\u2019dan, Bo\u011faz\u2019dan, Bulvar\u2019dan.<\/p>\n

    11. Saray, k\u00f6\u015fk, han, kale, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, an\u0131t vb. yap\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTopkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131, \u0130shakpa\u015fa Saray\u0131, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc, Horozlu Han, Ankara Kalesi, Alanya Kalesi, Galata K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Fatih Sultan Mehmet K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Mostar K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Beyaz\u0131t Kulesi, Zafer Abidesi, Bilge Ka\u011fan An\u0131t\u0131.<\/p>\n

    12. Kurum, kurulu\u015f ve kurul adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcphane, \u00c7ocuk Esirgeme Kurumu, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi, \u00c7ankaya Lisesi; Anadolu Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, Mavi K\u00f6\u015fe Bakkaliyesi; T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, Ye\u015filay Derne\u011fi, Muharip Gaziler Derne\u011fi, Emek \u0130n\u015faat; Bakanlar Kurulu, Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu, Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    13. Kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik, y\u00f6nerge, genelge adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMedeni Kanun, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku (kanun), Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Telif Hakk\u0131 Yay\u0131n ve Sat\u0131\u015f Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Kurum, kurulu\u015f, kurul, merkez, bakanl\u0131k, \u00fcniversite, fak\u00fclte, b\u00f6l\u00fcm, kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik vb.ni bildiren kelimeler, belli bir kurum vb. kastedildi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nBu y\u0131l Meclis, yeni d\u00f6neme erken ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Son aylarda Kurum, yaz\u0131m konusunda yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. 2876 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun bu y\u0131l yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7iriliyor. Bu madde Y\u00f6netmelik\u2019in 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    14. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eserlerinin (tablo, heykel, m\u00fczik) her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nNutuk, Safahat, Kendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz, Anadolu Notlar\u0131, Sinekli Bakkal; T\u00fcrk Dili, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, Varl\u0131k; Resm\u00ee Gazete, H\u00fcrriyet, Milliyet, T\u00fcrkiye, Yeni Y\u00fczy\u0131l, Yeni As\u0131r; Saraydan K\u0131z Ka\u00e7\u0131rma, Onuncu Y\u0131l Mar\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmayan gazete, dergi, tablo vb. s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nMilliyet gazetesi, T\u00fcrk Dili dergisi, Hal\u0131 Dokuyan K\u0131zlar tablosu.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: B\u00fcy\u00fck harflerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde bulunan ve, ile, ya, veya, yahut, ki, da, de s\u00f6zleriyle m\u0131, mi, mu, m\u00fc soru eki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nMai ve Siyah, Su\u00e7 ve Ceza, Leyla ile Mecnun, Turfanda m\u0131, Turfa m\u0131? Diyorlar ki, D\u00fcnyaya \u0130kinci Geli\u015f yahut S\u0131r \u0130\u00e7inde Esrar, Ya Devlet Ba\u015fa ya Kuzgun Le\u015fe, Ben de Yazd\u0131m.<\/p>\n

    15. Mill\u00ee ve din\u00ee bayramlarla bayram niteli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerin adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131, 23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik ve \u00c7ocuk Bayram\u0131, Ramazan Bayram\u0131, Kurban Bayram\u0131, Nevruz Bayram\u0131, Anneler G\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00d6\u011fretmenler G\u00fcn\u00fc, 27 Mart D\u00fcnya Tiyatrolar G\u00fcn\u00fc, 14 Mart T\u0131p Bayram\u0131, H\u0131d\u0131rellez.<\/p>\n

    Kurultay, bilgi \u015f\u00f6leni, a\u00e7\u0131k oturum vb. toplant\u0131lar\u0131n adlar\u0131nda her kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nV. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk Dili Kurultay\u0131, Manas Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni.<\/p>\n

    16. Tarih\u00ee olay, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri, \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f, Y\u00fckselme Devri, Mill\u00ee Edebiyat D\u00f6nemi, Servetif\u00fcnun D\u00f6nemi, Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nem bildirmeyip t\u00fcr veya tarz bildiren terimler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \ndivan \u015fiiri, divan edebiyat\u0131, halk \u015fiiri, halk edebiyat\u0131, eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili, T\u00fcrk sanat m\u00fczi\u011fi, T\u00fcrk halk m\u00fczi\u011fi, tekke edebiyat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    17. \u00d6zel adlardan t\u00fcretilen b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrkolog, T\u00fcrkoloji, Avrupal\u0131, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmak, Asyal\u0131l\u0131k, Darvinci, Konyal\u0131, Bursal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ad kendi anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni bir anlam kazanm\u0131\u015fsa b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacem (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir perde), hicaz (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), nihavent (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), amper (elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131nda \u015fiddet birimi), jul (fizikte i\u015f birimi), donki\u015fotluk (gere\u011fi yokken kahramanl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye kalk\u0131\u015fmak).<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Para birimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: avro, dinar, dolar, lira, yeni kuru\u015f, liret.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: M\u00fczikte kullan\u0131lan makam ve t\u00fcr adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacema\u015firan, acembuselik, bayati, hicazk\u00e2r, t\u00fcrk\u00fc, varsa\u011f\u0131, bayat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    18. Yer, millet ve ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimelerde \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAntep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, Br\u00fcksel lahanas\u0131, Frenk g\u00f6mle\u011fi, Hindistan cevizi, \u0130ngiliz anahtar\u0131, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, Mara\u015f dondurmas\u0131, Van kedisi
    \nM\u00fcr\u00e2caat : 1. \u00dcnl\u00fc uyumu yok.
    \n2. Ba\u015fta m sesi var.
    \n3. \u0130ki \u00fcnl\u00fc yan yana gelmi\u015ftir.
    \n4. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fc var.<\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

    1. Seslerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n2. Eklerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n3. Kelimelerle \u0130lgili Kurallar
    \n4. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler<\/p>\n

    \u0130ML\u00c2 KURALLARI VE UYGULAMASI
    \n\u0130ml\u00e2, kelimelerin ve dil birliklerinin yaz\u0131m\u0131 demektir. T\u00fcrk iml\u00e2s\u0131nda sese (s\u00f6yleyi\u015fe) ba\u011fl\u0131 bir iml\u00e2 d\u00fczeni benimsenmi\u015f olmakla birlikte iml\u00e2 konusundaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar hen\u00fcz bitmi\u015f de\u011fildir. 1929\u2019da Dil Enc\u00fcmeni taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 L\u00fbgati\u2019nden T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019na kadar yaz\u0131mda epeyce de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maceray\u0131 \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun sunu\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131ndan okuyabilirsiniz. Burada, tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmeden, e\u011fitimde birlik olmal\u0131 ilkesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve son bask\u0131s\u0131 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u0130ml\u00e2 K\u0131lavuzu\u2019nun kurallar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc; ana hatlar\u0131yla, \u00f6\u011fretimde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f ve kurallara uygun birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek il\u00e2ve edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    SESLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR :<\/p>\n

    1. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde k\u00f6keni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olan kelimelerin sonunda tonlu b, c, d, g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmaz: a\u011fa\u00e7, ak, b\u00fcy\u00fck, ip, ot, sa\u00e7, yurt.<\/p>\n

    Dilimizdeki al\u0131nt\u0131lar da hac, \u015fad, yad gibi birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kelime sonunda yumu\u015fama kural\u0131na uymu\u015ftur: kitap (<kitab), muhta\u00e7 (<muhtac), cilt (<cild), ahenk (<aheng). Bu gibi al\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fcnl\u00fc ile ba\u015flayan bir ek ald\u0131klar\u0131nda sert sessizler yumu\u015far:<\/p>\n

    Sebep > sebebi, Kitap > kitaba, Cilt > cildi, Renk > rengi.<\/p>\n

    2. D\u00fcz, geni\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fcyle (a ,e) biten fiiller \u015fimdiki zaman \u00e7ekimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daralmaz.
    \nBeklemek bekliyor,
    \nAnlamak anlam\u0131yor,
    \nsaklamak sakl\u0131yor.
    \nS\u00f6ylemek s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor<\/p>\n

    YANLI\u015e DO\u011eRU
    \nanl\u0131yan anlayan
    \ng\u00f6zl\u00fcyecek g\u00f6zleyecek
    \ngeliyim geleyim
    \ns\u00f6yliyeyim s\u00f6yleyeyim
    \na\u011fl\u0131yay\u0131m a\u011flayay\u0131m
    \nba\u015fl\u0131yay\u0131m ba\u015flayay\u0131m
    \nyat\u0131r\u0131y\u0131m yat\u0131ray\u0131m<\/p>\n

    3. Uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcler, belli durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmez :
    \nadalet (ada:let),
    \ni\u015faret (i\u015fa:ret),
    \nkaide (ka:ide).
    \nD\u00dcZELTME \u0130\u015eARET\u0130
    \n4. D\u00fczeltme (^) i\u015fareti a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a. Nispet \u00ee\u2019sinin belirtme durumu ve iyelik ekiyle kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk askeri (iyelik eki). Komutan, asker-i \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor. (Belirtme h\u00e2li eki \u2013 kimi\/neyi) Asker\u00ee okul (askere ait, askerle ilgili)<\/p>\n

    \u0130slam dini
    \nDin\u00ee bilgiler<\/p>\n

    Fizik ilmi Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn resmi
    \n\u0130lm\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalar Resm\u00ee kurulu\u015flar<\/p>\n

    resm\u00ee, insan\u00ee, cidd\u00ee, mizah\u00ee, idar\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee, meslek\u00ee, fizik\u00ee.<\/p>\n

    b. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan dilimize giren birtak\u0131m kelime ve eklerde g, k, l \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in, bu \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra gelen \u201ca\u201d ve \u201cu\u201d sesleri \u00fczerine d\u00fczeltme i\u015fareti konur:
    \nmezk\u00fbr, s\u00fck\u00fbn, s\u00fck\u00fbt mek\u00e2n mahk\u00fbm k\u00e2fir hik\u00e2ye tezg\u00e2h g\u00e2vur derg\u00e2h, yadig\u00e2r, ordug\u00e2h, kararg\u00e2h, imk\u00e2n, d\u00fckk\u00e2n, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, s\u00fck\u00fbt, evl\u00e2t, bill\u00fbr, \u00fcsl\u00fbp, ahl\u00e2k, il\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

    Hakk\u00e2ri, El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2hiye L\u00e2dik L\u00e2pseki K\u00e2z\u0131m, Hal\u00fbk, L\u00e2le, Nal\u00e2n, K\u00e2mil<\/p>\n

    Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kelimelerde de \u201cL\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ince okundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \npl\u00e2k, pl\u00e2j, pl\u00e2n, rekl\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

    c. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131, anlamlar\u0131 ve okunu\u015flar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan kelimeleri ay\u0131rmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    adem (yokluk)
    \n\u00e2dem (insan)<\/p>\n

    adet (say\u0131)
    \n\u00e2det (al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, gelenek)<\/p>\n

    a\u015f\u0131k (ayak bile\u011findeki kemik)
    \n\u00e2\u015f\u0131k (seven,tutkun)<\/p>\n

    dahi (bile)
    \nd\u00e2hi ( deha sahibi,yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc olan)<\/p>\n

    hal (pazar yeri,\u00e7\u00f6zme)
    \nh\u00e2l (durum)<\/p>\n

    hala (baban\u0131n k\u0131z karde\u015fi)
    \nh\u00e2l\u00e2 (hen\u00fcz)<\/p>\n

    kar (bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u015fekli)
    \nk\u00e2r (kazan\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    nar (bir meyve)
    \nn\u00e2r (ate\u015f)<\/p>\n

    \u015fura (\u015fu yer)
    \n\u015f\u00fbra (dan\u0131\u015fma kurulu)<\/p>\n

    yar (u\u00e7urum)
    \ny\u00e2r (sevgili)<\/p>\n

    5. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerde \u201cs\u201d \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcnden sonra gelen \u201cb\u201d sesi \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201cp\u201dye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve \u201cp\u201d ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nispat, kispet, m\u00fcspet, nispet, tespih, tespit.<\/p>\n

    6. Dilimize Fars\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en \u201c\u2013dar\u201d ekindeki \u201cd\u201d sesi sert \u00fcns\u00fczlerden sonra \u00fcns\u00fcz benze\u015fmesine u\u011frayarak \u201ct\u201d olur:
    \nminnettar, sil\u00e2htar, taraftar.<\/p>\n

    Arap\u00e7adan ge\u00e7en Hayrettin, Seyfettin, Necmettin gibi \u00f6zel adlarda da \u201cd\u201d sesi \u201ct\u201dye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    EKLERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    1. Soru eki her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00d6\u011freniyor musunuz? \u00d6l\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr m\u00fcs\u00fcn? Kalem mi? \u0130nsanl\u0131k \u00f6ld\u00fc m\u00fc?<\/p>\n

    2. \u201c-ki\u201d aitlik eki \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz ve daima biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYar\u0131nki, ak\u015famki, yoldaki, yaz\u0131daki, Turgut\u2019unki.<\/p>\n

    Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uyar: bug\u00fcnk\u00fc, d\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00f6b\u00fcrk\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    3. \u201c-ma \/-me\u201d fiilden isim yapma eki ile biten kelimeler -a, -e, -\u0131, -i ekleriyle geni\u015fletildi\u011finde araya y koruyucu \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc girer:
    \nkazanma-y-a, okuma-y-a, sevme-y-i.<\/p>\n

    -mak \/ -mek ile bitenlere ise -a, -e, -\u0131, -i eklerinden biri gelirse -k \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc yumu\u015far: yazmak-a > yazma\u011fa, okumak-a > okuma\u011fa. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u2019li yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir e\u011filim vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    4. \u201c-ken\u201d (<iken) eki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumuna uymaz. Getirildi\u011fi kelimenin \u00fcnl\u00fcleri kal\u0131n da olsa, ekin \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ince kal\u0131r :
    \nokurken, yazarken, durgunken, ba\u015flarken.<\/p>\n

    5. \u201ci\u201d- ek-fiili ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaz :
    \nokuyor idik, \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak imi\u015fiz, yorgun ise.<\/p>\n

    Ancak, imek fiili bug\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok ekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak kullan\u0131lmakta ve \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uymaktad\u0131r: bak\u0131yordu, s\u00fcslenecekmi\u015f, neyse, g\u00fczelmi\u015f, al\u0131rsa.<\/p>\n

    6. \u201cki\u201d ba\u011flac\u0131 her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r :
    \nDemek ki, bilmem ki,
    \nGe\u00e7mi\u015f zaman olur ki hayali cihan de\u011fer.
    \nOlmaz ki!
    \nB\u00f6yle de yat\u0131lmaz ki! (Orhan Veli)<\/p>\n

    7. \u2013da\/-de ba\u011flac\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flac\u0131n ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan biliniyor ancak bulunma h\u00e2li ekiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle ay\u0131rt edebiliriz:
    \n\u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ba\u011fla\u00e7 olan -da\/de\u2019nin -ta \/ -te \u015fekli yoktur.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Bir isim, h\u00e2l eklerinden sadece birini alabilir. Kelimede h\u00e2l eklerinden biri varsa bunu takip eden \u2013da\/-de ba\u011fla\u00e7t\u0131r ve ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: Bu soruyu da bildi. Size de sel\u00e2m\u0131 var.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> H\u00e2l eki \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak olursa belirgin bir \u015fekilde, c\u00fcmlede kopukluk olur.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201cya\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kullan\u0131lan \u201cda\u201d mutlaka ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r (ya da). Araba ya da otomobil, ne bulursan tut.<\/span><\/p>\n

    KEL\u0130MELERLE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURALLAR<\/p>\n

    Dilimizde yeni bir kavram\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yollardan biri, kelime birle\u015ftirmesidir. Kelime birle\u015ftirmesi yoluyla kurulan s\u00f6zlere birle\u015fik kelime ad\u0131 verilir. Bu terim i\u00e7in bile\u015fik kelime denilmesi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ml\u00e2m\u0131zla ilgili teredd\u00fctlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, kelimelerin ayr\u0131 m\u0131, biti\u015fik mi yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bahsinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131 ve biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler i\u00e7in uzunca bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmak yerine pratik bir ka\u00e7 kural vererek ana hatlar\u0131yla bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zetleyece\u011fiz:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda anlam kaymas\u0131na u\u011frayan birle\u015fik kelimeler, biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nhan\u0131meli, kaynanadili, dokuzta\u015f (oyun), deveboynu (boru).
    \n<\/span>\u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ses olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nkay\u0131n ata > kaynata, s\u00fctl\u00fc a\u015f > s\u00fctla\u00e7, ne i\u00e7in > ni\u00e7in, emir etmek > emretmek, sab\u0131r etmek > sabretmek, kay\u0131p olmak > kaybolmak.
    \nReddetmek, hissetmek, reddolunmak, affetmek, zannetmek, hiss > his, his-etmek >hissetmek.<\/span><\/p>\n

    1. B\u0130T\u0130\u015e\u0130K YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    Birle\u015fik kelimelerden biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlara biti\u015fik kelime diyoruz. Birle\u015fik kelimelerden hangilerinin biti\u015fik yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir :<\/p>\n

    a. Kurall\u0131 birle\u015fik fiiller biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nal\u0131verdi, d\u00fc\u015feyazd\u0131, bakakald\u0131lar, anlayabilirseniz, yazabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

    b. Kelimelerden biri veya ikisi, birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda benzetme yoluyla anlam de\u011fi\u015fmesine u\u011frarsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAslana\u011fz\u0131, ke\u00e7isakal\u0131, ke\u00e7iboynuzu, karag\u00f6z (bal\u0131k), bal\u0131kg\u00f6z\u00fc (halka), s\u0131\u00e7andi\u015fi (diki\u015f), kad\u0131nbudu (k\u00f6fte), dilberduda\u011f\u0131(tatl\u0131), acemborusu (bitki), ku\u015fyemi (bitki), be\u015fta\u015f (oyun), camg\u00fczeli (bitki), yal\u0131\u00e7apk\u0131n\u0131 (ku\u015f), Samanyolu (y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmesi), Demirkaz\u0131k (y\u0131ld\u0131z), ay\u015fekad\u0131n (fasulye), haf\u0131zali (\u00fcz\u00fcm), karafatma (b\u00f6cek).<\/p>\n

    c. \u2013an \/-en, -r \/ -ar \/ -er, ve \u2013maz \/ -mez ekleriyle kurulmu\u015f s\u0131fat-fiil gruplar\u0131ndan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u011fa\u00e7kakan, \u00e7\u00f6p\u00e7atan, oyunbozan, sa\u00e7k\u0131ran, g\u00f6kdelen, ak\u0131mtoplar, betonkarar, \u00e7oksatar, sanatsever, teker\u00e7alar (cd), u\u00e7aksavar, ku\u015fkonmaz, varyemez, t\u00f6retan\u0131maz, de\u011ferbilmez.<\/p>\n

    d. -d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu \/ -t\u00fc ) ekiyle kurulan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalbast\u0131, ci\u011ferdeldi, gecekondu, g\u00fcnindi, kolbast\u0131, imambay\u0131ld\u0131, mirasyedi, z\u0131p\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, toprakbast\u0131, \u015f\u0131psevdi.<\/p>\n

    e. Her iki \u00f6gesi de \u2013d\u0131 (-di \/ -du \/ -d\u00fc, -t\u0131 \/ -ti \/ -tu\/ -t\u00fc) veya \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er eklerini alm\u0131\u015f ve kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ndedikodu, kapt\u0131ka\u00e7t\u0131, oldubitti, bi\u00e7erd\u00f6ver, uyurgezer, okuryazar, yanard\u00f6ner, y\u00fczergezer.<\/p>\n

    f. Hayvan, bitki, organ ve \u00e7e\u015fitli nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve i\u00e7inde renklerden birinin ad\u0131 veya renk s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen renk adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakla\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, balk\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, camg\u00f6be\u011fi, devet\u00fcy\u00fc, fildi\u015fi, vi\u015fne\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    g. Renk adlar\u0131yla kurulan ve bitki, hayvan veya hastal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinden birini g\u00f6steren birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \naka\u011fa\u00e7, akkavak, akmantar, karadut, kara\u00e7al\u0131, alabal\u0131k, karaku\u015f, bozay\u0131, beyazsinek, sar\u0131\u00e7i\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n

    h. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen \u00fcst ve \u00fczeri s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fc, ayak\u00fcst\u00fc, bayram\u00fcst\u00fc, ikindi\u00fczeri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc, su\u00e7\u00fcst\u00fc, y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    i. Somut olarak yer bildirmeyen alt s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nayakalt\u0131, bilin\u00e7alt\u0131, g\u00f6zalt\u0131, \u015fuuralt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    j. \u0130ki veya daha \u00e7ok kelimenin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fmu\u015f ki\u015fi adlar\u0131, soyadlar\u0131, l\u00e2kaplar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yer adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAlper, Birol, G\u00fclseren; Atat\u00fcrk, Ad\u0131var, Tanp\u0131nar;Tepedelenli Ali Pa\u015fa; \u00c7anakkale, P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131, Be\u015fikta\u015f, Yeni\u015fehir, Bat\u0131kent, \u00c7engelk\u00f6y, \u0130ncesu, Ac\u0131g\u00f6l.<\/p>\n

    k. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ve unvanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, meydan, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131ndaki unvan grubu ; unvan kelimesi sonda ise, gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAbidinpa\u015fa, Bayrampa\u015fa, Necatibey (Caddesi), Gaziosmanpa\u015fa (\u00dcniversitesi).<\/p>\n

    l. Ara y\u00f6nleri belirten kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00fcneybat\u0131, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu, kuzeydo\u011fu,kuzeybat\u0131<\/p>\n

    m. Senet, \u00e7ek vb. ticar\u00ee belgelerde ge\u00e7en say\u0131lar biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u201cyediy\u00fczyirmibe\u015fmilyonaltm\u0131\u015fsekizbinsekizy\u00fczo n\u201d lira.<\/p>\n

    n. Her iki \u00f6gesi de asl\u00ee anlam\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu halde yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lan kelimeler de vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ba\u015f s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan s\u0131fat tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nba\u015fkomutan, ba\u015fyazar, ba\u015ffiyat, ba\u015frol, ba\u015fk\u00f6\u015fe, ba\u015fparmak, ba\u015fkent, ba\u015f\u00e7avu\u015f, ba\u015feser.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ba\u015f\u0131 kelimesiyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \na\u015f\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, binba\u015f\u0131, onba\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ark\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, ustaba\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131..<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> O\u011flu, o\u011fullar\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6zleriyle olu\u015fturulan belirtisiz isim tamlamalar\u0131:
    \nCafero\u011flu, Topalo\u011flu, Osmano\u011fullar\u0131, \u00e7apano\u011flu, day\u0131o\u011flu, elo\u011flu, hino\u011fluhin, teyzek\u0131z\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> A\u011fa, bey, efendi, han\u0131m, nine vb. s\u00f6zlerle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011fababa, a\u011fabey, beyefendi, efendibaba, han\u0131manne, han\u0131mefendi, hac\u0131a\u011fa.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> A\u00e7\u0131ortay, a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131, akarsu, akaryak\u0131t, anamal, anaokulu, anapara, anayasa, atas\u00f6z\u00fc, ayba\u015f\u0131, babaanne, basmakal\u0131p, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc, birdenbire, bozk\u0131r, bug\u00fcn, buzdolab\u0131, delikanl\u0131, erba\u015f, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, ilkbahar, ilkokul, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim, ipucu, milletvekili, t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m, topyek\u00fbn, vazge\u00e7mek, yar\u0131\u00e7ap, yar\u0131mada, yery\u00fcz\u00fc, y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi kelime ve deyimler de gelenekle\u015fmi\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Biraz, biraz\u0131, birka\u00e7, birka\u00e7\u0131, birtak\u0131m, bir\u00e7ok, bir\u00e7o\u011fu, hi\u00e7bir, hi\u00e7biri, herhangi kelimeleri de biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    o. Hane kelimesiyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00e7ayhane, dershane, eczahane, hastahane, postahane, pastahane, yemekhane. Bu s\u00f6zlerde ge\u00e7en hane kelimesindeki h\u2019nin yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    p. Perver, perest, zade ve name kelimeleriyle Fars\u00e7a kurala g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelimeler biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nvatanperver, hayalperest, Resulzade, day\u0131zade, beyanname, O\u011fuzname, Battalname.<\/p>\n

    q. Kanunda biti\u015fik ge\u00e7en veya biti\u015fik olarak tescil ettirilen kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri, Genelkurmay, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim.<\/p>\n

    r. oto, tele, matik \u00f6geleriyle kurulan al\u0131nt\u0131lar da biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \notobiyografi, otomobil, otogar, otopark, telekart, telek\u0131z, telefon, bankamatik.<\/p>\n

    2. AYRI YAZILAN B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K KEL\u0130MELER<\/p>\n

    a. Deyimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \ng\u00f6ze girmek, etekleri zil \u00e7almak, a\u011fz\u0131 kulaklar\u0131na varmak.<\/p>\n

    b. \u0130kilemeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbata \u00e7\u0131ka, yava\u015f yava\u015f, g\u00fcle oynaya, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk, ev bark, konu kom\u015fu, e\u015f dost, kitap mitap, s\u00fckl\u00fcm p\u00fckl\u00fcm, soy sop.<\/p>\n

    c. Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerle kurulan birle\u015fik fillerde ses olay\u0131 olmuyorsa ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narz etmek, adam olmak, dans etmek, soracak olmak, not etmek, oyun etmek, sa\u011f\u0131r olmak, yok olmak, yard\u0131m etmek, yar\u0131\u015f etmek.<\/p>\n

    d. Birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kelimelerden hi\u00e7biri anlam de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011fram\u0131yorsa bu t\u00fcr birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Hayvan t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \nada bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ard\u0131\u00e7 ku\u015fu, tarla ku\u015fu, bal ar\u0131s\u0131, Pekin \u00f6rde\u011fi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Bitki t\u00fcrlerinden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulanlar:
    \n\u00e7\u00f6rek otu, ac\u0131 ot, yayla \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, yumru k\u00f6k, ku\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc, da\u011f armudu, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, kuru fasulye, kuru incir, yaban g\u00fcl\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Nesne, e\u015fya ve alet adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbak\u0131r ta\u015f\u0131, dikili ta\u015f, Arap sabunu, el kitab\u0131, alt ge\u00e7it, toplu i\u011fne, dolma kalem, yemek masas\u0131, yapma \u00e7i\u00e7ek. yatak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yol ve ula\u015f\u0131mla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nArnavut kald\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7evre yolu, deniz yolu, kara yolu, ke\u00e7i yolu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Durum, olgu ve olay bildiren s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7\u0131k oturum, ana dili, dil birli\u011fi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu, i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, masa ba\u015f\u0131, sofra ba\u015f\u0131, ses uyumu, yer \u00e7ekimi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Bilim ve bilgi s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \nanlam bilimi, g\u00f6k bilimi, dil bilgisi, halk bilimi, ses bilgisi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yuvar ve k\u00fcre s\u00f6zleriyle kurulanlar:
    \n\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00fcre, yar\u0131 k\u00fcre, a\u011f\u0131r k\u00fcre, hava yuvar\u0131, g\u00f6z yuvar\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 yuvar\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yiyecek, i\u00e7ecek adlar\u0131ndan biriyle kurulanlar:
    \nbal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131, Urfa kebab\u0131, dil peyniri, tas kebab\u0131, \u0130neg\u00f6l k\u00f6ftesi, havu\u00e7lu kek, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, maden suyu, vi\u015fne suyu, i\u015fkembe \u00e7orbas\u0131, koz helvas\u0131, kesme \u015feker, \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte, dolma biber, kuru yemi\u015f, s\u00fczme yo\u011furt.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> G\u00f6k cisimleri:
    \n\u00c7oban y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, kuyruklu y\u0131ld\u0131z, g\u00f6k ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6k ta\u015f\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Organ veya organ yerine ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zlerden biriyle kurulanlar:
    \na\u00e7 g\u00f6z, sulu g\u00f6z, bel kemi\u011fi, takma bacak, gaga burun, kuru kafa, karga burun.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Benzetme yoluyla insan\u0131n bir niteli\u011fini anlatmak \u00fczere bitki, hayvan ve nesne adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \na\u011f\u0131r top, \u00e7etin ceviz, eksik etek, sa\u011fmal inek, deli balta, \u00e7\u00f6ps\u00fcz \u00fcz\u00fcm, eski toprak.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00fc<\/span><\/span><\/span> Zamanla ilgili birle\u015fik kelimeler:
    \nba\u011f bozumu, gece yar\u0131s\u0131,g\u00fcn ortas\u0131, hafta ba\u015f\u0131, hafta sonu, ay sonu, y\u0131l sonu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    e. \u2013r \/ -ar \/ -er, -maz \/ -mez ve \u2013an \/ -en ekleriyle kurulan s\u0131fat tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbakar k\u00f6r, \u00e7alar saat, \u00e7\u0131kar yol, d\u00f6ner kap\u0131, d\u00f6ner kebap, g\u00fcler y\u00fcz, yazar kasa, \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokak, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kaza, t\u00fckenmez kalem, u\u00e7an daire, u\u00e7an top.<\/p>\n

    f. Renk s\u00f6z\u00fc veya renklerden birinin ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f isim tamlamas\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki renk adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbak\u0131r rengi, k\u00fcl rengi, portakal rengi, ten rengi, gece mavisi, limon sar\u0131s\u0131, boncuk mavisi, duman rengi,\u00c7ingene pembesi.<\/p>\n

    g. Yer adlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Bat\u0131, Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney, Kuzey, Kuzeybat\u0131, Kuzeydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu, G\u00fcneybat\u0131, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131, Orta, Yukar\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, B\u00fcy\u00fck, Eski, Yeni, \u0130\u00e7, Yak\u0131n, Uzak gibi kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nOrta Asya, Uzak Do\u011fu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Erenk\u00f6y, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7aml\u0131ca, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Ayranc\u0131, Yeni K\u0131z\u0131lelma.<\/p>\n

    h. Yer adlar\u0131 :
    \nYunus Emre Mahallesi, Bah\u00e7elievler Mahallesi, Sakarya \u0131rma\u011f\u0131,Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Erciyes da\u011f\u0131, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, \u0130zmir K\u00f6rfezi, Nene Hatun Caddesi.<\/p>\n

    i. \u015eah\u0131s adlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mahalle, bulvar, cadde, sokak, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y vb. yer ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131nda sondaki unvanlar hari\u00e7, \u015fah\u0131s adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam \u00dcniversitesi, Koca Mustafapa\u015fa.<\/p>\n

    j. \u015eehirlere sonradan verilen unvanlar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nKahraman Mara\u015f, Gazi Antep, Gazi Magosa, \u015eanl\u0131 Urfa.<\/p>\n

    k. Ev, ocak, yurt kelimeleriyle kurulan birle\u015fik kelimeler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na\u015f evi, bak\u0131m evi, radyo evi, ordu evi, \u00f6\u011fretmen evi, yay\u0131n evi, aile oca\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k oca\u011f\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenci yurdu, yeti\u015ftirme yurdu.<\/p>\n

    l. Ara, d\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te, s\u0131ra s\u00f6zlerinin sona getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nmilletler aras\u0131, devletler aras\u0131, uluslar aras\u0131, yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131, din d\u0131\u015f\u0131, fizik \u00f6tesi, mor \u00f6tesi, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131, akl\u0131 s\u0131ra, ard\u0131 s\u0131ra.<\/p>\n

    m. Somut olarak yer belirten \u00fcst s\u00f6z\u00fcyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \narka \u00fcst\u00fc, b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc, s\u0131rt \u00fcst\u00fc, tepe \u00fcst\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    n. Alt, \u00fcst, ana, \u00f6n, art, arka, yan, kar\u015f\u0131, i\u00e7, d\u0131\u015f, orta, b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, sa\u011f, sol, pe\u015fin, bir, iki, tek, \u00e7ok, \u00e7ift s\u00f6zlerinin ba\u015fa getirilmesiyle olu\u015fturulan birle\u015fik kelime ve terimler ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nalt yap\u0131, alt yaz\u0131, ana bilim dal\u0131, ana fikir, ana vatan, \u00f6n lisans, \u00f6n s\u00f6z, art niyet, yan c\u00fcmle, i\u00e7 kulak, d\u0131\u015f gezi, orta \u00f6\u011frenim, b\u00fcy\u00fck anne, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir, pe\u015fin fikir, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli.<\/p>\n

    o. Birden fazla kelimeden olu\u015fan say\u0131lar ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nbin dokuz y\u00fcz yirmi alt\u0131, yetmi\u015f sekiz, k\u0131rk bir.<\/p>\n

    p. Kanunda biti\u015fik yaz\u0131lanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu, Emekli Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    q. T\u00fcrk devlet ve topluluklar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel adlar \u00fcnl\u00fcler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki s\u00f6yleni\u015fine g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAzerbaycan, Bak\u00fb, Semerkant, \u0130sl\u00e2m Kerimov.<\/p>\n

    r. \u00dcns\u00fczlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck korunur:
    \nSaparmurad Niyazov.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck Harflerin Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerler
    \nKAYNAK : TDK
    \nA. C\u00fcmle b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAk ak\u00e7e kara g\u00fcn i\u00e7indir.
    \nHayatta en hakiki m\u00fcr\u015fit ilimdir, fendir. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde t\u0131rnak veya yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar ve sonlar\u0131na uygun noktalama i\u015fareti (nokta, soru, \u00fcnlem) konur:
    \nAtat\u00fcrk, “Muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fun kudret, damarlar\u0131ndaki asil kanda mevcuttur!” diyor.
    \nAnadolu kentlerini, k\u00f6ylerini (K\u00f6y s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00e7ekinerek yaz\u0131yorum.) gezsek bile g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendimizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geziyoruz. (Nurullah Ata\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki \u00e7izgi aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klama c\u00fcmleleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBir zamanlar -bu zamanlar \u00e7ok da uzak de\u011fildir, bundan on, on iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce- T\u00fcrk saltanat\u0131n\u0131n maddi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z denilecek kadar geni\u015fti. (Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    \u0130ki noktadan sonra gelen c\u00fcmleler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMenfaat sandalyeye benzer: Ba\u015f\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131rsan seni k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcr, aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na al\u0131rsan y\u00fckseltir. (Cenap \u015eahabettin)<\/p>\n

    Ancak iki noktadan sonra c\u00fcmle niteli\u011finde olmayan \u00f6rnekler s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu \u00f6rnekler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nBu eskili\u011fi siz de \u00e7ok evde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr: duvarlarda \u00e7iviler, \u00e7ivi yerleri, lekeler… (Memduh \u015eevket Esendal)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Rakamla ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlelerde rakamdan sonra gelen kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumunun 73. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6rnek niteli\u011findeki kelimelerle ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmlede de ilk harf b\u00fcy\u00fck yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n“Banka, b\u00fct\u00e7e, devlet, f\u0131nd\u0131k, kanepe, menek\u015fe, \u015femsiye” gibi y\u00fczlerce kelime, k\u00f6kenleri yabanc\u0131 olmakla birlikte art\u0131k dilimizin mal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. “Et-, ol-” fiilleri, dilimizde en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerdir.<\/p>\n

    B. Dizeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nHalk i\u00e7inde muteber bir nesne yok devlet gibi;
    \nOlmaya devlet cihanda bir nefes s\u0131hhat gibi. (Muhibbi)<\/p>\n

    Korkma! S\u00f6nmez bu \u015fafaklarda y\u00fczen al sancak
    \nS\u00f6nmeden yurdumun \u00fcst\u00fcnde t\u00fcten en son ocak. (Mehmet Akif Ersoy)<\/p>\n

    Bin atl\u0131 ak\u0131nlarda \u00e7ocuklar gibi \u015fendik;
    \nBin atl\u0131 o g\u00fcn dev gibi bir orduyu yendik. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    C. Levhalar ve a\u00e7\u0131klama yaz\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGiri\u015f, \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcd\u00fcr, Vezne, Ba\u015fkan, Doktor, Otob\u00fcs Dura\u011f\u0131, Dolmu\u015f Dura\u011f\u0131, \u015eehirler Aras\u0131 Telefon, III. Kat, IV. S\u0131n\u0131f, I. Blok.<\/p>\n

    C\u00fcmle i\u00e7erisinde say\u0131lardan sonra gelen kelimeler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    D. Bilim dallar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ilgili dallardaki uygulamaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:
    \nCanis canis, Caris caris, Ardea alba, Populus alba, Prunus domestica, Pinus silvestris.<\/p>\n

    E. Kitap, bildiri, makale vb.nde ana ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin tamam\u0131, alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta bulunan kelimelerin ise yaln\u0131zca ilk harfleri b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nF. Kitap, dergi vb.nde bulunan resim, \u00e7izelge, tablo vb.nin alt\u0131nda yer alan a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar<\/p>\n

    G. Belirli bir tarih bildiren ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 May\u0131s 1453 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 29 Ekim 1923, 28 Aral\u0131k 1982’de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131. Lale festivali 25 Haziranda ba\u015flayacak.
    \n1919 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu g\u00fcn\u00fc Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    Belirli bir tarihi belirtmeyen ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nOkullar genellikle eyl\u00fcl\u00fcn ikinci haftas\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flar. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulu toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 per\u015fembe g\u00fcnleri yapar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

    H. \u00d6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:<\/p>\n

    1. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla soyadlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk,<\/p>\n

    Takma adlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMuhibbi (Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman), Demirta\u015f (Ziya G\u00f6kalp), Tarhan (\u00d6mer Seyfettin),<\/p>\n

    2. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra gelen sayg\u0131 s\u00f6zleri, unvanlar, lakaplar, meslek ve r\u00fctbe adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Kaymakam Erol Bey, Say\u0131n Prof. Dr. Hasan Eren, Hamdi Bey, Mustafa Efendi,<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nT\u00fclay abla, Ay\u015fe teyze, Fatma nine, Kemal day\u0131, Saim amca, Ali eni\u015fte.<\/p>\n

    Akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelimeler ba\u015fa geldi\u011finde lakap yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar: Nene Hatun, Baba G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, Day\u0131 Kemal, Hala Sultan.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 tarih\u00ee ve menk\u0131bevi \u015fahsiyetlerde ise akrabal\u0131k bildiren kelime sonda oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde unvan de\u011feri kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6zel ada d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nG\u00fcl Baba, Susuz Dede, Adile Hala, G\u00fcls\u00fcm Bac\u0131, Sultan Ana.<\/p>\n

    Resm\u00ee yaz\u0131larda sayg\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zlerden sonra gelen ve makam, mevki, unvan bildiren kelimeler de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSay\u0131n Bakan, Say\u0131n Ba\u015fkan, Say\u0131n Rekt\u00f6r, Say\u0131n Vali,<\/p>\n

    Hitap kelimeleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSevgili Karde\u015fim, Aziz Dostum, De\u011ferli Arkada\u015f\u0131m,<\/p>\n

    3. Hayvanlara verilen \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nSar\u0131k\u0131z, Fino, Karaba\u015f, Pamuk, Minno\u015f, Tekir.<\/p>\n

    4. Millet, boy, oymak adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk, Alman, \u0130ngiliz, Rus, Arap, Japon; O\u011fuz, Kazak, K\u0131rg\u0131z, \u00d6zbek, Tatar, Karake\u00e7ili, Hac\u0131musal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    5. Dil ve leh\u00e7e adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Almanca, \u0130ngilizce, Rus\u00e7a, Arap\u00e7a, O\u011fuzca, Kazak\u00e7a, K\u0131rg\u0131zca, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, Tatarca.<\/p>\n

    6. Devlet adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Suudi Arabistan, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti.<\/p>\n

    7. Din ve mezhep adlar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman; Hristiyanl\u0131k, Hristiyan; Musevilik, Musevi; Budizm, Budist; Hanefilik, Hanefi; Malikilik, Maliki; Protestanl\u0131k, Protestan; Katoliklik, Katolik.<\/p>\n

    8. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTanr\u0131, Allah, Cebrail, Zeus, Oziris, Kibele.<\/p>\n

    Ancak tanr\u0131 kelimesi \u00f6zel ad olarak kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nEski Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131. Baz\u0131 din\u00ee terimlerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamas\u0131 gelenekle\u015fmi\u015ftir:
    \ncennet, cehennem, u\u00e7mak, tamu, peygamber, s\u0131rat k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    9. Gezegen ve y\u0131ld\u0131z adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMerk\u00fcr, Nept\u00fcn, Pl\u00fcton, Halley, D\u00fcnya,G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay vb.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: D\u00fcnya, g\u00fcne\u015f, ay kelimeleri gezegen anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

    10. Yer adlar\u0131 (k\u0131ta, b\u00f6lge, il, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y, semt, cadde, sokak, semt vb.) b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAsya, Avrupa, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu; Ankara,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 s\u00f6zleri y\u00f6n bildirdi\u011finde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBursa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu. Bu s\u00f6zler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, hayat tarz\u0131, politika vb. anlamlar bildirdi\u011finde ise b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: Bat\u0131 medeniyeti, Do\u011fu mistisizmi vb.<\/p>\n

    Yer adlar\u0131nda ilk isimden sonra gelen deniz, nehir, g\u00f6l, da\u011f, bo\u011faz vb. t\u00fcr bildiren ikinci isimler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nA\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131, Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131,<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmay\u0131p tamlama kuran \u015fehir, il, il\u00e7e, bucak, belde, k\u00f6y vb. s\u00f6zler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKonya ili, Etimesgut il\u00e7esi, Taflan k\u00f6y\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    Mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak adlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en mahalle, meydan, bulvar, cadde, sokak kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nGazi Osmanpa\u015fa Mahallesi, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahallesi, Yunus Emre Mahallesi, Karak\u00f6y Meydan\u0131, Zafer Meydan\u0131, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvar\u0131, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131, Nene Hatun Caddesi, Cemal Nadir Soka\u011f\u0131, Fevzi \u00c7akmak Soka\u011f\u0131, \u0130nk\u0131lap Soka\u011f\u0131, Re\u015fat Nuri Soka\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131 Soka\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Yer bildiren \u00f6zel isimlerde de k\u0131saltmal\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman, kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck harf kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nHisar\u2019dan, Bo\u011faz\u2019dan, Bulvar\u2019dan.<\/p>\n

    11. Saray, k\u00f6\u015fk, han, kale, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, an\u0131t vb. yap\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nTopkap\u0131 Saray\u0131, Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131, \u0130shakpa\u015fa Saray\u0131, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc, Horozlu Han, Ankara Kalesi, Alanya Kalesi, Galata K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Fatih Sultan Mehmet K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Mostar K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Beyaz\u0131t Kulesi, Zafer Abidesi, Bilge Ka\u011fan An\u0131t\u0131.<\/p>\n

    12. Kurum, kurulu\u015f ve kurul adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Devlet Malzeme Ofisi, Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcphane, \u00c7ocuk Esirgeme Kurumu, Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi, \u00c7ankaya Lisesi; Anadolu Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, Mavi K\u00f6\u015fe Bakkaliyesi; T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131, Ye\u015filay Derne\u011fi, Muharip Gaziler Derne\u011fi, Emek \u0130n\u015faat; Bakanlar Kurulu, Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu, Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    13. Kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik, y\u00f6nerge, genelge adlar\u0131n\u0131n her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nMedeni Kanun, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku (kanun), Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Telif Hakk\u0131 Yay\u0131n ve Sat\u0131\u015f Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Kurum, kurulu\u015f, kurul, merkez, bakanl\u0131k, \u00fcniversite, fak\u00fclte, b\u00f6l\u00fcm, kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik vb.ni bildiren kelimeler, belli bir kurum vb. kastedildi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nBu y\u0131l Meclis, yeni d\u00f6neme erken ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Son aylarda Kurum, yaz\u0131m konusunda yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. 2876 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun bu y\u0131l yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7iriliyor. Bu madde Y\u00f6netmelik\u2019in 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

    14. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eserlerinin (tablo, heykel, m\u00fczik) her kelimesi b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nNutuk, Safahat, Kendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz, Anadolu Notlar\u0131, Sinekli Bakkal; T\u00fcrk Dili, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, Varl\u0131k; Resm\u00ee Gazete, H\u00fcrriyet, Milliyet, T\u00fcrkiye, Yeni Y\u00fczy\u0131l, Yeni As\u0131r; Saraydan K\u0131z Ka\u00e7\u0131rma, Onuncu Y\u0131l Mar\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ada d\u00e2hil olmayan gazete, dergi, tablo vb. s\u00f6zler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nMilliyet gazetesi, T\u00fcrk Dili dergisi, Hal\u0131 Dokuyan K\u0131zlar tablosu.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: B\u00fcy\u00fck harflerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde bulunan ve, ile, ya, veya, yahut, ki, da, de s\u00f6zleriyle m\u0131, mi, mu, m\u00fc soru eki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nMai ve Siyah, Su\u00e7 ve Ceza, Leyla ile Mecnun, Turfanda m\u0131, Turfa m\u0131? Diyorlar ki, D\u00fcnyaya \u0130kinci Geli\u015f yahut S\u0131r \u0130\u00e7inde Esrar, Ya Devlet Ba\u015fa ya Kuzgun Le\u015fe, Ben de Yazd\u0131m.<\/p>\n

    15. Mill\u00ee ve din\u00ee bayramlarla bayram niteli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerin adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \n29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayram\u0131, 23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik ve \u00c7ocuk Bayram\u0131, Ramazan Bayram\u0131, Kurban Bayram\u0131, Nevruz Bayram\u0131, Anneler G\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00d6\u011fretmenler G\u00fcn\u00fc, 27 Mart D\u00fcnya Tiyatrolar G\u00fcn\u00fc, 14 Mart T\u0131p Bayram\u0131, H\u0131d\u0131rellez.<\/p>\n

    Kurultay, bilgi \u015f\u00f6leni, a\u00e7\u0131k oturum vb. toplant\u0131lar\u0131n adlar\u0131nda her kelime b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nV. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk Dili Kurultay\u0131, Manas Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni.<\/p>\n

    16. Tarih\u00ee olay, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri, \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f, Y\u00fckselme Devri, Mill\u00ee Edebiyat D\u00f6nemi, Servetif\u00fcnun D\u00f6nemi, Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Tarih\u00ee d\u00f6nem bildirmeyip t\u00fcr veya tarz bildiren terimler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \ndivan \u015fiiri, divan edebiyat\u0131, halk \u015fiiri, halk edebiyat\u0131, eski T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili, T\u00fcrk sanat m\u00fczi\u011fi, T\u00fcrk halk m\u00fczi\u011fi, tekke edebiyat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    17. \u00d6zel adlardan t\u00fcretilen b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeler b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nT\u00fcrkl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrkolog, T\u00fcrkoloji, Avrupal\u0131, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmak, Asyal\u0131l\u0131k, Darvinci, Konyal\u0131, Bursal\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel ad kendi anlam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni bir anlam kazanm\u0131\u015fsa b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacem (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir perde), hicaz (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), nihavent (T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011finde bir makam), amper (elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131nda \u015fiddet birimi), jul (fizikte i\u015f birimi), donki\u015fotluk (gere\u011fi yokken kahramanl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye kalk\u0131\u015fmak).<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Para birimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz: avro, dinar, dolar, lira, yeni kuru\u015f, liret.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: M\u00fczikte kullan\u0131lan makam ve t\u00fcr adlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flamaz:
    \nacema\u015firan, acembuselik, bayati, hicazk\u00e2r, t\u00fcrk\u00fc, varsa\u011f\u0131, bayat\u0131.<\/p>\n

    18. Yer, millet ve ki\u015fi adlar\u0131yla kurulan birle\u015fik kelimelerde \u00f6zel adlar b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar:
    \nAntep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, Br\u00fcksel lahanas\u0131, Frenk g\u00f6mle\u011fi, Hindistan cevizi, \u0130ngiliz anahtar\u0131, Japon g\u00fcl\u00fc, Mara\u015f dondurmas\u0131, Van kedisi<\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    NOKTALAMA \u0130\u015eARETLERI VE UYGULAMASI<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

    -Nokta, Virg\u00fcl, Noktal\u0131 Virg\u00fcl, \u0130ki Nokta-\u00dc\u00e7 Nokta
    \n-Soru \u0130\u015f.,\u00dcnlem \u0130\u015f.,K\u0131sa ve Uzun \u00c7izgi, E\u011fik \u00c7izgi
    \n-T\u0131rnak \u0130\u015f.,Denden \u0130\u015f.,Yay ve K\u00f6\u015feli Ayra\u00e7,Kesme \u0130\u015f.
    \n-K\u0131saltmalar<\/p>\n

    Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. H\u00fcseyin \u00d6ZCAN
    \nNOKTALAMA \u0130\u015eARETLER\u0130N\u0130N ORTAYA \u00c7IKMASI<\/p>\n

    Noktalama i\u015faretlerinin tarihi, dil bilgini Aristophanes ile ba\u015flar. Bununla birlikte d\u00fczenli olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda matbaan\u0131n bulunu\u015fu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise, genelle\u015ferek kesin kurallara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bizim edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zda, noktalama i\u015faretleri, ancak Avrupa’y\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131ktan sonra, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak \u015einasi, \u015eair Evlenmesi (1859) adl\u0131 tiyatro oyununun ba\u015f\u0131nda iki i\u015faretten s\u00f6z etmektedir: “Mu’tar\u0131za ( ) i\u00e7inde bulunan kel\u00e2m h\u00e2li t\u00e2rif i\u00e7indir. \u015e\u00f6yle bir hatt-\u0131 ufk\u00ee – s\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131na del\u00e2let eder. Nokta, s\u00f6z\u00fcn nihayetine al\u00e2met olur”. \u015eemsettin Sami de, Kamus-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee adl\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde iki noktaya (noktateyn; virg\u00fcle (,), fas\u0131la demektedir.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6nceleri d\u00fczyaz\u0131 metinlerinde kullan\u0131lan noktalama i\u015faretlerinin, \u015fiirde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, hem \u015fiir hem d\u00fczyaz\u0131 yazan edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z, noktalama i\u015faretlerini, d\u00fczyaz\u0131 metinlerinde kullanm\u0131\u015flar, bununla beraber \u015fiir halinde yazd\u0131klar\u0131 metinlerde noktalama i\u015faretlerini kullanmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sonralar\u0131 \u015fiirlerde de ba\u015far\u0131 ile noktalama i\u015faretlerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Recaiz\u00e2de Mahmut Ekrem, hem Araba Sevdas\u0131 adl\u0131 roman\u0131nda, hem de Zemzeme, Pejm\u00fcrde gibi \u015fiir kitaplar\u0131nda bu i\u015faretlere \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve yerli yerinde kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Servet-i F\u00fcn\u00fbn d\u00f6neminde, Tevfik Fikret’in \u015fiirlerinde, noktalama i\u015faretlerinin \u00f6zenle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

    Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde, noktalama i\u015faretleri daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsenmi\u015f say\u0131lar\u0131 ve t\u00fcrleri artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri daha a\u00e7\u0131k ifade etmek, c\u00fcmlenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve duraklama noktalar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek, okumay\u0131 ve anlamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak, s\u00f6z\u00fcn vurgu ve ton gibi \u00f6zelliklerini belirtmek \u00fczere kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel i\u015faretlere noktalama i\u015faretleri denir. Noktalama i\u015faretleri, anlam\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r, yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er, okumay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    A. NOKTA (.)<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00fcmlenin sonuna konur :
    \nT\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.
    \nT\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm.<\/p>\n

    2. K\u0131saltmalar\u0131n sonuna konur:
    \nProf., Cad., T.(T\u00fcrk\u00e7e), Ar. (Arap\u00e7a).<\/p>\n

    Ancak, b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalardan sonra nokta kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nTDK (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu), TBMM, cm (santimetre), g (gram), l (litre).<\/p>\n

    3. Say\u0131lardan sonra s\u0131ra bildirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n3.(\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc), II. Mehmet, 2. Cadde, 20. Sokak, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l.
    \n4. Bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n maddelerini g\u00f6steren rakam veya harflerden sonra kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nI. 1. A. a. II. 2. B. b.<\/p>\n

    5. Tarihlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcn, ay ve y\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6steren say\u0131lar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n29.5.1453, 29.X.1923.<\/p>\n

    Tarihlerde ay adlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yla da yaz\u0131labilir. Bu durumda ay adlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra nokta kullan\u0131lmaz: 29 May\u0131s 1453.<\/p>\n

    6. Saat ve dakika g\u00f6steren say\u0131lar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nTren 09.15\u2019te kalkt\u0131.
    \nSaat ve dakika say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kesinlikle iki nokta i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    7. Bibliyografik k\u00fcnyelerin sonuna konur:
    \nAg\u00e2h S\u0131rr\u0131 Levend, T\u00fcrk Dilinde Geli\u015fme ve Sadele\u015fme Evreleri, Ankara, 1960.<\/p>\n

    8. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc gruplara ayr\u0131larak yaz\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131larda gruplar aras\u0131na konur:
    \n16.551.000, 22.465.660<\/p>\n

    9. Matematikte \u00e7arp\u0131 i\u015fareti yerine kullan\u0131l\u0131r: 4.5=20.<\/p>\n

    B. V\u0130RG\u00dcL ( , )<\/p>\n

    1. Birbiri ard\u0131nca s\u0131ralanan e\u015f g\u00f6revli kelime ve kelime gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131na konur:
    \nF\u0131rt\u0131nadan, so\u011fuktan, karanl\u0131ktan ve biraz da korkudan sonra bu s\u0131cak, ayd\u0131nl\u0131k ve sevimli odan\u0131n havas\u0131nda erir gibi oldum. (H. Edip, Kalp A\u011fr\u0131s\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Sessiz dereler, solgun a\u011fa\u00e7lar, sar\u0131 g\u00fcller
    \nDillenmi\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlarda tutuk dilli g\u00f6n\u00fcller. (F. Nafiz)<\/p>\n

    2. S\u0131ral\u0131 c\u00fcmleleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nUmduk, bekledik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck. Geldim, g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, yendim.
    \nFakat yol otomobillere yasak oldu\u011fundan o da herkes gibi tramvaya biner, kimse kendisine dikkat etmez. (F. R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay, Deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131)<\/p>\n

    3. C\u00fcmlede \u00f6zel olarak vurgulanmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6gelerden sonra konur:
    \nBinaenaleyh, biz her vas\u0131tadan, yaln\u0131z ve ancak, bir noktainazardan istifade ederiz. ( Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    4. Uzun c\u00fcmlelerde y\u00fcklemden uzak d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan \u00f6geleri belirtmek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nSaniye Han\u0131mefendi, merdivenlerde o\u011flunun ayak seslerini duyar duymaz, hasretlisini kar\u015f\u0131lamaya at\u0131lan bir gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n gibi, koltu\u011fundan f\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve ona kap\u0131y\u0131 kendi eliyle a\u00e7maya gelmi\u015fti.
    \n(Y. Kadri, Panoroma)<\/p>\n

    5. C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde ara s\u00f6zleri ve ara c\u00fcmleleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n\u015eimdi, efendiler, m\u00fcsaade buyurursan\u0131z, size bir sual soray\u0131m. (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    6. Anlama g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tekrarlanan kelimeler aras\u0131na konur:
    \nAk\u015fam, yine ak\u015fam, yine ak\u015fam,
    \nG\u00f6llerde bu dem bir kam\u0131\u015f olsam! (Ahmet Ha\u015fim)<\/p>\n

    \u0130kilemelerde kelimeler aras\u0131na herhangi bir i\u015faret konmaz.<\/p>\n

    7. T\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde olmayan al\u0131nt\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerden sonra konur: Dat\u00e7a\u2019ya yar\u0131n gidece\u011fim, dedi.<\/p>\n

    8. Kendisinden sonraki c\u00fcmleye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ret, kabul ve te\u015fvik bildiren hay\u0131r, yok, yoo, evet, peki, pek\u00e2l\u00e2, tamam, olur, hayhay, ba\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcne, \u00f6yle, haydi, elbette gibi kelimelerden sonra konur:
    \nPeki, gideriz. Hayhay, memnun oluruz. Haydi, ge\u00e7 kal\u0131yoruz.
    \nEvet, k\u0131rk seneden beri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e merhale merhale T\u00fcrkle\u015fiyor.
    \n9. Bir kelimenin kendisinden sonra gelen kelime veya kelime gruplar\u0131yla yap\u0131 ve anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBu, tek g\u00f6zl\u00fc, gen\u00e7 fakat ihtiyar g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir adamca\u011f\u0131zd\u0131r. (Halit Ziya U\u015fakl\u0131gil)
    \nBu gece, e\u011flenceleri i\u00e7lerine sinmedi. (Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin)<\/p>\n

    10. Hitap i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kelimelerden sonra konur:
    \nEfendiler, bilirsiniz ki, hayat demek, m\u00fccadele, m\u00fcsademe demektir. (Atat\u00fcrk)
    \nSay\u0131n Ba\u015fkan, Sevgili karde\u015fim,<\/p>\n

    11. Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda, ba\u015fvurulan makam\u0131n ad\u0131ndan sonra konur:
    \nFatih \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne,<\/p>\n

    12. Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda, yer adlar\u0131n\u0131 tarihlerden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nKonya, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 2000<\/p>\n

    13. Say\u0131lar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kesirleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur: 38,6 (otuz sekiz tam onda alt\u0131).
    \nSay\u0131lar\u0131n kesirli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in araya nokta i\u015fareti konmaz. Bu \u015fekildeki say\u0131lar usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re okunmal\u0131d\u0131r: 6,7 (alt\u0131 onda yedi).<\/p>\n

    14. Bibliyografik k\u00fcnyelerde yazar, eser, bas\u0131m evi vb. maddelerden sonra konur:
    \nAtay, Falih R\u0131fk\u0131, Tuna K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Remzi Kitap Evi, \u0130stanbul 1938.
    \nMetin i\u00e7inde ve, veya, yahut ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de sonra da virg\u00fcl konmaz.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde ve, veya, yahut ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de sonra da virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nNihat sabaha kadar uyuyamad\u0131 ve \u015fafak s\u00f6kerken Faik’e bol te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerle dolu bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t b\u0131rakarak iki g\u00fcn evvelki cephe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc k\u0131yafeti ile soka\u011fa f\u0131rlad\u0131. (Peyami Safa)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde tekrarl\u0131 ba\u011fla\u00e7lardan \u00f6nce ve sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nHem gider hem a\u011flar.
    \nYa bu deveyi g\u00fctmeli ya bu diyardan gitmeli. (Atas\u00f6z\u00fc)
    \nGerek nesirde gerek naz\u0131mda yeni bir s\u00f6yleyi\u015fe ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
    \nSiz ister inan\u0131n ister inanmay\u0131n, bir g\u00fcn bile durmam.
    \nNe k\u0131z verir ne d\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc k\u00fcst\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: C\u00fcmlede peki\u015ftirme ve ba\u011flama g\u00f6revinde kullan\u0131lan da \/ de ba\u011flac\u0131ndan sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \n\u0130mlam\u0131z, lisan\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fczelince lisan\u0131m\u0131z da kafam\u0131z d\u00fczelince d\u00fczelecek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o da ancak onlar kadar bozuktur, fazla de\u011fil! (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde -\u0131nca \/ -ince anlam\u0131nda zarf-fiil g\u00f6revinde kullan\u0131lan m\u0131 \/ mi ekinden sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nBen a\u00e7 yatt\u0131m m\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc r\u00fcyalar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm nedense. (Orhan Kemal )
    \n\u00d6yle zekiler vard\u0131r, konu\u015ftular m\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131ndan bal ak\u0131yor san\u0131rs\u0131n. (Attila \u0130lhan)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u015eart ekinden sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:
    \nTenha k\u00f6\u015felerde a\u011f\u0131z a\u011f\u0131za konu\u015furken yanlar\u0131na biri gelecek olursa hemen susuyorlard\u0131. (Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin)
    \nG\u00f6r g\u00f6zlerinle de akl\u0131n yatarsa anlat\u0131ver millete. (Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Metin i\u00e7inde zarf-fiil ekleriyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015f kelimelerden sonra virg\u00fcl konmaz:<\/p>\n

    \u015eimdiye dek, ben kendimi bildim bileli kimse De\u011firmenoluk k\u00f6y\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131p da ba\u015fka k\u00f6yde \u00e7obanl\u0131k, yana\u015fmal\u0131k etmedi. (Ya\u015far Kemal)<\/p>\n

    Meydanl\u0131\u011fa varmadan bir iki defa \u0130smail kendisini g\u00f6rd\u00fc m\u00fc diye kahveye bakt\u0131. (Necati Cumal\u0131)
    \nAncak yemekte bir karara var\u0131p arkada\u015f\u0131na dikkatli dikkatli bakarak konu\u015ftu. (Samim Kocag\u00f6z)<\/p>\n

    C. NOKTALI V\u0130RG\u00dcL ( ; )<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde virg\u00fcllerle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr veya tak\u0131mlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nErkek \u00e7ocuklara Do\u011fan, Tu\u011frul, Aslan, Orhan; k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklara ise \u0130nci, \u00c7i\u00e7ek, G\u00f6n\u00fcl, Yonca adlar\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n

    2. \u00d6geleri aras\u0131nda virg\u00fcl bulunan s\u0131ral\u0131 c\u00fcmleleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nSevin\u00e7ten, heyecandan i\u00e7im i\u00e7ime s\u0131\u011fm\u0131yor; ba\u011f\u0131rmak, kahkahalar atmak, a\u011flamak istiyorum. Sabahtan beri bekliyorum; ne gelen var, ne giden. \u0130\u015f i\u015ften ge\u00e7ti; art\u0131k gelse de olur, gelmese de.<\/p>\n

    3. Virg\u00fclle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rnekleri farkl\u0131 \u00f6rneklerden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ngiltere, Azerbaycan; \u0130stanbul, Londra, Bak\u00fb.<\/p>\n

    4. Kendilerinden evvelki c\u00fcmleyle ilgi kuran ancak, yaln\u0131z, fakat, l\u00e2kin, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, yoksa, bundan dolay\u0131, binaenaleyh, sonu\u00e7 olarak, bununla birlikte, \u00f6yleyse vb. c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131 ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce konur:
    \nHalis bir \u015fiir fena okunabilir; l\u00e2kin sahte bir \u015fiir iyi okunamaz. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    Bir millet ordusunu kaybedebilir, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da kaybedebilir; fakat dilini saklad\u0131k\u00e7a, o millet ya\u015f\u0131yor demektir. (N. Ats\u0131z)<\/p>\n

    S\u0131ral\u0131 c\u00fcmleler aras\u0131nda ancak, fakat, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc vb. c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yazar, araya nokta, virg\u00fcl, noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl koymakta serbesttir. Bu husus, yazar\u0131n \u00fcsl\u00fbptaki tercihiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

    D. \u0130K\u0130 NOKTA ( : ) – \u00dc\u00c7 NOKTA ( … )<\/p>\n

    1. Kendisinden sonra \u00f6rnek verilecek c\u00fcmlenin sonuna konur: Mill\u00ee Edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temsilcilerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ralayal\u0131m: \u00d6mer Seyfettin, Halide Edip Ad\u0131var, Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Ali Canip Y\u00f6ntem.<\/p>\n

    Yeni harfler al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra eski yaz\u0131 ile bir tek kelime bile yazmayan iki ki\u015fi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr: Atat\u00fcrk ve \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc! (Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay, \u00c7ankaya)<\/p>\n

    2. Kendisinden sonra a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lacak c\u00fcmlenin sonuna konur:
    \nBu karar\u0131n istinat etti\u011fi en kuvvetli muhakeme ve mant\u0131k \u015fu idi: Esas, T\u00fcrk milletinin haysiyetli ve \u015ferefli bir millet olarak ya\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. (Atat\u00fcrk)
    \nDerler: \u0130nsanda derin bir yarad\u0131r k\u00f6ks\u00fczl\u00fck;
    \nBudur \u00e2lemde hudutsuz ve hazin \u00f6ks\u00fczl\u00fck (Yahya Kemal)<\/p>\n

    3. K\u00fct\u00fcphanecilik alan\u0131nda yazar ad\u0131 ile eser ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131na konur: Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131: Kendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz.<\/p>\n

    4. Ses biliminde uzun \u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r: a:ile, i:cat.<\/p>\n

    5. Edeb\u00ee eserlerdeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda, konu\u015fan ki\u015finin ad\u0131ndan sonra konur:
    \nBilge Ka\u011fan: T\u00fcrklerim, i\u015fitin!
    \n\u00dcstten g\u00f6k \u00e7\u00f6kmedik\u00e7e
    \nAlttan yer delinmedik\u00e7e
    \n\u00dclkenizi, t\u00f6renizi kim bozabilir sizin?<\/p>\n

    Koro : G\u00f6\u011fe erer ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z
    \nBa\u015f\u0131nla senin!<\/p>\n

    Bilge Ka\u011fan: Ulusum birle\u015fip y\u00fccelsin diye
    \nGece uyumad\u0131m, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz oturmad\u0131m. (A. Turan Oflazo\u011flu)<\/p>\n

    6. Matematikte b\u00f6lme i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r: 56:8=7.<\/p>\n

    E. \u00dc\u00c7 NOKTA ( … )<\/p>\n

    1. Tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f c\u00fcmlelerin sonuna konur:
    \nNe \u00e7are ki, \u00e7irkinli\u011fi hemencecik ve herkes taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcveriyordu da, bu yan\u0131…
    \n(Tar\u0131k Bu\u011fra, D\u00f6neme\u00e7te)<\/p>\n

    2. Kaba say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in veya bir ba\u015fka sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klanmak istenmeyen kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine konur:
    \nK\u0131lavuzu karga olan\u0131n burnu b…tan \u00e7\u0131kmaz.<\/p>\n

    3. Al\u0131nt\u0131larda; ba\u015fta, ortada ve sonda al\u0131nmayan kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine konur:
    \nM\u00fcmtaz, bu d\u00fckk\u00e2na bakarken hi\u00e7 fark\u0131nda olmadan Mallarm\u00e9\u2019nin m\u0131sra\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlad\u0131: \u201cMe\u00e7hul bir fel\u00e2ketten buraya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f…\u201d (A. Hamdi Tanp\u0131nar, Huzur)<\/p>\n

    Al\u0131nmayan kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine parantez i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 nokta konmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    4. S\u00f6z\u00fcn bir yerde kesilerek geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn okuyucunun muhayyilesine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek veya ifadeye g\u00fc\u00e7 katmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nKar\u015f\u0131 sahilde mor, fark olunmaz sisler alt\u0131ndaki da\u011flar, korular, beyaz yal\u0131lar… Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir esatir r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131n hava\u00ee hakikati gibi u\u00e7an mart\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcleri… (\u00d6mer Seyfettin, Bahar ve Kelebekler)
    \nG\u00f6k sar\u0131, toprak sar\u0131, \u00e7\u0131plak a\u011fa\u00e7lar sar\u0131… (Faruk Nafiz \u00c7aml\u0131bel, Sanat)<\/p>\n

    5. \u00dcnlem ve seslenmelerde anlat\u0131m\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nG\u00f6lgeler yakla\u015ft\u0131lar. Bir ad\u0131m kal\u0131nca onu k\u0131yafetinden tan\u0131d\u0131lar:
    \n-Koca Ali… Koca Ali, be!.. (\u00d6mer Seyfettin, Diyet)<\/p>\n

    6. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda, yeterli olmayan, eksik b\u0131rak\u0131lan cevaplarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u2015 Yabanc\u0131 yok!
    \n\u2015 Kimsin?
    \n\u2015 Ali…
    \n\u2015 Hangi Ali?
    \n\u2015 …
    \n\u2015 Sen misin, Ali usta?
    \n\u2015 Benim!… (\u00d6mer Seyfettin, Diyet)<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk iml\u00e2s\u0131nda iki nokta yan yana kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: \u0130ki nokta \u00fcst \u00fcste \u015feklinde bir adland\u0131rma yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    F. SORU \u0130\u015eARETI (?)<\/p>\n

    1. Soru bildiren c\u00fcmle veya s\u00f6zlerin sonuna konur:
    \nNe zaman t\u00fckenecek bu yollar, arabac\u0131? (Faruk Nafiz \u00c7aml\u0131bel)
    \nSular m\u0131 yand\u0131? Neden tunca benziyor mermer? (Ahmet Ha\u015fim)<\/p>\n

    2. Bilinmeyen yer, tarih vb. durumlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYunus Emre (1240?-1320), (Do\u011fum yeri:?).<\/p>\n

    3. Bir bilginin \u015f\u00fcpheyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kesin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda yay ayra\u00e7 (parantez) i\u00e7inde soru i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAnkara\u2019dan Konya\u2019ya 1,5 (?) saatte gitmi\u015f.
    \n1496 (?) y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fan Fuzul\u00ee …
    \nSoru ifadesi ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131ral\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerde soru i\u015fareti en sona konur:
    \n\u00c7ok yak\u0131ndan m\u0131 bu sesler, \u00e7ok uzaklardan m\u0131?
    \n\u00dcsk\u00fcdar’dan m\u0131, Hisar’dan m\u0131, Kavaklar’dan m\u0131? (Yahya Kemal)
    \nRuhunu karatan neydi, ya\u011fmur mu ya\u011f\u0131yordu; yoksa \u015fim\u015fekler mi \u00e7ak\u0131yordu?<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: m\u0131 \/ mi eki -\u0131nca \/ -ince anlam\u0131nda zarf-fiil i\u015fleviyle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman soru i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nAk\u015fam oldu mu s\u00fcr\u00fcler d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Soru ifadesi ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u0131ral\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerde soru i\u015fareti en sona konur:
    \n\u00c7ok yak\u0131ndan m\u0131 bu sesler, \u00e7ok uzaklardan m\u0131?
    \n\u00dcsk\u00fcdar’dan m\u0131, Hisar’dan m\u0131, Kavaklar’dan m\u0131? (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    G. \u00dcNLEM \u0130\u015eARETI (!)<\/p>\n

    1. Sevin\u00e7, k\u0131van\u00e7, ac\u0131, korku, \u015fa\u015fma gibi duygular\u0131 anlatan c\u00fcmlelerin sonuna konur:
    \nNe mutlu T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm diyene! (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    Gurbet o kadar ac\u0131
    \nKi ne varsa i\u00e7imde
    \nHepsi bana yabanc\u0131
    \nHepsi ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imde! (Kemalettin Kamu)<\/p>\n

    Hava ne kadar da s\u0131cak!
    \nA\u015fk olsun!
    \nNe kadar ak\u0131ll\u0131 adamlar var!<\/p>\n

    2. Seslenme,hitap ve uyar\u0131 s\u00f6zlerinden sonra konur:
    \nOrdular! \u0130lk hedefiniz Akdeniz\u2019dir, ileri! (Atat\u00fcrk)
    \nAk tolgal\u0131 beylerbeyi hayk\u0131rd\u0131: \u0130lerle! (Yahya Kemal)
    \nDur yolcu! Bilmeden gelip bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n
    \nBu toprak bir devrin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. (Necmettin Halil Onan)<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00dcnlem i\u015fareti, seslenme ve hitap s\u00f6zlerinden hemen sonra konulabilece\u011fi gibi c\u00fcmlenin sonuna da konabilir:
    \nArkada\u015f, biz bu yolda t\u00fcrk\u00fcler tuttururken
    \nSana u\u011furlar olsun… Ayr\u0131l\u0131yor yolumuz! (Faruk Nafiz \u00c7aml\u0131bel)<\/p>\n

    3. Bir s\u00f6ze alay, kinaye veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme anlam\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u00fcnlem i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130steseymi\u015f bir g\u00fcnde bitirirmi\u015f (!) ama ne yaz\u0131k ki vakti yokmu\u015f(!)
    \nAdam, ak\u0131ll\u0131 (!) oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    H. KISA \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130 (- )<\/p>\n

    1. Sat\u0131ra s\u0131\u011fmayan kelimeler b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrken sat\u0131r sonuna konur:
    \nSo\u011fuktan m\u0131 titriyordum, yoksa heyecandan, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcden mi bil-
    \nmem. (Sait Faik)<\/p>\n

    2. Ara s\u00f6zleri ve ara c\u00fcmleleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u00d6rnek olsun diye -\u00f6rnek istemez ya- s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

    3. Dil bilgisinde k\u00f6kleri ve ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nal-\u0131\u015f, dur-ak.<\/p>\n

    4. Dil bilgisinde fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nal-, oku-, yazd\u0131r-, okut-, bil-, sevdir-, anla-…<\/p>\n

    5. Dil bilgisinde eklerin ba\u015f\u0131na konur:
    \n-den, -l\u0131k, -\u0131\u015f, -t, -m, -s\u0131, -ak…<\/p>\n

    6. Dil bilgisinde heceleri g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na-ra\u015f-t\u0131r-ma.
    \n7. Kelimeler aras\u0131nda \u201c-den… \u2013a, ve, ile, il\u00e2, aras\u0131nda\u201d anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 vermek \u00fczere kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e-Frans\u0131zca S\u00f6zl\u00fck, Ayd\u0131n-\u0130zmir yolu, Ankara-\u0130stanbul u\u00e7ak seferleri, T\u00fcrk-Alman ili\u015fkileri, 10.30-11.30, 2000-2001 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131.<\/p>\n

    8. Baz\u0131 terim ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131nda kelimeler aras\u0131na konur:
    \ns\u0131fat-fiil, zarf-fiil, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi.<\/p>\n

    9. Adres yazarken semt ile \u015fehir aras\u0131na konur:
    \nKurtulu\u015f-ANKARA<\/p>\n

    10. Matematikte \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n50-30=20<\/p>\n

    \u0130. UZUN \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130 ( –<\/span><\/span><\/span> )
    \nYaz\u0131da sat\u0131r ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131nan konu\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Buna konu\u015fma \u00e7izgisi de denir.
    \n<\/span>–<\/span><\/span><\/span>Yoo, g\u00fcvercinlerime dokunmay\u0131n\u0131z, dedi. (Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu)<\/span><\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Konu\u015fmalar t\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde verildi\u011fi zaman uzun \u00e7izgi kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    J. E\u011eIK \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130 ( \/ )<\/p>\n

    1. \u015eiirlerden yap\u0131lan al\u0131nt\u0131larda, m\u0131sralar\u0131n yan yana yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken durumlarda m\u0131sralar\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:Ne sen ,ne ben \/ Ne de h\u00fcsn\u00fcnde toplanan bu mes\u00e2 \/ Ne de \u00e2l\u00e2m-\u0131 fikre bir mers\u00e2 \/ Olan bu m\u00e2\u00ee deniz. (Ahmet Ha\u015fim)<\/p>\n

    2. Adres yazarken apartman numaras\u0131 ile daire numaras\u0131 aras\u0131na konur: Altay Soka\u011f\u0131, Nu:21\/6<\/p>\n

    3. Adres yazarken semt ile \u015fehir aras\u0131na konur: Altay Soka\u011f\u0131, Nu:21\/6 Kurtulu\u015f\/ANKARA<\/p>\n

    4. Dil bilgisinde eklerin farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:-a \/-e, -an \/-en, -madan \/ -meden.<\/p>\n

    5. Matematikte b\u00f6lme i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r: 70 \/ 2=35<\/p>\n

    K. TIRNAK \u0130\u015eARET\u0130 (” “)<\/p>\n

    1. Ba\u015fka bir kimseden veya yaz\u0131dan oldu\u011fu gibi aktar\u0131lan s\u00f6zler t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nBak\u0131n\u0131z, \u015fair vatan\u0131 ne g\u00fczel tarif ediyor:
    \n\u201cBayraklar\u0131 bayrak yapan \u00fcst\u00fcndeki kand\u0131r.
    \nToprak e\u011fer u\u011frunda \u00f6len varsa vatand\u0131r.\u201d
    \nAynen al\u0131nmayan s\u00f6z ve yaz\u0131lar t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmaz.<\/p>\n

    2. \u00d6zel olarak belirtilmek istenen s\u00f6zler t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nBug\u00fcnlerde \u201ciyi bir i\u015f\u201d ar\u0131yordu.
    \n\u00d6zel olarak belirtilmek istenen s\u00f6zler t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmadan koyu yaz\u0131larak veya alt\u0131 \u00e7izilerek de g\u00f6sterilebilir:
    \nH\u00f6y\u00fck s\u00f6z\u00fc Anadolu’da tepe olarak ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

    3. Kitaplar\u0131n ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131n adlar\u0131 ve ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r: Yahya Kemal\u2019in baz\u0131 \u015fiirleri \u201cKendi G\u00f6k Kubbemiz\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. (A.H. Tanp\u0131nar)
    \n\u201c\u0130ml\u00e2 Kurallar\u0131\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde baz\u0131 uyar\u0131lara yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131:T\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan s\u00f6zlerden sonra kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    L. TEK TIRNAK I\u015eARETI ( \u2018 \u2019 )<\/p>\n

    1. T\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde verilen ve yeniden t\u0131rna\u011fa al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir s\u00f6z\u00fc belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Edebiyat \u00f6\u011fretmeni \u201c\u015eiirler i\u00e7inde \u2018Han Duvarlar\u0131\u2019 gibisi var m\u0131\u201d dedi ve Faruk Nafiz\u2019in bu g\u00fczel \u015fiirini okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : T\u0131rnak i\u00e7indeki al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n sonunda bulunan i\u015faret (nokta, soru i\u015fareti, \u00fcnlem i\u015fareti vb.) t\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r:
    \n\u201cAk\u0131l ya\u015fta de\u011fil ba\u015ftad\u0131r.\u201d atas\u00f6z\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n tecr\u00fcbesinden s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi ifade etmiyor mu?
    \n\u201c\u0130zmir \u00fczerine d\u00fcnyada bir \u015fehir daha yoktur!\u201d diyorlar. (Yahya Kemal Beyatl\u0131)<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Uzun al\u0131nt\u0131larda her paragraf ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 t\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    2. Dil yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda verilen \u00f6rne\u011fin anlam\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nG\u00f6kt\u00fcrk An\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda ge\u00e7en, fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmayan baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler: bodun \u2018millet, kavim\u2019, sab \u2018s\u00f6z\u2019, e\u00e7\u00fc apa \u2018ecdat, atalar\u2019, t\u00fcketi \u2018tamamen, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle\u2019<\/p>\n

    UYARI : T\u0131rnak i\u00e7ine al\u0131nan s\u00f6zlerden sonra kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nYahya Kemal\u2019in \u201cAziz \u0130stanbul\u201dunu okudunuz mu?<\/p>\n

    M. DENDEN \u0130\u015eARETI ( ” )<\/p>\n

    1. Bir yaz\u0131daki maddelerin s\u0131ralanmas\u0131nda veya bir \u00e7izelgede alt alta yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gelen ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zlerin veya s\u00f6z gruplar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \na. Etken fiil
    \nb. Edilgen \u2033
    \nc. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u2033
    \nd. \u0130\u015fte\u015f \u2033<\/p>\n

    N. YAY VE K\u00d6\u015eELI AYRA\u00c7 ( [ ] )YAY AYRA\u00c7 (())<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00fcmlenin yap\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ilgili olmayan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nAnadolu kentlerini, k\u00f6ylerini (K\u00f6y s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00e7ekinerek yaz\u0131yorum.) gezsek bile g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendimizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in geziyoruz. (N. Ata\u00e7)<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lan s\u00f6ze ait ek, ayra\u00e7 kapand\u0131ktan sonra yaz\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nYunus Emre (1240-1320)\u2019nin…<\/p>\n

    2. Tiyatro eserlerinde konu\u015fan\u0131n hareketlerini, durumunu a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \n\u0130htiyar \u2500<\/span> (Yava\u015f yava\u015f<\/span> Kaymakama yakla\u015f\u0131r.) Ne oluyor beyefendi? Allah r\u0131zas\u0131 i\u00e7in bana da anlat\u0131n…
    \nKaymakam <\/span>\u2500<\/span> (hiddetle) Ne olacak baba… (Re\u015fat Nuri G\u00fcntekin,<\/span> \u0130stikl\u00e2l)<\/span><\/p>\n

    3. Al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 eseri veya yazar\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nE\u015fin var, \u00e2\u015fiy\u00e2n\u0131n var, bahar\u0131n var ki beklerdin
    \nK\u0131yametler koparmak neydi ey b\u00fclb\u00fcl, nedir derdin? (Safahat)<\/p>\n

    4. Al\u0131nt\u0131larda, ba\u015fta, ortada ve sonda al\u0131nmayan kelime ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yerine konulan \u00fc\u00e7 nokta, yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

    5. Bir s\u00f6ze alay, kinaye veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme anlam\u0131 kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00fcnlem i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    6. Bir bilginin \u015f\u00fcpheyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya kesin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan soru i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    7. Bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n maddelerini g\u00f6steren rakam ve harflerden sonra kapama ayrac\u0131 konur:
    \nI) 1) A) a) II) 2) B) b)
    \nO. K\u00d6\u015eELI AYRA\u00c7 ( [ ] )<\/p>\n

    1. Ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ayra\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken durumlarda yay ayra\u00e7tan \u00f6nce k\u00f6\u015feli ayra\u00e7 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    2. Bibliyografik k\u00fcnyelere ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Re\u015fat Nuri [ G\u00fcntekin], \u00c7al\u0131ku\u015fu, Dersaadet 1922.<\/p>\n

    3. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, metinde bulunmayan veya silinmi\u015f olan,fakat ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler k\u00f6\u015feli ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nBabam ka\u011fan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fim K\u00fcl-tegin ye[di ya\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131…]<\/p>\n

    P. KESME \u0130\u015eARETI ( ‘ )<\/p>\n

    1. \u00d6zel adlara getirilen iyelik ve h\u00e2l eklerini ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nFatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019e, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm, Yunus Emre\u2019yi, T\u00fcrk\u2019e, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019m, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir\u2019i, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Anadolu\u2019dan, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131\u2019nda, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc\u2019ne, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndan, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ;Kiral\u0131k Konak\u2019ta, Sinekli Bakkal\u2019\u0131…<\/p>\n

    Ancak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen \u00f6zel adlardan sonra kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \na) Kurum ve kurulu\u015f adlar\u0131: T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumundan, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne.
    \nb) Ak\u0131m, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131: Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n, Mill\u00ee Edebiyat Ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n.
    \nc) Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan sonra kullan\u0131lan unvanlar: Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015faya, Zeynep Han\u0131ma, Ayhan Beyden, Ahmet Mithat Efendinin.
    \n\u00e7) Ay ve g\u00fcn adlar\u0131: 29 Ekime…, 30 A\u011fustos \u00c7ar\u015fambadan sonra.
    \nd) Deyimlerde ge\u00e7en \u00f6zel adlar: Allaha emanet, Alinin k\u00fcl\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Veliye, Velinin k\u00fcl\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Aliye.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz ve kendisinden sonra gelen ekler kesme i\u015faretiyle ayr\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: Yabanc\u0131 \u00f6zel adlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel adlara getirilen yap\u0131m ekleri ve \u00e7okluk eki kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: T\u00fcrkl\u00fck, Ahmetler, Avrupal\u0131, Konyal\u0131, Kayserili.<\/p>\n

    Bu eklerden sonra da kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131lmaz:
    \nT\u00fcrkle\u015fmekte, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta, Hr\u0131stiyanl\u0131ktan.<\/p>\n

    2. K\u0131saltmalara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:
    \nTBMM\u2019nin, TDK\u2019nin, BM\u2019de, TV\u2019ye.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde kelimenin okunu\u015fu; b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde k\u0131saltman\u0131n son harfinin okunu\u015fu esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nkg\u2019dan, cm\u2019yi, mm\u2019den ; BDT\u2019ye, THY\u2019de, TRT\u2019den.<\/p>\n

    Ancak k\u0131saltmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde bir kelime gibi okunan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde bu okunu\u015f esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nASELSAN\u2019da, BOTA\u015e\u2019\u0131n, NATO\u2019dan, UNESCO\u2019ya.<\/p>\n

    Sonunda nokta bulunan k\u0131saltmalar kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz. Bu t\u00fcr k\u0131saltmalarda ek noktadan sonra ve kelimenin okunu\u015funa uygun olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: vb.leri, mad.si, Alm.dan.<\/p>\n

    3. Say\u0131lara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n1985\u2019te, 8\u2019inci madde, 2\u2019nci kat, 7,65\u2019lik.<\/p>\n

    4. Seslerin vezin dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fiirde veya konu\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nN\u2019oldu, n\u2019apal\u0131m, n\u2019eylesin.<\/p>\n

    5. Bir ek veya harften sonra gelen ekleri g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in konur:
    \nA\u2019dan Z\u2019ye kadar, b\u2019nin m\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi; -s\u0131z, -siz\u2019le yap\u0131lan yeni isimler.<\/p>\n

    6. \u00d6zel isimlerden sonra yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 taktirde kesme i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7tan sonra konur:
    \nYunus Emre (1240-1320)\u2019nin, Yakup Kadri (Karaosmano\u011flu)\u2019nin.<\/p>\n

    7. Baz\u0131 al\u0131nt\u0131 kelimelerde T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye ayk\u0131r\u0131 ses ve hece yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kesme i\u015fareti konur: an\u2019ane, sun\u2019i, kur\u2019a, c\u00fcr\u2019et, kat\u2019iyet, mel\u2019un, me\u015f\u2019ale, mes\u2019ul, cem\u2019i, nev\u2019i.<\/p>\n

    Uyar\u0131: \u201c&\u201d i\u015fareti \u0130ngilizceye \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede “ve” i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir i\u015faret kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

    1. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan \u00f6zel adlara getirilen iyelik, durum ve bildirme ekleri kesme i\u015faretiyle ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    a. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131, soyadlar\u0131 ve takma adlar:
    \nAtat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm, Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019e, Muhibbi\u2019nin, G\u00fcl Baba\u2019ya, Sultan Ana\u2019n\u0131n, Yurdakul\u2019dan, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir\u2019i, Yunus Emre\u2019yi, Ziya G\u00f6kalp\u2019tan, Refik Halit Karay\u2019m\u0131\u015f, Ahmet Cevat Emre\u2019dir, Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019se.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Sonunda p, \u00e7, t, k \u00fcns\u00fczlerinden biri bulunan Ahmet, \u00c7elik, \u00c7i\u00e7ek, Halit, Mehmet, Mesut, Murat, \u00d6zbek, Recep, Yi\u011fit, Bosna-Hersek, Gaziantep, Kerk\u00fck, Sinop, Tokat, Zonguldak gibi \u00f6zel adlara \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan ek getirildi\u011finde kesme i\u015faretine ra\u011fmen Ahmedi, \u00c7eli\u011fi, \u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fi, Halidi, Mehmedi, Mesudu, Murad\u0131, \u00d6zbe\u011fi, Recebi, Yi\u011fidi, Bosna-Herse\u011fi, Gaziantebi, Kerk\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Sinobu, Tokad\u0131, Zongulda\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde son ses yumu\u015fat\u0131larak s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: \u00d6zel adlar i\u00e7in yay ayra\u00e7 i\u00e7inde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kesme i\u015fareti yay ayra\u00e7tan sonra konur: Yunus Emre (1240?-1320)’nin, Yakup Kadri (Karaosmano\u011flu)’nin.<\/p>\n

    Ancak cins isimler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda yay ayra\u00e7tan sonra do\u011fal olarak kesme i\u015faretine gerek yoktur:
    \n\u0130mek fiili (ek fiil)nin geni\u015f zaman\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s ekleriyle \u00e7ekilir.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : \u00d6zel adlar yerine kullan\u0131lan “o” zamiri c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lmaz ve kendisinden sonra gelen ekler kesme i\u015faretiyle ayr\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

    b. Millet, boy, oymak adlar\u0131:
    \nT\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm, Alman\u2019s\u0131n\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz\u2019den, Rus\u2019mu\u015f, O\u011fuz\u2019un, Kazak\u2019a, K\u0131rg\u0131z\u2019\u0131m, \u00d6zbek\u2019e, Karake\u00e7ili\u2019nin, Hac\u0131musal\u0131\u2019ya.<\/p>\n

    c. Devlet adlar\u0131:
    \nT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne, Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nden.<\/p>\n

    d. Din ve mitoloji ile ilgili \u00f6zel adlar:
    \nAllah\u2019\u0131n, Tanr\u0131\u2019ya, Cebrail\u2019den, Zeus\u2019u.<\/p>\n

    e. K\u0131ta, deniz, nehir, g\u00f6l, da\u011f, bo\u011faz, ge\u00e7it, yayla; \u00fclke, b\u00f6lge, il, il\u00e7e, k\u00f6y, semt, bulvar, cadde, sokak vb. co\u011frafyayla ilgili yer adlar\u0131:
    \nAsya\u2019n\u0131n, Marmara Denizi\u2019nden, Akdeniz\u2019i, Meri\u00e7 Nehri\u2019ne, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Zigana Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nden, Uzunyayla\u2019ya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya, Ankara\u2019ym\u0131\u015f, Sungurlu\u2019ya, Ziya G\u00f6kalp Bulvar\u0131\u2019ndan, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahallesi\u2019ne, Taksim Meydan\u0131\u2019ndan, Re\u015fat Nuri Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019na.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Yer bildiren \u00f6zel isimlerde k\u0131saltmal\u0131 s\u00f6yleyi\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman ekten \u00f6nce kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Hisar\u2019dan, Bo\u011faz\u2019dan.<\/p>\n

    f. G\u00f6k bilimiyle ilgili adlar:
    \nJ\u00fcpiter\u2019den, Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc, Halley\u2019in, Merih\u2019e, B\u00fcy\u00fckay\u0131\u2019da, Yedikarde\u015f\u2019ten, Samanyolu\u2019nda.<\/p>\n

    g. Saray, k\u00f6\u015fk, han, kale, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, an\u0131t vb. adlar\u0131:
    \nDolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc\u2019ne, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa Yal\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndan, Ankara Kalesi\u2019nden, Horozlu Han\u2019\u0131n, Galata K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn, Bilge Ka\u011fan Abidesi\u2019nde, \u00c7anakkale \u015eehitleri An\u0131t\u0131\u2019na.<\/p>\n

    h. Kitap, dergi, gazete ve sanat eseri (tablo, heykel, m\u00fczik vb.) adlar\u0131:
    \nNutuk\u2019ta, Safahat\u2019tan, Kiral\u0131k Konak\u2019ta, Sinekli Bakkal\u2019\u0131, H\u00fcrriyet\u2019te, Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de, Onuncu Y\u0131l Mar\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131, Yunus Emre Oratoryosu\u2019nu, Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    i. Kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik, y\u00f6nerge ve genelge adlar\u0131:
    \nMill\u00ee E\u011fitim Temel Kanunu\u2019na, Medeni Kanun\u2019un, Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde, Telif Hakk\u0131 Yay\u0131n ve Sat\u0131\u015f Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019nin.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Belli bir kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik kastedildi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131lan kanun, t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmelik s\u00f6zlerinin ek almas\u0131 durumunda kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Bu Kanun\u2019un 17. maddesinin c bendi… Yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Y\u00f6netmelik\u2019in 2\u2019nci maddesine g\u00f6re… vb.<\/p>\n

    j. Hayvanlara verilen \u00f6zel adlar:
    \nSar\u0131k\u0131z\u2019\u0131n, Karaba\u015f\u2019a, Pamuk\u2019u, Minno\u015f\u2019tan.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Kurum, kurulu\u015f, kurul ve i\u015f yeri adlar\u0131na gelen ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumundan, T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi Dekanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n; Bakanlar Kurulunun, Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulundan, Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kuruluna; Mavi K\u00f6\u015fe Bakkaliyesinden, Giman\u0131n.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : \u00d6zel adlara getirilen yap\u0131m ekleri, \u00e7okluk eki ve bunlardan sonra gelen di\u011fer ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: T\u00fcrkl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, Hristiyanl\u0131k, Avrupal\u0131, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fmak, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, Konyal\u0131, Bursal\u0131, Ahmetler, Mehmetler, Yakup Kadriler, T\u00fcrklerin, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmekte, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta, Hollandal\u0131dan, Hristiyanl\u0131ktan, Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

    2. Ki\u015fi adlar\u0131ndan sonra gelen sayg\u0131 s\u00f6zlerine getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nNihat Bey\u2019e, Ay\u015fe Han\u0131m\u2019dan, Mahmut Efendi\u2019ye, Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019ya vb.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Unvanlardan sonra gelen ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca, Ba\u015fbakanca, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Ba\u015fkan\u0131na g\u00f6re vb.<\/p>\n

    3. K\u0131saltmalara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \nTBMM’nin, TDK’nin, BM’de, ABD’de, TV’ye.<\/p>\n

    UYARI : Sonunda nokta bulunan k\u0131saltmalarla \u00fcs i\u015faretli k\u0131saltmalar kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz. Bu t\u00fcr k\u0131saltmalarda ek noktadan ve \u00fcs i\u015faretinden sonra, kelimenin ve \u00fcs i\u015faretinin okunu\u015funa uygun olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r: vb.leri, Alm.dan, \u0130ng.yi; cm\u00b3e (santimetre k\u00fcpe), m\u00b2ye (metre kareye), 64ten (alt\u0131 \u00fcss\u00fc d\u00f6rtten).<\/p>\n

    4. Say\u0131lara getirilen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur:
    \n1985’te, 8’inci madde, 2’nci kat; 7,65\u2019lik, 9,65\u2019lik.
    \n1919 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu g\u00fcn\u00fc Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. (Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk)<\/p>\n

    5. \u015eiirde seslerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kesme i\u015fareti kullan\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nBir ok att\u0131m karl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131na
    \nD\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc n’ola sevdi\u011fimin yurduna
    \n\u0130l yanmazken ben yanar\u0131m derdine
    \nEngel aram\u0131z\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131 n’eyleyim (Karacao\u011flan)<\/p>\n

    6. Bir ek veya harften sonra gelen ekleri ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konur: a’dan z’ye kadar, b’nin m’ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede -l\u0131k’la yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zler.<\/p>\n

    UYARI: Ak\u0131m, \u00e7a\u011f ve d\u00f6nem adlar\u0131ndan sonra gelen ekler kesmeyle ayr\u0131lmaz: Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n, Y\u00fckselme D\u00f6neminin, Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131na
    \nKISALTMALAR<\/p>\n

    K\u0131saltmalarda herkes\u00e7e uyulan, genel bir sistem bulunmamakla birlikte dilimizde baz\u0131 esaslar\u0131n yerle\u015fti\u011fi de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u0131saltmalarla ilgili bu esaslar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz:<\/p>\n

    1. Kurulu\u015f, kitap, dergi ve y\u00f6n adlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 genellikle her kelimenin ilk harfinin b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r:
    \nTBMM, TDK (T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu), TK (T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc), GD (g\u00fcneydo\u011fu).<\/p>\n

    Ancak baz\u0131 k\u0131saltmalarda, k\u0131saltman\u0131n ak\u0131lda kalabilmesi i\u00e7in yeni bir kelime t\u00fcretme amac\u0131yla bazen \u00f6zellikle son kelimenin birka\u00e7 harfinin k\u0131saltmaya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr:
    \n\u0130LESAM (\u0130lim ve Edebiyat Eseri Sahipleri Meslek Birli\u011fi), SEKA (Sel\u00fcloz ve K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t Sanayii Kurumu), T\u00d6MER (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00d6\u011fretim Merkezi.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalarda genellikle nokta kullan\u0131lmaz. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerde nokta konulmas\u0131 gelenekle\u015fmi\u015ftir:
    \nM.\u00d6., P.K.(Posta Kutusu), T.C.(T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti)<\/p>\n

    2. Kurulu\u015f, kitap, dergi ve y\u00f6n adlar\u0131yla element ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kelime veya kelime gruplar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131nda, ilk harfle birlikte kelimeyi olu\u015fturan temel harfler (genellikle \u00fcns\u00fczler) dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131salt\u0131lan kelime veya kelime grubu, \u00f6zel ad, unvan veya r\u00fctbe ise ilk harf b\u00fcy\u00fck; cins ismi ise ilk harf k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olur:
    \n\u0130ng.(\u0130ngilizce), Alb. (Albay), Kocatepe Mah.,kim. (kimya), sf. (s\u0131fat), \u00e7ev. (\u00e7eviren).<\/p>\n

    K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde kelimenin okunu\u015fu; b\u00fcy\u00fck harflerle yap\u0131lan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde k\u0131saltman\u0131n son harfinin okunu\u015fu esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nkg’dan, cm’yi, THY’de, TV’den.<\/p>\n

    3. Ancak k\u0131saltmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde bir kelime gibi okunan k\u0131saltmalara getirilen eklerde bu okunu\u015f esas al\u0131n\u0131r:
    \nASELSAN’da, BOTA\u015e’\u0131n, NATO’dan, UNESCO’ya.<\/p>\n

    ************************************************** *************
    \nYANLI\u015e C\u00dcMLELER :
    \n\u00c7ok g\u00fczel dedi\u011fim k\u0131z d\u00f6nd\u00fc,bana bakt\u0131. (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \n\u00c7ok g\u00fczel dedi\u011fim k\u0131z d\u00f6nd\u00fc , bana bakt\u0131. (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \nArkada\u015flar\u0131mla bulu\u015fmak i\u00e7in moda’da y\u00fcr\u00fcyordum ki, \u00e7ok g\u00fczel 1 k\u0131z g\u00f6rd\u00fcm (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \n\u00c7ok g\u00fczel bir k\u0131zd\u0131, benim girlfriendim olmas\u0131n\u0131 isterdim. (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \nArkada\u015flar\u0131mla bulu\u015fmak yerine o k\u0131zla oturmay\u0131 ve sevgi ile bana bakmas\u0131n\u0131 isterdim. (yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    O k\u0131zda ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri ister miydi acaba? (yanl\u0131\u015f)
    \nSan\u0131r\u0131m kap\u0131 da duran k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 araba onun du. (yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    Birden g\u00f6rd\u00fcmki araba asl\u0131nda erkek arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131nd\u0131. (yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    “\u015fey” daima ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nbir \u015fey, her \u015fey<\/p>\n

    bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kelime “her”
    \nherhangi ve herhalde hari\u00e7 di\u011ferleri ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. her zaman, her g\u00fcn, her biri, her dem, her hal\u00fckarda.<\/p>\n

    “\u015fu”
    \n\u015fuara biti\u015fik di\u011ferleri ayr\u0131.<\/p>\n

    “bir” daima ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. yaln\u0131z bir\u00e7ok biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nbir anda, bir ara, bir an, bir elden, herhangi bir.<\/p>\n

    pek \u00e7ok, pek \u00e7o\u011fu diye yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli nokta: herkes<\/p>\n

    haletiruhiye, tebdilimekan biti\u015fik yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    ayr\u0131ca birle\u015fik fiillerde e\u011fer ses de\u011fi\u015fmesi(ses d\u00fc\u015fmesi, ses t\u00fcremesi) olursa biti\u015fik di\u011fer hallerde ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
    \nfark etmek, affetmek(ses t\u00fcremesi) gibi.<\/p>\n

    bir di\u011fer kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan kelimeler yanl\u0131\u015f ve yaln\u0131z. bunu ezberleyemiyorum kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorum diyorsan\u0131z:
    \nyanl\u0131\u015f, yan\u0131lmaktan geliyor. yaln\u0131z, yal\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n

    \u015fu halde kimse bizden t\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmeni olmam\u0131z\u0131 beklemiyor ama bunca ya\u015fa gelip de baz\u0131 \u015feyleri bilmemek ger\u00e7ekten ay\u0131p. ben de bilmiyorum, bazen kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorum; ama gidip de herkez yazm\u0131yorum, gidiyomusun da yazm\u0131yorum. bu kadar basit \u015feylerde hata yapan top olsun!<\/p>\n

    A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki c\u00fcmlelerden hangisinin sonundaki
    \nnoktalama i\u015fareti yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n

    A) Gece, ay\u0131 hilal \u015feklinde g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.
    \nB) Bu i\u015f iki ayda zor biter.
    \nC) Ay, ne sevimli bir \u00e7ocuksun.
    \nD) Y\u00fcz\u00fc ay gibi parl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Tatile \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce otel de yerimizi ay\u0131rtt\u0131k.”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Bunun do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sende biliyorsun.”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ge\u00e7 olsunda, g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131n.”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ma\u00e7\u0131 izledimi ki, yorum yap\u0131yor?”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Urfa’da Oxford vard\u0131da bizmi gitmedik?”<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Tabii ki de”
    \n“Tabii ki” (burada “de” t\u00fcm\u00fcyle gereksiz ve yanl\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ama ben okula gittim ki!”
    \nDo\u011fru: “Ama ben okula gittim!” (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’de “ki”, anlam\u0131 vurgulamak i\u00e7in ancak olumsuz ifadelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r, olumlularda de\u011fil. “Ama ben okula gitmedim ki!”)<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Ne bug\u00fcn ne de ba\u015fka bir zaman, b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemedim.”
    \nDo\u011fru: “Ne bug\u00fcn ne de ba\u015fka bir zaman, b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey s\u00f6yledim.” (Bu kal\u0131pta, olumsuzluk vurgusunu zaten “ne …. ne de ….” \u015fablonu verir. Y\u00fcklemin olumsuz kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ysa yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve anlam\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle tersine \u00e7evirir.)<\/p>\n

    Bir \u00f6rnek daha: “Babam ne liseye ne \u00fcniversiteye gitmedi.”
    \nDo\u011frusu, “Babam ne liseye ne de \u00fcniversiteye gitti” olacak.<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “Akdeniz’in doyumsuz g\u00fczellikteki sahilleri”
    \nDo\u011fru: “Akdeniz’in tad\u0131na doyum olmaz g\u00fczellikteki sahilleri” ya da “Akdeniz’in, g\u00fczelli\u011fine doyum olmayan sahilleri” benzeri bir ifade kullan\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. “Doyumsuz” ile “doyum olmayan” b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 anlamlara sahiptir ve “doyumsuz”, “tatminsiz” demektir.<\/p>\n

    Yanl\u0131\u015f: “D\u00fcnya 1968’li y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131.”
    \nDo\u011fru: “D\u00fcnya 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131”, “D\u00fcnya altm\u0131\u015flarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131” ya da “D\u00fcnya 1968’de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131” bi\u00e7iminde ifade edilmeli. “1968’li y\u0131llar”, “1987’li y\u0131llar” diye bir \u015fey yoktur. “Altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llar” ya da “1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llar” ifadeleri, 1960’dan 1969’a dek uzanan on y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemi (\u0130ngilizce’de “decade”) anlatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1968 ya da 1987, 2 vb ise belli bir y\u0131ld\u0131r ve bir tanedir; “1968’li y\u0131llar” olmaz.<\/p>\n

    Internet marifetiyle yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatalar: “A\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamak” yerine “a\u015f\u015faalamak”; “Hava baya\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cak” yerine “Hava bayaa s\u0131cak” gibi.<\/p>\n

    \u2022 “Yahu” yerine “yaw”, “yow”, “yaa” gibi s\u00f6yleni\u015f bi\u00e7iminden yola \u00e7\u0131karak bi\u00e7imi bozulmu\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fckler.<\/p>\n

    K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck resimlere pek itibar etmemeli. Dilimize zarar veriyor. Afadedeki g\u00fczellikleri silip s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Amerikan filmlerinde insanlar\u0131 \u015fartland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kahkaha efektlerinin yer almas\u0131 gibi bir \u015fey<\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131m Ekleri ve Uygulamas\u0131<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

    1) \u0130simden \u0130sim Yap\u0131m Ekleri
    \n2) \u0130simden Fiil Yap\u0131m Ekleri<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede ekler, yap\u0131m ekleri ve \u00e7ekim ekleri olmak \u00fczere iki grupta toplan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131m Ekleri<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede, yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretmenin vazge\u00e7ilmez unsurlardan biri yap\u0131m ekleridir. Yap\u0131m ekleri, kelime k\u00f6klerine ve g\u00f6vdelerine gelerek dilin anlat\u0131m yetene\u011fini geni\u015fleten, dili zenginle\u015ftiren yeni kelimelerin t\u00fcretilmesinde g\u00f6rev al\u0131rlar. T\u00fcretme, k\u00f6kteki anlamla ilgi kurularak bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde dilin kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Matematik gibi kurallar\u0131 \u00e7ok sa\u011flam olan dilimizde esasen her k\u00f6ke her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ek getirilebilir. Ancak dil mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 buna izin vermez. Yap\u0131m eklerinin t\u00fcretme g\u00f6revi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kelimeye katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam incelikleri de vard\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden bir ek, ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimelere getirilmez.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcretme g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenen yap\u0131m ekleri, ayn\u0131 derecede i\u015flek de\u011fildir. Mesel\u00e2, fiil k\u00f6klerine gelerek fiil isimleri (mastar) yapan -mak, -mek eki istisnas\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn fiillere gelirken fiilden isim yapan -van eki yay-van gibi bir iki \u00f6rnekte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130\u015flek olmayan ve daha \u00e7ok baz\u0131 kelimelerde kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak bulunan bu tipteki ekler, yeni kelimeler t\u00fcretmeye pek elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

    \u0130sme getirilen yap\u0131m eki, fiile getirilmez. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131, s\u00f6yleni\u015fleri ayn\u0131 olan yap\u0131m eklerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. T\u00fcretilen kelime isme ait bir \u00e7ekim eki al\u0131yorsa kelimeye getirilen son yap\u0131m eki, isim yapma ekidir. Kelime, fiile ait bir \u00e7ekim eki al\u0131yorsa kelimedeki son yap\u0131m eki, fiil yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 c\u00fcmlede kullan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminden de anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: s\u00fcr-\u00fc-den kelimesinde -\u00fc eki fiilden isim yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kelime isme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeseydi ayr\u0131lma (-den) h\u00e2li eki getirilemezdi. s\u00fcr-\u00fc-d\u00fc-k \u00f6rne\u011finde ise -\u00fc eki fiilden fiil yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bir eke ait birden fazla bi\u00e7imin bulunmas\u0131 (baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki eklerin genellikle \u00fcnl\u00fc ve \u00fcns\u00fcz uyumlar\u0131na uymas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r: -d\u0131r, -dir, -dur, -d\u00fcr; -t\u0131r, -tir, -tur, -t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ekim eklerinde (bir-i-si, hep-i-si gibi baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) ayn\u0131 gruptan iki veya daha fazla ek \u00fcst \u00fcste gelemez. Ancak yap\u0131m ekleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama yoktur: yaz-d\u0131r-t-t\u0131r-\u0131-l-an.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Yap\u0131m Ekleri;
    \n1. \u0130simden isim yapma ekleri,
    \n2. \u0130simden fiil yapma ekleri,
    \n3. Fiilden fiil yapma ekleri,
    \n4. Fiilden isim yapma ekleri olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130S\u0130MDEN \u0130S\u0130M YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim tabanlar\u0131ndan yeni anlaml\u0131 ba\u015fka isimler t\u00fcretmede kullan\u0131lan eklerdir. \u0130\u015flek olarak kullan\u0131lanlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    1. -l\u0131k, -lik, -luk, -l\u00fck<\/p>\n

    a. Yer isimleri yapar: orman-l\u0131k, saman-l\u0131k, ta\u015f-l\u0131k, zeytin-lik, kum-luk, odun-luk, \u00e7\u00f6p-l\u00fck, g\u00fcl-l\u00fck, k\u00f6m\u00fcr-l\u00fck vb.
    \nDut-luk, Et-lik, \u0130ncir-lik, Yumurta-l\u0131k. (Burada \u00f6zel isim olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

    b. S\u0131fatlar yapar: ay-l\u0131k (\u00fccret), baklava-l\u0131k (un), bayram-l\u0131k (elbise), dolma-l\u0131k (biber), g\u00f6mlek-lik (kuma\u015f), hediye-lik (e\u015fya), mevsim-lik (i\u015f) vb.<\/p>\n

    c. Alet, ara\u00e7, gere\u00e7 isimleri yapar: ba\u015f-l\u0131k, kulak-l\u0131k, sabah-l\u0131k, diz-lik, gece-lik, gelin-lik, sebze-lik, buz-luk, tuz-luk, ya\u011fmur-luk, \u00f6n-l\u00fck vb. (\u00e7aydan-l\u0131k, i\u011fneden-lik, ya\u011fdan-l\u0131k \u00f6rneklerinde ise \u2013l\u0131k ile ayn\u0131 i\u015flevdeki Fars\u00e7a \u2013dan ekinden sonra gelmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n

    d. Meslek ve meslek a\u015famas\u0131 g\u00f6steren adlar yapar: avukat-l\u0131k, i\u015f\u00e7i-lik, demirci-lik, k\u0131lavuz-luk, g\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc-l\u00fck; asistan-l\u0131k, binba\u015f\u0131-l\u0131k, do\u00e7ent-lik, general-lik vb.<\/p>\n

    e. R\u00fctbe ve makam isimleri yapar: bakan-l\u0131k, ba\u015fkan-l\u0131k, kaymakam-l\u0131k, komutan-l\u0131k, vali-lik, m\u00fcd\u00fcr-l\u00fck, rekt\u00f6r-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    f. Soyut isimler ve durum isimleri yapar: a\u00e7-l\u0131k, arkada\u015f-l\u0131k, ayr\u0131-l\u0131k, \u00e7ocuk-luk, delikanl\u0131-l\u0131k, erkek-lik, gen\u00e7-lik, g\u00fcven-lik, g\u00fczel-lik, ihtiyar-l\u0131k, iyi-lik, kad\u0131n-l\u0131k, karde\u015f-lik, koca-l\u0131k, temiz-lik, vicdans\u0131z-l\u0131k, yolcu-luk vb.<\/p>\n

    g. Say\u0131 isimlerinden sonra o say\u0131n\u0131n toplu olarak bulundu\u011funu bildiren isimler yapar: alt\u0131-l\u0131k, be\u015f-lik, bin-lik, on-luk, d\u00f6rt-l\u00fck, y\u00fcz-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    h. Renk isimlerine getirilince, o rengin yayg\u0131n olarak bulundu\u011funu bildiren isimler yapar: beyaz-l\u0131k, kara-l\u0131k, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-l\u0131k, mavi-lik, mor-luk vb.<\/p>\n

    i. Ana-l\u0131k, baba-l\u0131k, evlat-l\u0131k, o\u011ful-luk gibi kelimelerde \u00fcveylik anlam\u0131 katar.<\/p>\n

    j. Ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00f6zellik anlam\u0131 katan adlar yapar: ak\u0131lc\u0131-l\u0131k, sa\u011fc\u0131-l\u0131k, devrimci-lik, gerici-lik, milliyet\u00e7i-lik, solcu-luk, toplumcu-luk, Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    k. A\u00e7-l\u0131k tok-luk, az-l\u0131k \u00e7ok-luk, ba\u011f-l\u0131k bah\u00e7e-lik, var-l\u0131k yok-luk, bir-lik beraber-lik, dir-lik d\u00fczen-lik, g\u00fcl-l\u00fck g\u00fclistan-l\u0131k \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi ikilemeler yapar.<\/p>\n

    l. Getirildi\u011fi isme, \u00e7okluk veya topluluk anlam\u0131 katar: a\u011fa\u00e7-l\u0131k, \u00e7al\u0131-l\u0131k, \u00e7am-l\u0131k, \u00e7ay\u0131r-l\u0131k, kavak-l\u0131k, orman-l\u0131k, vi\u015fne-lik, s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct-l\u00fck vb.<\/p>\n

    2. -l\u0131, -li, -lu, -l\u00fc<\/p>\n

    a. S\u0131fat yapar: anlay\u0131\u015f-l\u0131 (arkada\u015f), say\u0131-l\u0131 (g\u00fcn), bilgi-li (\u00f6\u011fretmen), g\u00f6lge-li (yer), renk-li (k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t), bulut-lu (hava), g\u00fcl-l\u00fc (bah\u00e7e) vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    b. Bir yere aitlik, ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 katar: Asya-l\u0131, bura-l\u0131, Konya-l\u0131, Kayseri-li, lise-li, mahalle-li, do\u011fu-lu, Sel\u00e7uk-lu, k\u00f6y-l\u00fc, \u00fcniversite-li vb.<\/p>\n

    c. Yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmayan k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerle kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak, s\u0131fat g\u00f6revli kelimelerde bulunur: ac\u0131k-l\u0131, al\u0131m-l\u0131, dan\u0131\u015f\u0131k-l\u0131, paha-l\u0131, tutar-l\u0131 giz-li, elveri\u015f-li, sevgi-li, yer-li, top-lu, us-lu, s\u00f6z-l\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    d. \u0130kileme kurar: al-l\u0131 ye\u015fil-li, an-l\u0131 \u015fan-l\u0131, bel-li ba\u015f-l\u0131, sa\u011f-l\u0131 sol-lu, der-li top-lu, gece-li g\u00fcnd\u00fcz-l\u00fc, i\u00e7-li d\u0131\u015f-l\u0131, iri-li ufak-l\u0131 vb.<\/p>\n

    \u0130kilemeler kuran -l\u0131, -li, -lu, -l\u00fc ekinin eski bi\u00e7imi de b\u00f6yledir. Fakat di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerdeki ekin eski \u015fekli -l\u0131g, -lig, -lug, -l\u00fcg olup ba\u015fka bir ektir: tat-l\u0131g > tat-l\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7-l\u00fcg > g\u00fc\u00e7-l\u00fc \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi.<\/p>\n

    3. -s\u0131z -siz, -suz, -s\u00fcz<\/p>\n

    Olumsuz anlam ta\u015f\u0131yan adlar, s\u0131fatlar, zarflar yapar: ahl\u00e2k-s\u0131zl\u0131k, ar-s\u0131z, h\u0131r-s\u0131z, \u00f6k-s\u00fcz (annesiz), tel-siz; ba\u011f\u0131m-s\u0131z (\u00fclke), g\u00f6rg\u00fc-s\u00fcz (adam); kimse-siz (ya\u015f\u0131yor), tutar-s\u0131z (davran\u0131yor) vb.<\/p>\n

    Bu ekle, ikilemeler de yap\u0131l\u0131r: bor\u00e7-suz har\u00e7-s\u0131z, ipsiz sap-s\u0131z, i\u015f-siz g\u00fc\u00e7-s\u00fcz, kay\u0131t-s\u0131z \u015fart-s\u0131z, ses-siz ses-siz, tat-s\u0131z tuz-suz, yer-siz yurt-suz vb.<\/p>\n

    4. -c\u0131, -ci, -cu, -c\u00fc; -\u00e7\u0131, -\u00e7i, -\u00e7u, -\u00e7\u00fc
    \nMeslek, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, taraftarl\u0131k isimleri yapar:
    \naraba-c\u0131, bilgisayar-c\u0131, cam-c\u0131, iz-ci, koru-cu, g\u00f6z-c\u00fc, bal\u0131k-\u00e7\u0131, kitap-\u00e7\u0131, di\u015f-\u00e7i, i\u015f-\u00e7i, simit-\u00e7i, tost-\u00e7u, g\u00f6zl\u00fck-\u00e7\u00fc; \u015faka-c\u0131, yalan-c\u0131, geri-ci, kin-ci, kader-ci, sol-cu, uyku-cu, bar\u0131\u015f-\u00e7\u0131, f\u0131rsat-\u00e7\u0131, halk-\u00e7\u0131, inat-\u00e7\u0131, yaltak-\u00e7\u0131, milliyet-\u00e7i, T\u00fcrk-\u00e7\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    5. -c\u0131k, -cik, -cuk, -c\u00fck; -\u00e7\u0131k, -\u00e7ik, -\u00e7uk, -\u00e7\u00fck<\/p>\n

    a. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme, azl\u0131k, ac\u0131ma, sevgi, \u015fefkat bildiren adlar yapar: ada-c\u0131k, az(\u0131)-c\u0131k, adam-c\u0131k, a\u011fa\u00e7-\u00e7\u0131k, anneci\u011fim (anne-cik-im), Ayhan-c\u0131\u011f\u0131m, boru-cuk, dere-cik, kad\u0131n-c\u0131k, kedi-cik, kimse-cik, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc(k)-c\u00fck, teyzeci\u011fim (teyze-cik-im), yavru-cuk, yumu\u015fa-c\u0131k (yumu\u015fak-\u00e7\u0131k), zavall\u0131-c\u0131k..<\/p>\n

    b. Hastal\u0131k isimleri yapar: arpa-c\u0131k, y\u0131lan-c\u0131k, k\u0131zam\u0131k-\u00e7\u0131k, pamuk-\u00e7uk.<\/p>\n

    c. Bitki isimleri yapar: k\u0131z\u0131l-c\u0131k, dil-cik, gelin-cik…<\/p>\n

    d. Organ isimleri yapar: elma-c\u0131k (kemi\u011fi), kar\u0131n-c\u0131k, badem-cik, kese-cik, k\u00f6pr\u00fc-c\u00fck (kemi\u011fi), kapak-\u00e7\u0131k…<\/p>\n

    e. Hayvan isimleri yapar: s\u0131\u011f\u0131r-c\u0131k, tatar-c\u0131k…<\/p>\n

    f. Alet isimleri yapar: da\u011far-c\u0131k, i\u011fne-cik, maymun-cuk, dip-\u00e7ik…<\/p>\n

    g. Yer isimleri yapar: Ayva-c\u0131k, \u00c7\u0131nar-c\u0131k, Germen-cik, Harman-c\u0131k, Ova-c\u0131k, Yaka-c\u0131k, G\u00f6l-c\u00fck…<\/p>\n

    6. -ca, -ce, -\u00e7a, -\u00e7e<\/p>\n

    a. \u00d6zellikle s\u0131fatlara ve zarflara \u00e7ekim eki gibi gelerek as\u0131l i\u015flevi olan e\u015fitlik, benzerlik, g\u00f6relik, nispet gibi anlamlar\u0131 kazand\u0131r\u0131r: adam-ca, ak\u0131l-ca, ala-ca, bu-n-ca, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n-ca, filan-ca, k\u0131sa-ca, sar\u0131-ca, soy-ca, yak\u0131n-ca, aile-ce, ben-ce, bilgi-ce, b\u00f6l\u00fcm-ce, deli-ce, ek\u015fi-ce, g\u00fczel-ce, iyi-ce, kendi-n-ce, siz-ce, \u00e7ocuk-\u00e7a, ya\u015f-\u00e7a, a\u00e7\u0131k-\u00e7a, ak-\u00e7a, adet-\u00e7e, geni\u015f-\u00e7e, g\u00f6k-\u00e7e…
    \nb. Ayr\u0131-ca, ba\u015fl\u0131-ca, do\u011fru-ca, d\u00fc\u015fman-ca, kolay-ca, b\u00f6yle-ce, erken-ce, gizli-ce, \u00f6n-ce, sert-\u00e7e, \u00e7abuk-\u00e7a, ho\u015f-\u00e7a, yava\u015f-\u00e7a \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi adlardan, s\u0131fatlardan bazen de zamirlerden sonra gelerek zarf yapar.<\/p>\n

    c. Dil ve leh\u00e7e isimleri yapar: Alman-ca, \u0130ngiliz-ce, Arap-\u00e7a, Fars-\u00e7a, Rus-\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk-\u00e7e; \u00c7uva\u015f-\u00e7a, Yakut-\u00e7a…<\/p>\n

    d. Yer isimleri yapar: \u00c7aml\u0131-ca, \u00c7atal-ca, \u00c7ukur-ca, Kozlu-ca, Kumlu-ca, Sapan-ca, Yar\u0131m-ca, Derin-ce, D\u00fcz-ce, S\u00fctl\u00fc-ce, Yeni-ce…<\/p>\n

    e. Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya isimler ve s\u0131fatlar yapar: o-n-ca, \u0131l\u0131-ca, kokar-ca; ala-ca (karga), aptal-ca (s\u00f6z), Kara-ca (Ali) gibi.<\/p>\n

    7. -da\u015f, -de\u015f, -ta\u015f, -te\u015f<\/p>\n

    E\u015flik, ortakl\u0131k, ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, aitlik bildiren isimler yapar: ada\u015f (<ad- da\u015f), anlam-da\u015f, arka-da\u015f, \u00e7a\u011f-da\u015f, g\u00f6n\u00fcl-da\u015f, karde\u015f (<kar\u0131n-da\u015f), s\u0131r-da\u015f, soy-da\u015f, \u00fclk\u00fc-da\u015f, yol-da\u015f, \u00f6z-de\u015f, y\u00f6n-de\u015f, denk-ta\u015f, emek-ta\u015f, yurt-ta\u015f, k\u00f6k-te\u015f, ses-te\u015f.<\/p>\n

    8. -nc\u0131, -nci, -ncu, -nc\u00fc<\/p>\n

    S\u0131ralama ve derece bildiren isimler yapar: alt\u0131-nc\u0131, bir-i-nci, elli-nci, iki-nci, son-u-ncu, \u00fc\u00e7-\u00fc-nc\u00fc, y\u00fcz-\u00fc-nc\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n

    9. -ar, -er; -\u015far, -\u015fer<\/p>\n

    As\u0131l say\u0131 adlar\u0131ndan \u00fcle\u015ftirme say\u0131lar\u0131 yapar. \u00dcns\u00fczle biten say\u0131lara -ar, -er; \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten say\u0131lara -\u015far, -\u015fer bi\u00e7imi getirilir: k\u0131rk-ar, on-ar, be\u015f-er, bir-er, \u00fc\u00e7-er; alt\u0131-\u015far, iki-\u015fer, yedi-\u015fer gibi.<\/p>\n

    10. -sal, -sel<\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131 olarak yanl\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u2013sal, -sel eki bug\u00fcn yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bilim eseri yerine bilimsel eser, kamu alan\u0131 yerine kamusal alan gibi yanl\u0131\u015f kullanmalar tercih edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nispet ifade eden \u00ee ekinin yerine -l ( do\u011fa-l, \u00f6zne-l, yasa-l), -al, -el (ulus-al, s\u00f6z-el) ve \u2013sal, -sel (say\u0131-sal, b\u00f6lge-sel) ekleri de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli kelimelerde de nisbet \u00ee\u2019si yerine \u2013k eki de (sosyoloji-k, biyoloji-k) kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    -sal, -sel eki a\u00e7\u0131-sal, an\u0131t-sal, do\u011fru-sal, duygu-sal, hayvan-sal, kal\u0131t-sal, kara-sal, kut-sal, onur-sal, tar\u0131m-sal, yap\u0131-sal, birey-sel, bitki-sel, b\u00f6lge-sel, \u00e7izgi-sel, evren-sel, gelenek-sel \u00f6rneklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak yap\u0131 olarak yanl\u0131\u015f olan bu \u015fekli yayg\u0131n \u00f6rneklerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullanmamaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermek gerekir.<\/p>\n

    Bunlardan ba\u015fka, getirildi\u011fi isme de\u011fi\u015fik anlamlar katan ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00f6rnekte rastlanan isimden isim yapma ekleri de vard\u0131r. \u0130simden t\u00fcremi\u015f isimler hakk\u0131nda fikir vermesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte verilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    -a\u00e7, -e\u00e7 (boz-a\u00e7, k\u0131r-a\u00e7, top-a\u00e7), -ak, -ek (ba\u015f-ak, sol-ak, top-ak, ben-ek),-an, -en (o\u011fulan>o\u011flan k\u0131z-an, er-en), -c\u0131l, -cil, -cul,-c\u00fcl; -\u00e7\u0131l, -\u00e7il, -\u00e7ul, -\u00e7\u00fcl (tav\u015fan-c\u0131l, ben-cil, ev-cil, \u00f6l\u00fcm-c\u00fcl, bal\u0131k-\u00e7\u0131l, k\u0131r-\u00e7\u0131l, et-\u00e7il,ot-\u00e7ul), -cileyin (ben-cileyin, sen-cileyin), -\u00e7 (ana-\u00e7, ata-\u00e7, baba-\u00e7), -g\u0131l, -gil, -g\u00fcl, -k\u0131l, -kil) (Ali-gil, day\u0131m-gil, k\u0131r-k\u0131l, i\u00e7-kil, d\u00f6rt-g\u00fcl), -ka, -ge (ba\u015f-ka, \u00f6z-ge), -kan, -ken (ba\u015f-kan, er-ken), -kek (er-kek), -man, -men (ak-man, ata-man, kara-man, konuk-man, yal-man, dik-men, evci-men, g\u00f6k-men, k\u00f6le-men, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-men> k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc-men, k\u00f6se-men, \u00f6z-men), -la (k\u0131\u015f-la-g>k\u0131\u015f-la, yay-la-g>yay-la), -lak, -lek (av-lak, k\u0131\u015f-lak, ku\u015f-lak, ot-lak, su-lak, ev-lek), -leyin (ak\u015fam-leyin, gece-leyin, sabah-leyin), -ms\u0131, -msi, -msu,-ms\u00fc (ac\u0131-ms\u0131, a\u011fac-\u0131-ms\u0131, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-ms\u0131, sar\u0131-ms\u0131, tatl\u0131-ms\u0131, tepe-msi, ek\u015fi-msi, ye\u015fil-i-msi, mor-u-msu), -mt\u0131rak (ek\u015fi-mt\u0131rak, ac\u0131-mt\u0131rak, sar\u0131-mt\u0131rak, mavi-mt\u0131rak, ye\u015fili-mt\u0131rak), -rak, -rek (ac\u0131-rak, k\u0131sa-rak, tatl\u0131-rak, iri-rek), -sak, -sek (ba\u011f\u0131r-sak, kur-sak, dir-sek, t\u00fcm-sek), -s\u0131, -si, -su, -s\u00fc (kad\u0131n-s\u0131, erkek-si, \u00e7ocuk-su), -\u015f\u0131n, -\u015fin (ak-\u015f\u0131n, kara-\u015f\u0131n, sar\u0131-\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6k-\u015fin), -t (e\u015f-i-t, ya\u015f-\u0131-t), -z (alt\u0131-z, be\u015f-i-z, d\u00f6rd-\u00fc-z, iki-z, \u00fc\u00e7-\u00fc-z)<\/p>\n

    \u0130S\u0130MDEN F\u0130\u0130L YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden fiiller yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bu eklerin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 i\u015flevleri yoktur. Hepsinin ortak i\u015flevi, isimleri fiille\u015ftirmek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u00fcretilen fiilin anlam\u0131n\u0131 ekler de\u011fil k\u00f6k veya g\u00f6vde konumunda olan isimler belirler. Bunlardan \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lanlar\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

    1. -la-, -le-<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim soylu kelimelerden fiil g\u00f6vdesi kurar: ak-la-, av-la-, ba\u011f-la-, ba\u015f-la-, nokta-la-, su\u00e7-la-, ucuz-la-, yaz-la, yok-la-, yol-la-, ate\u015f-le-, belge-le-, dem-le-, demir-le-, di\u015f-le-, giz-le-, kilit-le-, mim-le, ter-le-, \u00fct\u00fc-le-; \u00e7at-la-, \u00e7\u0131n-la-, g\u00fcr-le-, hav-la-, \u00fcf-le- vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    Bu ekle yap\u0131lan fiillerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 bug\u00fcn bu \u015fekliyle kullan\u0131lmazlar. -n-, -\u015f-, -t- fiilden fiil yapma ekleriyle geni\u015fletilmi\u015f olarak yeni bir ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131karlar: can-lan-, dik-len-, ya\u015f-lan-, bol-la\u015f-, din\u00e7-le\u015f-, iyi-le\u015f-, makine-le\u015f-, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e-le\u015f-, kir-let- vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 dilciler bu \u00f6zellik sebebiyle eki, -lan-, -len-; -la\u015f-, -le\u015f-; -lat-, -let- bi\u00e7iminde de g\u00f6sterirler.<\/p>\n

    2. -al-, -el-<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim k\u00f6kleri ve g\u00f6vdelerinden genellikle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131da fiiller kurar: az-al-, bo\u015f-al-, bun-al-, dar-al-, k\u00f6r-el-, y\u00f6n-el- gibi<\/p>\n

    3. -l-<\/p>\n

    \u0130\u015flevi, -al- \/ -el- ekiyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r: do\u011fru-l-, duru-l-, ince-l-, k\u0131sa-l-, sivri-l- vb.<\/p>\n

    4. -a-, -e-:<\/p>\n

    \u0130sim soylu kelimelerden fiil g\u00f6vdeleri kurar: ad-a-, benz-e- (<beniz-e-), bo\u015f-a-, kan-a-, oy(u)n-a-, t\u00fcr-e-, t\u00fcn-e- (t\u00fcn: gece), ya\u015f-a- vb.<\/p>\n

    \u0130simden fiil yapan ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 olan di\u011fer ekler (baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle) \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: -ar-, -er- (a\u011f-ar-, ba\u015f-ar-, mor-ar-, on-ar-, ev-er-, g\u00f6\u011f-er-); -da-, -de- (\u00e7at\u0131r-da-, f\u0131s\u0131l-da-, horul-da-, \u0131\u015f\u0131l-da-, k\u00fct\u00fcr-de- ); -k- (a\u00e7-\u0131-k->ac-\u0131-k-, bir-i-k-, ge\u00e7-i-k->gec-i-k-, g\u00f6z-\u00fc-k-); -k\u0131r-, -kir-, -kur-, -k\u00fcr- (f\u0131\u015f-k\u0131r-, h\u0131\u00e7-k\u0131r-, k\u0131\u015f-k\u0131r-t-, p\u00fcs-k\u00fcr-, t\u00fc-k\u00fcr-); -msa-,-mse- (az-\u0131-msa-, ben-i-mse-, k\u00f6t\u00fc-mse, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00fcmse> k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc-mse-); -r- (deli-r-);-sa-, -se- (bu\u011fa-sa-, ayg\u0131r-sa-, su-sa-, umur-sa, m\u00fchim-se-, garip-se-, \u00f6nem-se-).<\/p>\n

    F\u0130\u0130LDEN F\u0130\u0130L YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden, yeni fiiller t\u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, say\u0131ca az fakat i\u015flek eklerdir.
    \n1. -l-<\/p>\n

    D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck, edilgenlik ve bilinmezlik ifade eden fiiller yapar: bo\u011f-u-l-, b\u00fcz-\u00fc-l-, \u00fcz-\u00fc-l-, yor-u-l-; an-\u0131-l-, bas-\u0131-l-, duy-u-l-, g\u00f6nder-i-l-, kaz-\u0131-l-, k\u0131y-\u0131-l-, \u00f6v-\u00fc-l-, sar-\u0131-l-, s\u00f6k-\u00fc-l-, ver-i-l-, yaz-\u0131-l-, y\u00fcz-\u00fc-l- gibi.<\/p>\n

    Sonu \u00fcnl\u00fcyle ve l \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcyle biten fiiller -l- ekini almazlar.<\/p>\n

    2. -ma-, -me-<\/p>\n

    Getirildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerine olumsuzluk anlam\u0131 katar: duy-ma-, ka\u00e7-ma-, sor-ma-, uyu-ma-, yat-ma-, bil-me-, \u00e7ek-me-, g\u00f6r-me- vb. gibi.<\/p>\n

    3. -n-
    \nD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck ifade eden fiiller yapar: bak-\u0131-n-, \u00e7ek-i-n-, giy-i-n, yet-i-n-…
    \nD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck ifade eden -n- ile edilgenlik, bilinmezlik yapan \u2013n- birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 fakat i\u015flev bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fck Edilgenlik, bilinmezlik
    \nara-n- (\u00c7ok arand\u0131.) ara-n- (Her yer arand\u0131.)
    \nsil-i-n- (Silinmi\u015f, kurulanm\u0131\u015f.) sil-i-n- (Tahta silindi.)
    \ny\u0131ka-n- (Ali y\u0131kand\u0131.) y\u0131ka-n- (Araba y\u0131kand\u0131.)<\/p>\n

    4. -r-<\/p>\n

    Fiillere, yapt\u0131rma ve oldurma anlam\u0131 katan, ge\u00e7i\u015fsiz fiilleri ge\u00e7i\u015fli yapan eklerden biridir. Sonu \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten fiillere gelmez. Daha \u00e7ok, sonu \u00e7, \u011f, p, \u015f, t, y \u00fcns\u00fczleriyle biten tek heceli fiillere gelir: a\u015f-\u0131-r-, bit-i-r-, do\u011f-u-r-, duy-u-r-, ge\u00e7-i-r-, pi\u015f-i-r- vb.<\/p>\n

    5. -\u015f- :<\/p>\n

    Fiil tabanlar\u0131ndan i\u015fte\u015f ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131da * fiiller yapar: at-\u0131-\u015f-, bak-\u0131-\u015f-, d\u00f6n-\u00fc-\u015f-, d\u00f6v-\u00fc-\u015f-, g\u00f6r-\u00fc-\u015f-, g\u00fcl-\u00fc-\u015f-, kalk-\u0131-\u015f-, kok-u-\u015f-, sev-i-\u015f-, s\u0131k-\u0131-\u015f- gibi.<\/p>\n

    6. -t-<\/p>\n

    Ettirgen \u00e7at\u0131 kuran \u00e7ok i\u015flek bir ektir: ac\u0131-t-, az-\u0131-t-, benze-t-, boya-t-, d\u00fczel-t-, kapa-t-, kuru-t-, oku-t-, \u00f6de-t, s\u00fcr-t-, uza-t-, \u00fcrk-\u00fc-t-,y\u00fcksel-t- gibi.<\/p>\n

    7. -d\u0131r-, -dir-, -dur-, -d\u00fcr-; -t\u0131r-, -tir-, -tur-, -t\u00fcr-<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ok i\u015flek eklerden biridir. Ettirgen \u00e7at\u0131l\u0131 fiiller yapar. \u00dcnl\u00fcyle biten tek heceli fiillerle \u00fcns\u00fczle biten b\u00fct\u00fcn fiillere getirilebilir:kay-d\u0131r-, yaz-d\u0131r-, y\u0131l-d\u0131r-, bil-dir-, de-dir-, giy-dir-, sez-dir-, sin-dir-, ver-dir-, ye-dir-, don-dur-, g\u00fcl-d\u00fcr-, y\u00fcz-d\u00fcr-; a\u00e7-t\u0131r-, as-t\u0131r-, b\u0131k-t\u0131r-, tart-t\u0131r-, \u00e7ek-tir-, ko\u015f-tur-, \u00f6p-t\u00fcr-, t\u00fct-t\u00fcr- vb.<\/p>\n

    Yukar\u0131dakilere g\u00f6re az i\u015flek olan, fiilden fiil yapma eklerinin di\u011ferleri ise \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte \u015funlard\u0131r: -a-, -e- (bul-a-, dol-a-, t\u0131k-a-); -ala-, -ele- (dur-ala-, kak-ala-, kov-ala-, \u015fa\u015f-ala-, ov-ala- e\u015f-ele-, gez-ele-, it-ele-, silk-ele-, tep-ele-);-ar-\/-er- (kop-ar-, \u00e7\u0131k-ar-); -\u0131-, -\u00fc- (kaz-\u0131-, s\u00fcr-\u00fc-); -k- (dol-u-k-, kan-\u0131-k-; bur-k-, kal-k-, sil-k-); -p- (k\u0131r-p-, ser-p-)…<\/p>\n

    F\u0130\u0130LDEN \u0130S\u0130M YAPMA EKLER\u0130<\/p>\n

    Fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden, isimler yapmakta kullan\u0131lan eklerdir. Bu eklerin say\u0131ca \u00e7ok ve i\u015flek olmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin fiilden isim yapmaya elveri\u015fli bir dil oldu\u011funun da g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

    1. -gan, -gen; -kan, -ken<\/p>\n

    Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k, \u00f6zellik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 katar: at\u0131l-gan, al\u0131\u015f-kan, kay-gan, s\u0131k\u0131l-gan, s\u00fcr\u00fcn-gen; \u00e7al\u0131\u015f-kan, somurt-kan, yal\u0131t-kan, de\u011fi\u015f-ken, \u00fcret-ken gibi.<\/p>\n

    2. -g\u0131, -gi, -gu, -g\u00fc; -k\u0131, -ki, -ku, -k\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f olan eklerden biridir. Fiilin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi hareketle ilgili t\u00fcrl\u00fc nesneleri, kavramlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar. Alet isimleri de yapar: al-g\u0131, \u00e7al-g\u0131, sar-g\u0131, say-g\u0131, bil-gi, der-gi, ez-gi, ser-gi, ver-gi, kur-gu, sor-gu, vur-gu, g\u00f6r-g\u00fc, \u00f6r-g\u00fc, s\u00fcr-g\u00fc; at-k\u0131, bas-k\u0131, bi\u00e7-ki, bit-ki, se\u00e7-ki, ili\u015f-ki, kes-ki, tut-ku, d\u00fc\u015f-k\u00fc, k\u00fcs-k\u00fc vb.<\/p>\n

    3. -g\u0131n, -gin, -gun, -g\u00fcn; -k\u0131n, -kin, -kun, -k\u00fcn<\/p>\n

    A\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve genellikle s\u0131fat gibi kullan\u0131lan isimler t\u00fcretir: az-g\u0131n, dal-g\u0131n, bez-gin, bil-gin, boz-gun, ol-gun, yor-gun, \u00fcz-g\u00fcn; yat-k\u0131n, bit-kin, et-kin, ge\u00e7-kin, pi\u015f-kin, se\u00e7-kin, tut-kun, k\u00fcs-k\u00fcn gibi.<\/p>\n

    4. -\u0131, -i, -u, -\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Olan, yapan veya yap\u0131lan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan isimler t\u00fcreten i\u015flek bir ektir: an-\u0131, ba\u015far-\u0131, bat-\u0131, \u00e7arp-\u0131, kaz-\u0131, say-\u0131, s\u0131k-\u0131, yaz-\u0131, be\u011fen-i, bildir-i, diz-i, gez-i, do\u011f-u, dol-u, kork-u, pus-u, sor-u, sun-u, \u00f6l-\u00fc, \u00f6rt-\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n

    5. -\u0131c\u0131, -ici, -ucu, -\u00fcc\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Meslek ya da \u00f6zellik bildiren isimler yapar: ak-\u0131c\u0131, al-\u0131c\u0131, bak-\u0131c\u0131, kurtar-\u0131c\u0131, yaz-\u0131c\u0131, \u00e7ek-ici, gez-ici, t\u00fcket-ici, \u00fcret-ici, ver-ici, bo\u011f-ucu, oku-y-ucu, so\u011fut-ucu, tut-ucu, g\u00fcld\u00fcr-\u00fcc\u00fc, s\u00fcr-\u00fcc\u00fc gibi.<\/p>\n

    6. -\u0131\u015f, -i\u015f, -u\u015f, -\u00fc\u015f *<\/p>\n

    Say\u0131l\u0131 birka\u00e7 fiil d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6klerine ve g\u00f6vdelerine gelebilen i\u015flek eklerden biridir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler de yapar: al-\u0131\u015f, anla-y-\u0131\u015f, bak-\u0131\u015f, davran-\u0131\u015f, sat-\u0131\u015f, ya\u011f-\u0131\u015f, yarat\u0131l-\u0131\u015f, gir-i\u015f, s\u00f6yle-y-i\u015f, ver-i\u015f, do\u011f-u\u015f, duy-u\u015f, sun-u\u015f, g\u00f6r-\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

    7. -k<\/p>\n

    Fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerinden genellikle s\u0131fat g\u00f6revinde kullan\u0131lan kelimeler t\u00fcreten i\u015flek eklerden biridir: a\u00e7-\u0131-k, birle\u015f-i-k, boz-u-k, del-i-k, dile-k, don-u-k, ez-i-k, g\u00f6\u00e7-\u00fc-k, iste-k, kes-i-k, k\u0131r-\u0131-k, s\u00f6k-\u00fc-k, tara-k, uyu\u015f-u-k, yan-\u0131-k, yerle\u015f-i-k. vb.<\/p>\n

    8. -m<\/p>\n

    Kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler yapan i\u015flek eklerdendir: al-\u0131-m, bak-\u0131-m, bas-\u0131-m, bil-i-m, \u00e7ek-i-m, \u00e7iz-i-m, do\u011f-u-m, e\u011fit-i-m, ek-i-m, ge\u00e7-i-m, giy-i-m, i\u00e7-i-m, \u00f6l-\u00fc-m, sar-\u0131-m, sat-\u0131-m, se\u00e7-i-m, sun-u-m, tak-\u0131-m, tan\u0131-m, tad-\u0131-m, t\u00fcket-i-m, u\u00e7ur-u-m, \u00fcret-i-m, ver-i-m, yud-u-m vb.<\/p>\n

    9. -ma, -me<\/p>\n

    B\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerine getirilebilir. As\u0131l g\u00f6revi, i\u015f isimleri yapmakt\u0131r: oku-ma, sula-ma, soru\u015ftur-ma, bekle-me, git-me, gez-me, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f-me.<\/p>\n

    As-ma, ayaklan-ma, bas-ma, dan\u0131\u015f-ma, doku-ma, dol-ma, dondur-ma, kavur-ma, tamla-ma, tonla-ma, yak-ma, yaz-ma, yokla-ma, besle-me, b\u00f6l-me, b\u00fct\u00fcnle-me, dik-me, i\u00e7-me, s\u00fcr-me \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler de yapar.<\/p>\n

    10. -mak, -mek<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki b\u00fct\u00fcn fiil k\u00f6kleri ve g\u00f6vdelerine gelir. As\u0131l g\u00f6revi, fiil isimleri yapmakt\u0131r: a\u00e7-mak, a\u011fla-mak, kaz-mak, ofla-mak, utan-mak, yalvar-mak, bil-mek, derle-mek, g\u00fcl-mek vb.
    \nAyr\u0131ca \u00e7ak-mak, kay-mak, tok-mak, ek-mek, il-mek, ye-mek \u00f6rneklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi az say\u0131da kal\u0131c\u0131 isimler de yapar.<\/p>\n

    11. -t\u0131, -ti, -tu, -t\u00fc<\/p>\n

    Genellikle yans\u0131ma tabanlar\u0131ndan ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131 kuran eklerden sonra gelerek isimler t\u00fcretir: cay\u0131r-t\u0131, c\u0131z\u0131r-t\u0131, \u00e7at\u0131r-t\u0131, g\u0131c\u0131r-t\u0131, homur-tu, g\u00fcmb\u00fcr-t\u00fc, k\u00fct\u00fcr-t\u00fc; al\u0131n-t\u0131, bunal-t\u0131, \u00e7arp\u0131n-t\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n-t\u0131, kabar-t\u0131, karar-t\u0131, ka\u015f\u0131n-t\u0131, k\u0131zar-t\u0131, s\u0131\u011f\u0131n-t\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131n-t\u0131, uzan-t\u0131, belir-ti, \u00f6den-ti, tiksin-ti, \u00fcrper-ti, do\u011frul-tu, g\u00f6r\u00fcn-t\u00fc, vb. Fiile gelen \u00f6rneklerde bu eki -nt\u0131, -nti, -ntu, -nt\u00fc olarak da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n

    Yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan fiilden isim yapma ekleri, di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7ok olan i\u015flek eklerdir. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00f6rnekte rastlanan ve di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha az i\u015flek olan fiilden isim yapma ekleri de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bunlar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da alfabetik d\u00fczende s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    -a, -e : do\u011f-a, sap-a, oy-a, yar-a, diz-e, ge\u00e7-e, gel-e, s\u00fcr-e…
    \n-a\u011fan, -e\u011fen : dur-a\u011fan, ol-a\u011fan, yat-a\u011fan, gez-e\u011fen..
    \n-ak, -ek : bar\u0131n-ak, bat-ak, b\u0131\u00e7-ak, dur-ak, ka\u00e7-ak, kay-ak, kon-ak, sap-ak, tut-ak, yat-ak,
    \nd\u00f6n-ek, s\u00fcr-ek, \u00fcrk-ek…
    \n-alak, -elek : as-alak, yat-alak, \u00e7\u00f6k-elek.
    \n-amak, -emek : bas-amak, ka\u00e7-amak, tut-amak…
    \n-anak, -enek: ol-anak, tut-anak, gel-enek, g\u00f6r-enek, kes-enek, se\u00e7-enek.
    \n-ca, -ce: sak\u0131n-ca, dinlen-ce, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn-ce, e\u011flen-ce, g\u00fcven-ce, s\u00f6ylen-ce…
    \n-\u00e7: g\u00fcl\u00fcn-\u00e7, i\u011fren-\u00e7, inan-\u00e7, k\u0131l\u0131n-\u00e7, k\u0131skan-\u00e7, korkun-\u00e7, sevin-\u00e7, usan-\u00e7. Eskiden sadece \u2013n-\u2019li
    \n\u00e7at\u0131lara gelen bu ek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fcnl\u00fcyle biten fiillere de getirilmektedir: ba\u011fla-\u00e7, imle-\u00e7,
    \nt\u00fcmle-\u00e7.
    \n-a\u00e7, -e\u00e7: kald\u0131r-a\u00e7, sark-a\u00e7, say-a\u00e7, b\u00fcy\u00fct-e\u00e7, g\u00fcl-e\u00e7, s\u00fcr-e\u00e7…
    \n-d\u0131, -di, -du, -d\u00fc; -t\u0131, -ti, -tu, -t\u00fc: imambay\u0131l-d\u0131, h\u00fcnkarbe\u011fen-di, \u015f\u0131psev-di, gecekon-du,
    \nayakbas-t\u0131, k\u00fclbas-t\u0131, pi\u015f-ti, eltieltiyek\u00fcs-t\u00fc…
    \n-ga, -ge: dal-ga, yon-ga, bil-ge, b\u00f6l-ge, diz-ge, g\u00f6ster-ge, s\u00f6m\u00fcr-ge, s\u00fcp\u00fcr-ge, \u00f6ner-ge…
    \n-ga\u00e7, -ge\u00e7; -ka\u00e7, -ke\u00e7: solun-ga\u00e7, utan-ga\u00e7, il-ge\u00e7, s\u00fcz-ge\u00e7, \u00fc\u015fen-ge\u00e7, y\u00fcz-ge\u00e7, k\u0131s-ka\u00e7…
    \n-g\u0131\u00e7, -gi\u00e7, -gu\u00e7, -g\u00fc\u00e7: ba\u015flan-g\u0131\u00e7, dal-g\u0131\u00e7, bil-gi\u00e7, sor-gu\u00e7…
    \n-maca, -mece : at-ma-ca, bul-ma-ca, ko\u015f-ma-ca, bil-me-ce, \u00e7ek-me-ce, d\u00fcz-me-ce, kes-me-
    \nce, se\u00e7-me-ce…
    \n-ma\u00e7, -me\u00e7: al-ma\u00e7, bula-ma\u00e7, \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rt-ma\u00e7, kar-ma\u00e7, kurut-ma\u00e7, s\u0131k-ma\u00e7, yak-ma\u00e7,yan\u0131lt-
    \nma\u00e7, y\u0131rt-ma\u00e7, b\u00f6l-me\u00e7, de-me\u00e7…
    \n-man, -men: az-man, dan\u0131\u015f-man, okut-man, \u00f6\u011fret-men, say-man, se\u00e7-men, yaz-man,
    \ny\u00f6net-men…
    \n-m\u0131k, -mik, -muk, -m\u00fck: k\u0131y-m\u0131k, il-mik, kus-muk, soy-muk…
    \n-n: ak-\u0131-n, bas-\u0131-n, diz-i-n, gel-i-n, say-\u0131-n, t\u00fct-\u00fc-n, yay-\u0131-n, y\u0131\u011f-\u0131-n…
    \n-t : an-\u0131-t, bin-i-t, dik-i-t, ge\u00e7-i-t, kes-i-t, \u00f6\u011f-\u00fc-t, um-u-t, kon-u-t, ta\u015f\u0131-t, yak-\u0131-t, yap-\u0131-t, yaz-\u0131-t…<\/p>\n

    Buram, tutam, \u00e7atal, dolanba\u00e7>dolamba\u00e7, saklanba\u00e7>saklamba\u00e7, g\u00f6\u00e7eri, u\u00e7ar\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131l, kaypak,
    \ns\u00fcr\u00fcnceme, tutsak, ya\u011fmur, yayvan kelimelerinde koyu yaz\u0131lan ekler ise (neredeyse) bu
    \n\u00f6rneklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1. Ek, K\u00f6k, g\u00f6vde nedir?<\/p>\n

    2. -mak\/-mek her yere, van eki bazen (yayvan)<\/p>\n

    3. \u0130sme getirilen yap\u0131m eki, fiile getirilmez.<\/p>\n

    4. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131 ama kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
    \nS\u00fcrmek \u2013 s\u00fcr\u00fcmek
    \nS\u00fcr\u00fcden – s\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcm T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 DERS\u0130NE<\/p>\n

    HO\u015e GELD\u0130N\u0130Z
    \n\u0130S\u0130MDEN \u0130S\u0130M YAPMA EKLER\u0130
    \nLIK
    \nsaman-l\u0131k
    \nbayraml\u0131k
    \nbuzluk
    \ndemircilik
    \nrekt\u00f6rl\u00fck
    \ntemizlik
    \ny\u00fczl\u00fck
    \nbabal\u0131k, evlatl\u0131k
    \na\u00e7l\u0131k, tokluk<\/p>\n

    LI
    \nBilgili, renkli
    \nKonyal\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc
    \nYerli, s\u00f6zl\u00fc
    \nSa\u011fl\u0131-sollu<\/p>\n

    SIZ
    \nAhlaks\u0131z<\/p>\n

    CI
    \nBilgisayarc\u0131, camc\u0131<\/p>\n

    CIK
    \nKedicik,
    \nK\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131k, pamuk\u00e7uk
    \nGelincik, k\u0131z\u0131lc\u0131k
    \nK\u00f6pr\u00fcc\u00fck, bademcik<\/p>\n

    CA
    \nAdamca, g\u00fczelce \u2013 nispet katar
    \nD\u00fc\u015fmanca, yava\u015f\u00e7a \u2013 zarf yapt\u0131.
    \nRomence, \u0130ngilizce
    \n\u00c7ukurca, \u00c7aml\u0131ca<\/p>\n

    DA\u015e
    \n\u00d6zde\u015f, soyda\u015f<\/p>\n

    NCI
    \n\u0130kinci, yirminci<\/p>\n

    AR
    \n\u0130ki\u015fer, yirmi\u015fer<\/p>\n

    SAL
    \nBitkisel,<\/p>\n

    \u0130S\u0130MDEN F\u0130\u0130L YAPMA EKLER\u0130
    \nLA
    \nTerle, \u00fct\u00fcle<\/p>\n

    AL
    \nBo\u015fal
    \nAzal<\/p>\n

    L
    \nDo\u011frul, incel<\/p>\n

    A
    \nBo\u015fa, kana<\/p>\n

    AR
    \nK\u0131zar, ba\u015far<\/p>\n

    YAZIM YANLI\u015eLARI<\/p>\n

    \u00d8<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0130nsano\u011flu ana dilini konu\u015fmay\u0131 \u00e7evresinde duydu\u011fu seslere anlam vererek \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00d8<\/span><\/span><\/span> Yaz\u0131m yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131na dikkat etmek sadece T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin i\u015fi de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

    ana dili
    \ndil bilgisi
    \ndiz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar
    \nbirka\u00e7
    \nbir \u00e7ok
    \nher \u015fey \u2013 bir \u015fey <\/span><\/span>\u015fey\u2018 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn her zaman ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.
    \nya da
    \n\u015farj
    \nkatliam \u2013 katliyam
    \niri yar\u0131 \u2013 iriyar\u0131
    \nhi\u00e7bir<\/span><\/p>\n

    S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131 Do\u011frusu (!)<\/p>\n

    neden olmak
    \n(Bu ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmama o neden oldu) Neden olmak olumsuzluk i\u00e7erir.
    \n(Bu ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmam\u0131 o sa\u011flad\u0131.)
    \n(Bu duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeme o neden oldu.)
    \ntekrardan tekrar veya yeniden<\/p>\n

    MERAK ETME ATA\u2019M, D\u0130L\u0130N VE TAR\u0130H\u0130N \u00d6NEM\u0130N\u0130 ANLADIK. ONLARA MUTLAKA SAH\u0130P \u00c7IKACA\u011eIZ.<\/p>\n

    RES\u0130MLER
    \nEfendim, art\u0131k d\u00fckkanlar\u0131m\u0131za koyacak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e isim bulam\u0131yoruz
    \nGel vatanda\u015f gel\u2026 Al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015f megaym\u0131\u015f. O ne demekse?\u2026<\/p>\n

    Sormakta bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorum. Outlet ne demek?… Kendi memleketimizde yabanc\u0131 olduk!…
    \nAfedersiniz. Acaba buras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye mi???<\/p>\n

    <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    KAYNAK: <\/span><\/p>\n

    TDK Sitesi<\/span><\/p>\n

    http:\/\/www.edubilim.com\/forum\/turk_dili_ders_notlari-t15037<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    T\u00dcRK D\u0130L\u0130 DERS\u0130 2015 F\u0130NAL BAHAR         EK F\u0130\u0130L\u0130N H\u0130KAYES\u0130 G\u00fcnlerden bir g\u00fcn fiiller tatile \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flar. B\u00fct\u00fcn fiiller Bodrum’da e\u011flenirken insanlar Y\u00dcKLEM yoklu\u011fundan konu\u015famaz olmu\u015f. Bunun \u00fczerine isimler bir aray\u0131\u015fa girmi\u015fler.  Aram\u0131\u015flar, taram\u0131\u015flar sonunda tatile gitmemi\u015f bir … Okumaya devam et →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,7,1,5,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-99","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ebced","category-karikatur","category-makalelerim","category-molekuler-edebiyat","category-siirlerim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=99"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":710,"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99\/revisions\/710"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=99"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=99"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/molekuleredebiyat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=99"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}